Yo good peoples. Welcome once more to the virtual hamlet of non sequitur‑ville, population c.1. You may have noticed my annoying application of asinine alliteration and my tendency toward meandering narrative prose (duh!), so perhaps it’s some sort of disorder worth looking into. As hinted at previously, CRAVE Guitars is deliberately changing things around a bit this month. Nothing like a bit of variety, eh? You may well be grateful of a short(er) article after several recent rather lengthy and convoluted tomes, so I’m content to oblige on this particular occasion.
At the time of publication, autumn is wending its inexorable passage towards winter, so here’s a snippet of classical pertinent poetry to get you in the mood for some further flowery philology.
“There is a harmony in autumn, and a lustre in its sky, which through the summer is not heard or seen, as if it could not be, as if it had not been!” Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792‑1822)
Is it just me or do most sensible people wish for a world free from bellicose brutality? If only sensible people ran the world. If only the message would get through to said belligerent barbarians seemingly devoid of any form of reasonable moral compass. War = Bad. Peace = Good. Simple. The relevance, use and impact of words and their ability to generate positive change will become clear… eventually… I promise.
“No matter what anybody tells you, words and ideas can change the world” – John Keating (1927‑)
This time around, I thought I would spend a few moments of superficial but personal self‑analysis, something that I normally feel very uncomfortable about. Perhaps that’s the stereotypical reserved Brit syndrome, I don’t know. I rarely discuss myself, especially in the first person, so this is a very unusual post. While I might refer to this topic somewhat flippantly and to some extent facetiously, it turns out that, perhaps, the author presents somewhat of an enigma and a conundrum.
This exploratory examination is also probably something that will be of little interest to many readers so, if you want to quit at this point, that’s absolutely fine. Thanks for looking in. However, as this change of approach will impact on CRAVE Guitars business‑as‑usual output for a (hopefully short) while, it probably warrants a bit of explanation. If the idiom that ‘those who can’t write, write about writing’ holds water, well, here is all the evidence required for condemnation. Sadly few images this month, only thousands of words.
“If you want to change the world, pick up your pen and write” – Martin Luther (1483‑1546)
What I write
This article is something like the 84th since I started CRAVE Guitars’ online presence back in 2014 (more on that next month). Apart from the extended ‘hiatus’ (2020‑2023), articles have been published at the rate of one a month. I don’t actively engage with any other form of writing other than to keep a personal daily journal and the unavoidable daily communications.
As a professional bureaucrat for over three decades, I wrote a great deal of business documents, briefings, academic learning materials, strategic and business plans, project and performance management reports, speeches, presentations, etc. etc. All very ‘real’ and original in their own way; nothing particularly enjoyable or satisfying though. My frustration with organisational writing is that it was all ephemeral and didn’t make any noticeable difference to humanity, at least not directly. Looking back, there was no legacy of lasting change and nothing to show for all the hard work that went into it. Nothing ‘me’. The discipline, though, did teach me how to write but only in a structured, formal way. I would hate to think all those years of ‘training’ were for nought.
“The most valuable of all talents is that of never using two words when one will do” – Thomas Jefferson (1743‑1846)
For nearly the past decade, I’ve been writing about my near‑lifelong craving (sic!) for vintage guitars. Why? I love ‘em. Plain and simple. To me, they are an ‘amour-fou’ (an obsessive passion). Writing about vintage gear has (generally) been rewarding. It started with features on my own vintage guitars before branching out into features on brands, amps, effects and, latterly, bass guitars.
Over time, writing also extended to blog articles and that broadened out even further to include many other related topics – to a greater or lesser extent. Now, I’m writing about writing about vintage guitars et al. The next stage, as we’ll see later, I’ll be writing about writing about writing, all of which is getting just a bit circular, a bit like the mythical Ouroboros (NB. an ancient Egyptian and Greek symbol depicting a serpent consuming its own tail).
I will return to the topic of vintage guitars in due course; I’m just taking a pause from the risk of getting stuck in a barrel or dredging a rut (as well as mixing metaphors for fun, another annoying trait – apologies). I need to come up with another, different obtuse angle… or even a cute angle (lol) on vintage guitars, hopefully something not done by others.
“If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading” – Buddha (Siddhārtha Gautama – c.480 400BCE)
Article writing about vintage guitars is one thing and it supports the CRAVE Guitars ‘brand’. However, I would like to do something different. Something non‑factual, something light and frivolously engaging, something that bestows some lingering fascination and perhaps something to stimulate debate. The value of the arts lies in its ability to provoke an emotional reaction, rather than simply to represent reality in some way. Discuss…
“Words have no power to impress the mind without the exquisite horror of their reality” – Edgar Allan Poe (1809‑1849)
I could write about many subjects other than vintage guitars and music. I have several other keen interests, although none quite as all‑consuming. However, generally speaking, writing about other disconnected things on this platform would divert focus away from vintage guitars and music.
Language is an interesting area of study. In many ways, language is like music, to be played and crafted into something ostensibly magical. Like music, language can be composed either well into a thing of beauty, or badly into a reprehensible ugly mess. I am fascinated by words and the way in which we can construct the vernacular in novel (sic!) ways. This might explain why I use a broad vocabulary in a discursive, arguably prolix, way. Why use one common word when several obscure ones will do (sorry, Mr. Jefferson)? Languorous language is rejected and embellished English rules Britannia, at least this tiny corner of it. One is not attempting to be ‘too clever by half’ (NB. A ‘Britishism’ used in, ‘The Interpreter’ (1958) by George J. Whyte‑Melville). Honest guv’nor. At least my particular portion of precisely practised poetic prose is entirely first hand. No plagiarism and no AI here.
“All I need is a sheet of paper and something to write with, and then I can turn the world upside down” – Friedrich Nietzsche (1844‑1900)
Latterly, I have been hampered by issues of copyright over images. For instance, I would really like to take a look at guitars as they have appeared in the visual arts throughout history (fine art, popular culture, film, etc.). However, to do that really requires images of the artworks to support the narrative. Without images, such an article (or series of articles more likely) would be utterly pointless. As a non‑profit entity, I cannot publish images without permissions and royalties, thereby rendering the entire concept moot, null and void before it even gets off the ground. Sigh.
“Your intuition knows what to write, so get out of the way” – Ray Bradbury (1920‑2012)
Why I write
A more difficult question requires a moment of introspection. I sometimes wonder what motivates people, me included, to write. Thus far, a good enough answer eludes me. One thing might be that I just feel compelled to write (not convinced). Another might be a wish to leave some sort of tangible record (if not possible to do so in other ways). Yet another may be that I simply enjoy the writing process (again, not convinced), regardless of whether anyone actually takes much notice. I have tried to estimate the audience and it is likely to be no more than a handful in total. In the end, it seems I can’t not do it (excuse the double negative).
An issue with writing for a virtual platform is that it could be wiped out entirely in an instant, never to be recovered, even if anyone wanted to resurrect it. Recently a malicious incident at my Internet Service Provider caused a near‑catastrophe; fortunately, everything was recovered after a few difficult days. Alternatively, once I end my tenure on this planet, CRAVE Guitars’ documents will disappear overnight. Forever. So much for a lasting legacy, eh?
So… if the absolute readership level is so trifling, the only possible conclusion I can reach is that article writing seems to be an immense amount of hard work and effort for such a small audience. Does that actually matter? Which brings me back to thorny question of why I bother. Perhaps the change of direction for a while might help to aid such contemplation. Perhaps it may be time to review my ‘return on investment’ and divert some effort from feature and article writing into another personal pet project, just for a while. The slowdown in acquiring vintage guitar gear also points in that direction.
“There are three rules for writing a novel. Unfortunately, no one knows what they are” – W. Somerset Maugham (1874‑1965)
Is it just that I’m just a bad writer? I hope not and I trust someone would have the courage to tell me if the content was genuinely awful, either in subject matter or narrative style. It seems, though, that I need to have some sort of restless creative outlet, something to relieve the intense pressure cooker raging in my chaotic cranium.
All in all, not a very deep analysis so far. There must (must there? Really?) be some other reason why I feel the urge to put fingertip to keypad and compose unfocused prosaic narrative for other folks to consume. Just a thought? How does one go about measuring competence in a subjective field such as writing?
Which brings us onto my idiosyncratic writing process. Pretentious? Undoubtedly. Profound? Perhaps, occasionally. Original? Is anything original these days? Entertaining? I would like to think so. Pointless? I hope not. I attempt to carve and mould my own distinctive style, rather than copy the approach taken by those far better at it than I will ever be. My unusual technique has developed into something weirdly eccentric and eccentrically verbose. I know that. I can’t help it. An eclectic style can certainly be divisive. Readers will probably either love it or hate it – no middle ground. I cannot, however, be apologetic for the facts. Sorry folks.
“Either write something worth reading or do something worth writing” – Benjamin Franklin (1706‑1790)
Why I do not allow comments
Apologies for hobby‑horsing for a moment. Time for a little biased judgemental opinion. You may have noticed that CRAVE Guitars’ does not allow comments on blog articles. Like most dudes with a massive superego and crippling self‑doubt, I am inherently super‑sensitive and have an innate fear of criticism and rejection.
I invest a considerable amount of time and effort in researching and writing monthly articles, probably 7‑10 full working days per article. So much so, that I am not prepared to submit my efforts to ridicule by acerbic trolls who put absolutely zero time, effort and intellect into being confrontational for no other reason than they can. I am willing to forgo the occasional positive comment in order to evade many negative ones. I welcome constructive criticism but I will not lay myself open to ignorance, reactionary contempt and derision.
Anti-social media has sadly become a vitriolic battle ground for the disgruntled to promulgate their abhorrent brand of ‘free speech’ (Musk et al take note). In the ‘free’ world, it may be a right to express one’s opinion but true rights carry significant moral responsibility in order to balance out deviant extremes. Freedom is not about being able to do and say whatever one wants with impunity. ‘Free speech’ is not a poorly conceived unilateral entitlement, it carries with it weighty conscience and considerable consequence. Hard fought for freedoms are a privilege within tolerant societies and should be cherished and nurtured, not abused on a whim.
“Virtue is persecuted more by the wicked than it is loved by the good” – Buddha (Siddhārtha Gautama – c.480 400BCE)
Don’t get me wrong, I am a staunch anti‑censorship advocate but, let’s be honest here, that isn’t what these self‑appointed critical pseudo‑moralists are all about. These self‑styled evangelists want selective liberties that support their prejudiced dogmas and insist on selective suppression of anything that does not accord with such partisan doctrines.
I do not shy away from genuine, healthy debate (whether ‘intellectual’ or not) but I abhor confrontation, especially pointless assaults based on indoctrination or proselytization. It is even worse for disagreements on petty principle to be played out visibly in the public domain. I’ll leave all that contemptuous cacophony of cruelty to self‑opinionated ‘influencers’ and ‘celebrities’ and their trite, trivial tantrums.
Neither do I wish to commit far too much of my life wasting time and effort on people who have no special interest in the subject matter. If someone really wants to get in touch, they can – the e‑mail address is at the bottom of every page on the web site. All I ask for in any communication is authenticity, integrity, dignity and respect. Everything else will be summarily blocked and deleted.
People, eh? Not a fan. ‘Nuff said. (NB. A colloquial idiom and contraction of ‘enough said’, implying the end of discussion, first documented in 1778 by playwright Henry Brooke)
“One day I will find the right words, and they will be simple” – Jack Kerouac (1922‑1969)
Deep Thinking
Apologies folks, we’re going on a quick diversion for a trifling titbit of cognitive psychology. That’s the discipline which helps us to understand how humans obtain, process, store and use information. It is about perception, memory, language, attention, creativity, intuition and reasoning. Don’t panic! It will make sense. The idea of deep thinking is not new, Greek philosopher Socrates (c.470‑399BCE) suggested that we reflect on and question the world around us.
Having tried many times over many years, it seems that I am totally incapable of diving deeply into my own internally‑focused thought processes to resolve who I really am, what I really need and why I am the way I am. I simply cannot ‘find’ myself, using common parlance. My inner psyche remains concealed from me. Yet, I seem to have little difficulty contemplating universal unknowns, suggesting an external focus. Perhaps, I thought, it was worth investigating what’s going on.
“Creativity is intelligence having fun” – Albert Einstein (1885-1955)
The author’s dipolar struggle may explain a lot while also raising many questions. It appears, for want of an emotive label, to make me a ‘conflicted soul’. This is not a medical or psychotherapeutic prognosis, simply an entirely amateur observation. However, it triggered some shallow yearning for insight. For the list‑o‑philes out there, this is one of only two this month. Enjoy.
Twelve traits of deep thinking people include:
Introverted – Reserved and quiet. A loner who doesn’t seek social interaction and actively avoids contact with people. Reclusive
Observant – Say less, observe more. Pausing before reaching a conclusion. Not easily swayed by popular opinion
Quirkily humorous – Silly, juvenile, witty, comical and often self‑deprecating, often misunderstood
Avid reader – Thirsty for knowledge with an innate need to learn more and expand understanding
Forgetful – Overlook trivial social obligations and daily chores, as these things don’t much matter. Easily distracted. Tendency to overthink. Hard to relax
Intensely curious – Highly inquisitive. Never bored. Question assumptions. Interested in BIG issues. Passionate for learning and knowledge. Embracing of ambiguity and complexity
Forward planner – take time to think about the future and where to fit in (or not). Strategic and not detail oriented
Problem solver – Analyse patterns, identify potential obstacles, build innovative approaches and develop potential practical solutions
Socially awkward – Dislike many culturally accepted norms, roles and expected behaviours on a daily basis. Meaningful conversations matter, not small talk
Fiercely independent – Highly self‑reliant, content with solitude as a conscious choice. Doesn’t seek contact with, or dependence on, others
Creative – Artistic, imaginative, inventive, original, resourceful. Interested in the new and different (NB. ‘new’ implies ‘different’ by default)
Empathic – Emotionally sensitive. Compassionate and understanding, able to see both sides of a situation. Open minded
I check at least 13 out of the 12! So, does that make me a deep thinker? I genuinely don’t think so. What I do know, though, and this the point, I don’t think like other people. I never have. What does this actually mean in the real world? How long have you got? It also might explain why I don’t know what to do when (if!) I ever grow up. I fear that I will (have to) grow up one day. It may account for my aberrant behaviour, delusional thought processes and deviant misanthropic attitude. I said this was going to be short, so the answers to these querulous questions are possibly best left for another time and place. If at all. Ever. Don’t hold your breath.
“The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its reason for existing” Albert Einstein (1885-1955)
Ambitions and aspirations
I am long past being driven, self‑seeking and ambitious. That was my decades‑long professional life working for ‘the man’, thankfully now behind me. Now, it is (largely) up to me what I do. My post‑employment lifestyle doesn’t accord with ruthless go‑getting, not that I ever had a game‑playing ‘killer instinct’ anyway. The rat race (NB. The term rat race dates back at least to 1783, used to describe a literal race between rats, now used as a metaphor for a pointless and relentless, competitive struggle) is now for others to endure. I still have lofty aspirations. Probably deluded ones but aspirations nevertheless. Doing something that matters is a key stimulus.
The one thing that I would like to achieve is to be a better human bean. Failing that, I would like to play guitar better and learn the language of music. Failing that, I would like to write better. It seems important to me to have my work valued and appreciated – for some sort of external validation (not very Zen). In addition, for some reason I really cannot glean, I yearn to leave some form of lasting legacy behind; a simple mark on the universe rather than the total obscurity of being just one anonymous, invisible momentary placeholder in the 8+ billion transient souls on this infernal rock of ours. Basically, I do not want to be forgotten – as if I’d never existed.
“Fiction is an improvement of life” – Charles Bukowski (1920‑1994)
That’s it in a nutshell. That’s not too much to ask is it? Probably. So what? A knotty question that leads me neatly onto…
This is IT – The Distortion Diaries
If, by this point, you are wondering where all this is going, it is now time for the ‘BIG REVEAL’. I have hinted that I would be changing my approach for a (hopefully) short period of time and that there was a genuine reason for doing so. Now is time to divulge my poorly premeditated plan. The result is… ‘The Distortion Diaries’.
Last year (2023), I wrote a first draft of a fiction novel. As already mentioned, I wanted to do something different. Something imaginative and original, not factual and not opinionated. I intended to undertake a first edit earlier in 2024 and to expand the content considerably during the summer and be going through a second, harsh edit around now. Unfortunately, other unavoidable activities and my diligent approach towards research and writing CRAVE Guitars articles has prevented me from sticking to the plan. With everything else going on, something had to give. Capacity is finite and there simply wasn’t enough of it to dedicate to a novel as well. Such a venture requires better than that.
So… the aim is to make a bit of space and time to do some of the focused work on the novel. Writing fiction is quite different from articles and presents a new discipline. It isn’t something that can be picked up and put down on a whim. It takes lengthy periods of comprehensive concentration. If the novel is ever going to reach fruition, it implies a bubble of space and time in which to do it.
“Description begins in the writer’s imagination but should finish in the reader’s” – Stephen King (1947‑)
When I started writing ‘The Distortion Diaries’, I intended it to be a fictional part‑biography of a wannabe musician. However, very early on, I realised two key things. The first key factor was that the subject matter on its own could not avoid cliché – it would be utterly predictable and therefore probably exceedingly dull. The second key factor was that such a story would be very short unless there was a significant amount of irrelevant, boring filler (to be avoided!). So the shape and style morphed into something completely and utterly different. Once I’d had the epiphany, everything fell into place. Like the CRAVE Guitars name, the title, ‘The Distortion Diaries’ has multiple meanings.
‘The Distortion Diaries’ could now be described as a rom-sex-com-music-bio-mystery-drama-thriller-fantasy about man’s eternally favourite tripartite – sex, drugs and rock & roll (not necessarily in that order). Oh, and the meaning of life (42, according to author Douglas Adams), as well as a coming of middle‑age saga. That is a very broad ‘genre’ mash‑up. It could potentially prove to be a disastrous mess, even with careful handling.
‘The Distortion Diaries’ will carry a strong ‘Parental Advisory’ warning, for two reasons. One is that parents should probably not read it. Another is that it is extremely explicit. The latter is something that authors try to suggest rather than be overt. Why? I find political correct avoidance of fundamental human motivations and behaviours exasperating and represent a centuries‑long unwritten rule just begging to be broken, whether people like it or not. Nobody forces someone to read something, it is an entirely discretionary activity. If you don’t like it, go and read something you do like. Your choice.
“Words can be like X‑rays if you use them properly–they’ll go through anything. You read and you’re pierced” – Aldous Huxley (1894‑1963)
‘The Distortion Diaries’ is very different from your average high street and supermarket pop novel. Neither is it ‘pulp fiction’ (NB. Popular grimy and lurid genre novels printed on cheap paper, called ‘pulp’, dating from the early 20th Century). This ‘epic’ work is written intended for universal consumption and represents an uncompromising condensation of mainstream mundanity, intense sexuality and serendipitous happenstance. The Distortion Diaries is a colourful tale about the monochrome lives of plain ordinary people with a controversially unorthodox denouement. Let’s not get carried away, ‘Fifty Shades of Grey’ this is not. Sorry ‘bout that.
“There is no real ending. It’s just the place where you stop the story” – Frank Herbert (1920‑1986)
The story eschews traditional three‑act structure and attempts to avoid bland ‘creative writing’ clichés. Neither does it fall into the beatnik‑style stream of consciousness one‑act structure. It does, however, attempt to tell a straightforward story while also trying (hopefully) to subvert expectations. The only formulaic concession is its adherence to a well‑trodden linear, episodic diary‑type structure (the hint is in the title folks!).
Who is my writing inspired by? No‑one in particular. Just good writing in whatever form. Who is my writing like? I would never be so vain as to venture comparison. Who is The Distortion Diaries written for? Everyone (adult) and no‑one. I guess I wrote it for myself. Why should anyone read it? Difficult one. Perhaps someone seeking a temporary, idle distraction from the hard realities of birth, life and death. What do I like to read? A very diverse range of fictional works with few particular commonalities. Moving on…
“Words have a magical power. They can either bring the greatest happiness or the deepest despair” – Sigmund Freud (1856‑1939)
The novel’s synopsis is a crucial summary that tests from the outset whether there is anything worthwhile to the concept. The following outline is intentionally vague and ambiguous. If too much is given away in a ‘teaser trailer’, it won’t hold any surprises later on.
“The Distortion Diaries.
Terry plays in a band. He doesn’t have a Girlfriend. He hasn’t had a Girlfriend for some time. Terry has a dreary job in IT. He lives alone with his feline overlord. One day, Terry decides to document his wretched existence in a journal. Rather than the journal reflecting and recording Terry’s dreary life, the journal begins to change it. A Lot. Is Terry’s life pre‑determined by fate or is his destiny in his own hands? Only his journal knows.
Based on a false story”
Intrigued? I hope so. Even I was pleasantly surprised how it turned out, even in rough first draft form. No profound insights into existential enquiries on this occasion. Let’s be clear, this is not serious literature; it is purely for entertainment purposes. Light and fluffy it certainly ain’t though.
“What is written without effort is in general read without pleasure” – Samuel Johnson (1709‑1784)
Mock‑up cover artwork has already been designed, although I feel it’s a bit premature to publish at this juncture, as it may change drastically. Sorry folks. Hopefully, I’ll drop that if/when there is a future update.
I guess it could have been called, ‘The Karma Chronicles’ but I prefer the chosen title. Just to set the record straight, it is NOT in any way autobiographical. The fact that I play guitar (badly) and I am owned by a cat is neither here nor there. As a ‘writer’, I do occasionally steal the ‘good stuff’ from my own repertoire, so there may well be the odd choice phrase from CRAVE Guitars’ articles appearing in the script.
At some point, I will have to produce a more detailed ‘pitch’ that summarises the content but that will come once the task of expanding the narrative, fleshing out the characters and editing the full novel for coherence has been completed. I think the ‘pitch’ is important, as it provides an important reality check during the process. If the ‘pitch’ doesn’t work, the whole thing won’t work. Simple as that. I hope to finish writing and editing the novel in 2025. No pressure then.
“The first draft is just you telling yourself the story” – Terry Pratchett (1948‑2015)
Ideally, I would like to go against the norm (nothing new there!) and self‑publish this little vanity project of mine. I have absolutely no idea how to go about self‑publishing or even if it possible, let alone feasible. Then there are the not‑inconsequential issues of distribution and sales. That, though comes much later. Currently, there is nothing to deliver and peddle. So, first things first.
The trick, if there is one, is to find a way to build an identity that cuts through and stands out from the thousands of other works churned out every day, week, month and year. CRAVE Guitars hasn’t succeeded yet (sadly), so it is clear that there is absolutely no chance of a breakthrough by simply existing these days. If anyone has any bright ideas or can help bring this assignment to fruition, please let me know.
Readers may have noticed over the last decade that I do not seek fame and fortune. I keep my private persona very much out of the limelight and I try to remain intentionally anonymous. For this reason, ‘The Distortion Diaries’ (if it ever enters the public domain) will appear under a nom de plume (the pseudonym has already been decided, to be revealed at a later date). I shall endeavour to remain an enigma hiding behind the keyboard’s shadow.
“There is nothing to writing. All you do is sit down at a typewriter and bleed” – Ernest Hemingway (1899‑1961)
I did contemplate publishing ‘The Distortion Diaries’ in serialised form on the website. I decided against it for three main reasons. The first is that a purely fictional tale doesn’t really ‘fit’ with the CRAVE Guitars ‘brand’ – basically it has nothing to do with vintage guitars. Even if the novel’s protagonist is a guitarist, the stretch is too far to make sense. The second is that it is, as mentioned above, extremely explicit, which isn’t what I want CRAVE Guitars to be known for. The third is that the duration of a serialisation would side‑line all other subject matter for a couple of years, which I am not really prepared to do. However, if it is ever published, I am sure that I won’t be able to resist promoting it here.
If, as forecast by my overly well‑telegraphed lack of confidence and low self‑esteem, I don’t get anywhere with writing and publishing it as a novel, I may decide to abridge it and publish sanitised excerpts on the web site. It would not be an ideal outcome but possibly better than it being lost in the infinite void of forgotten and cancelled dreams, like the noblest endeavours of so many other wannabe authors.
“Words do not express thoughts very well. They always become a little different immediately after they are expressed, a little distorted, a little foolish” – Hermann Hesse (1877‑1962)
20 Questions
What follows is a mock ‘interview’ with the author of ‘The Distortion Diaries’
Will ‘The Distortion Diaries’ ever be published? Probably not but I hope so.
Will it be an international best seller? Definitely not.
Awards worthy? Not a hope in hell – and I’ve been there.
Will it be worth a punt? Our protagonist insists on that being the case.
Is it sordid and seedy? Yup, for sure, for sure. Full of sleaze and exploitation.
Unhinged? Not even close. Bad things do happen but so do good things.
Is it edgy? It depends on the reader’s perspective. I try to manipulate ideas, as well as to challenge assumptions and undermine preconceptions.
Is it controversial? Hopefully it will generate credible debate. And criticism. Lots of criticism.
Will it offend people? It is not intentional but, inevitably, someone will always find something to complain about.
It sounds divisive? Like Marmite. Lots and lots of Marmite.
What’s all this about ‘distortion’? It has multiple meanings. You’ll have to read it to find out.
Is it a feel good or feel bad story? It doesn’t matter, as long as you feel something.
Isn’t it just the same old tortured muso type, struggling in a tired pop music industry cliché, overcoming the odds? I haven’t read every genre saga but I don’t believe that it is overly derivative. Nothing is truly original these days.
Will readers learn anything about the human condition? If they are open‑minded, possibly. The male experience is woefully under‑represented in contemporary fictional literature. This may help to address the imbalance.
What message is it trying to convey? Whatever the reader wants to deduce.
Will there be other stories or sequels? Who knows? I don’t. I have some ideas for a cunning spin‑off though.
If you had to use just one word to sum up the story, what would it be? Compelling.
How will people be able to read it? To be determined. It’s too early to say.
Who would you like to direct a movie of the story? Irrelevant. It’s never going to happen.
I personally do not seek social recognition or even the prospect of it. However, I would like to think that the product of my creativity might one day be admired. That would be a bonus rather than a rationale. Simply a desire to stimulate thoughts through my work and the knowledge that such thinking exists, albeit ephemerally. My satisfaction and reward comes in the execution of the process to the best of my ability (good or bad). I may write the story that no-one will ever read. However writing it is my achievement and my only necessary reward. Any success would constitute welcome deferred gratification. Very Zen.
Final thoughts on the power of words
I started off by saying that words have the power to generate positive change. Well… CRAVE Guitars’ features and blog articles haven’t really achieved that, have they? So, will The Distortion Diaries change the world? Sadly, it won’t. However, in the meantime, it might generate some harmless satisfaction and gentle fulfilment as a diversion from our otherwise mundane existences.
Closing the loop started at the top of this article… Should I attempt to change the world? Yes, absolutely. We all should do our bit to promote a better civilisation, society, communities, families and ourselves. We should not accept anything other than peace. We are, after all, partly responsible, even accountable, for how things are today, tomorrow and all the days thereafter. Future generations will scrutinise what we did to our planet and species.
“So, I want you to get up now. I want all of you to get up out of your chairs. I want you to get up right now and go to the window. Open it, and stick your head out, and yell: ‘I’m as mad as hell and I’m not going to take this anymore!’” – Howard Beale (character in the film, ‘Network’ (1976), played by Peter Finch).
Together, if the collective will is there, a united movement for a better world can achieve greatness. Easily said, hard to accomplish. It is way too easy to abrogate our moral and ethical duties, and look to others for blame, redemption and salvation. The lame “it wasn’t me, I didn’t do it” argument is simply not good enough.
“I didn’t do it, nobody saw me do it, you can’t prove anything” – Bart Simpson
Great words, carefully chosen can help to bring about great things. There are not enough vocal advocates for good. There are fewer vocal advocates who have the means for good. There are even fewer vocal advocates with the will and the means for good.
“An idea that is developed and put into action is more important than an idea that exists only as an idea” – Buddha (Siddhārtha Gautama – c.480 400BCE)
Poorly chosen words can do a great deal of harm, as can carefully chosen words of bad people. Most of the rhetoric we hear from those in positions of power today is largely negative and critical. Propaganda obscures the truth such that we no longer know what truth is. War has never brought peace, only cataclysmic carnage. Only diplomacy through sincere words can stop war and deliver lasting reconciliation.
“Whatever words we utter should be chosen with care for people will hear them and be influenced by them for good or ill” – Buddha (Siddhārtha Gautama – c.480 400BCE)
You may say that such a simplistic stance is all a bit of ‘pie in the sky’ (NB. a phrase coined by itinerant immigrant labourer Joe Hill in 1911 to describe unrealistic goals), and an outmoded hippie pipe dream (NB. a 19th Century phrase referring to the dreams experienced by opium pipe smokers). You may say that such hope is just delusional romanticism and impossible wishful thinking? Guilty as charged. One has to have hope in a better humanity, otherwise we are all doomed. Time to change, then.
“I do not believe in a fate that falls on men however they act; but I do believe in a fate that falls on them unless they act” – Buddha (Siddhārtha Gautama – c.480 400BCE)
CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Album of the Month‘
As I’m changing things around a bit, there is no relevant reason for this month’s selection. So… what was the first ever album you bought for yourself, with your own money? Well, the simple answer to that question for me was…
Pink Floyd – Meddle (1971). ‘Meddle’ was the 6th studio album by the English progressive rock band Pink Floyd. It was released in November 1971 on the Harvest record label in the UK. The first side of the album comprises 5 tracks including the opener, ‘One of These Days’, while the second side is a single, epic 20 minute track, ‘Echoes’. The cover art is a strange photo of a submerged ear, designed by Storm Thorgerson at Hipgnosis, the trendy design studio of the time. Hipgnosis was famous for creating other Pink Floyd album covers, as well as artwork for other famous rock bands of the time, such as Led Zeppelin, Genesis and Yes. To me, ‘Meddle’ marks a watershed between early Floyd and later Floyd, as well as a personal transition from pop music to serious ‘real’ music. A coming‑of‑age LP in you like.
Why was this album my first? DJ John Peel played the album in its entirety on release on his late night show on Radio One in the UK. I hadn’t heard anything like it before and it ‘blew my mind’ (man!). I guess most people have that ‘one’ album that changed their life. ‘Meddle’ was that one for me. I just had to own a copy. It still stands the test of time today.
“Music is the universal language of mankind” – Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807‑1882)
Tailpiece
Well, there you have it. That turned out longer than I’d anticipated and took more time than I had allowed for. I haven’t made much time or space for writing fiction so far. Sigh. Note to self… be more succinct, pithy, brief, concise, epigrammatic, etc. Second note to self… use less tautology.
So, a new perspective and a new side venture for CRAVE Guitars. Not a core CRAVE Guitars activity but a definite spin‑off. ‘They’ say there is nothing like a bit of variety, so a change in style and content for a few articles can’t be a bad thing in my opinion. Right? Remember, you heard about, ‘The Distortion Diaries’ here first. Write on.
You may have noticed that I regularly splatter the odd quote throughout CRAVE Guitars articles. These aren’t just random asides for no reason; they are relevant to the exposition and, hopefully, add some essential colour to an otherwise monochrome pallet of words. This month, the selection of quotes is particularly pertinent and, I hope, a little thought‑provoking. If only my meagre, mediocre mind could articulate such inspiring ideas in so few words.
To quote actor Patrick McGoohan’s character, No. 6 in ‘The Prisoner’ (1967‑1968) TV series, “Be seeing you”.
Truth, peace, love, and guitar music be with you always. Until next time…
CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Quote of the Month’: “I would rather be an anonymous genius than a well‑known idiot”
Hello there plentiful peaceful people. Welcome to autumn 2024, with the sultry summer sunsets fading behind us into hazy reminiscence once again. As the American band Earth, Wind & Fire celebrated in 1978, here we are in, ‘September’. “Hey, hey, hey! Ba‑dee‑ya, say do you remember?” Once it’s gone, it’s gone and all we have left is in the here and now. Make the most of now, I suggest. What we will be in the future is what we do now. As one sage dude put it much better than I can…
“The past is already gone, the future is not yet here. There’s only one moment for you to live, and that is the present moment” – Buddha (Siddhārtha Gautama – c.480‑400BCE)
Furthermore, a message to all the immoral hegemonic oppressors intent on senseless conflict and unnecessary destruction out there, here is another titbit (NB. tidbit in the US – from 17th Century English ‘tyd bit’) of astute advice from the sagacious spiritual leader.
“Better than a thousand hollow words is one word that brings peace” – Buddha
This month’s article is a little different. Firstly, it is Part II of a longer piece and I didn’t want to leave a long break between the parts. Then, secondly (NB. ‘secondly’ usually comes after ‘firstly’, after all, so the numbering is essentially superfluous) because I want to make some time and space for something else (to be announced in due course). This means that Part II is being published in early September, rather than the usual distribution deadline at the end of the month.
As I mentioned at the conclusion of last month’s article, I felt it was better to split this genre article on dance and dance music into two articles which are easier to digest and, together, form a coherent whole. The first part covered a period from pre‑history to the 1950s. This article picks up directly where the last one left off, from the 1950s onward. To cap the article off, there is a casually speculative look into the future of dance and dance music.
If you want to reprise or access Part I of this article for the first time, you can read it here (opens in a new tab):
Rather than go for a protracted preamble, as is my usual wont, pointlessly reiterating material from Part I, let’s get straight down to business. Time to get your Funk on!
Modern Dance and Dance Music
By this heading, I mean the underground, mainstream and popular dance music scene in whatever form, from the birth of Rock & Roll to the current day. These seven decades represent the main section of the article.
The rest of this article will concentrate on sixteen modern dance music ‘genres’ in an attempt to encompass the majority of popular styles. The approach I’ve taken is unorthodox and arbitrary but some structure is needed. Each genre could probably deserve an article in itself, so substantial omissions have been necessary to condense the remaining material into Part II. Where subjective generalities and assumptions have been made, they inevitably lead to some factual errors/inaccuracies, as well as omissions. Sorry ‘bout that. So… without further ado, let’s jump in with two left feet and Rock & Roll…
“We should consider every day lost on which we have not danced at least once” – Friedrich Nietzsche (1844‑1900)
Rock & Roll (1954‑1964 – Peak 1958):
Rock & Roll is popular dance music originating in the 1950s, recognisable with its heavy beat and simple melodies. Song structures were usually based around the established twelve‑bar blues format and usually played on guitar, double bass, and drums (and occasionally piano) to produce catchy danceable tunes.
Rock & Roll emerged from a fusion of Jazz, Blues and Country influences in the mid‑1950s. Black Rhythm & Blues (R&B) and white Country music were cited as key components, including a splash of Gospel and Folk for good measure. It is perhaps surprising that the watershed of modern popular music that rock & roll represented arrived so late into the 20th Century.
Rock & Roll saw the emergence of the previously ‘invisible’ teen culture, which included fashion, music, language and attitudes. The cultural influences of early Rock & Roll songs dealt with youth‑related issues such as cars, school, dating, hairstyles and clothes. For the first time, teens were demanding to be listened to and to be taken seriously, rather than condemned as juvenile delinquents by typically conservative moral guardians.
While the origins of Rock & Roll date back to earlier decades, as far back as the 1920s, and the term ‘rock and roll’ had been used before, it is widely thought that American radio DJ Alan Freed promoted the popularity of African/American R&B music, calling it ‘rock and roll’. This time the name stuck.
Two key songs triggered the Rock & Roll era, ‘That’s All Right’ by Elvis Presley and ‘Rock Around The Clock’ by Bill Haley & His Comets, both recorded in 1954, the latter used in the film, ‘Blackboard Jungle (1955). The rest, as ‘they’ say, is history.
Several other American films portrayed the Rock & Roll zeitgeist including, ‘Concrete Jungle’ and Rock Around the Clock (1956). In addition, the film, ‘American Graffiti’ (1973) encapsulated the coming‑of‑age scene, set in 1962. Other films set about demonstrating the insubordinate side of youth culture during the 1950s including, ‘The Wild One’ (1951) and ‘Rebel Without a Cause’ (1955). All reflecting and, in turn, contributing to societal change.
On 3 February 1959, Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and The Big Bopper were killed in a plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa. The tragic event was nicknamed ‘The Day the Music Died’. After that seismic shock, Rock & Roll declined and other genres emerged such as Surf, Soul, Pop, Folk Revival, Garage Rock and Psychedelic Rock.
Dance styles inherited by Rock & Roll included east coast swing, west coast swing, the jive and the jitterbug. ‘New’ dances that came with Rock & Roll included the twist and the hand jive.
Rockabilly was a sub‑genre used to describe predominantly white singers adopting black vocal styles with lighter, often acoustic instrumentation including Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, Bill Haley, Elvis Presley and Buddy Holly.
Related genres: Jazz, Blues, Country, Folk, Gospel, Rhythm & Blues, Pop, Doo Wop, Surf, Skiffle, Rockabilly, Soul, Folk Revival, Garage Rock, Psychedelic Rock
Artist examples: Bill Haley and His Comets, Elvis Presley, Chubby Checker, Carl Perkins, Jerry Lee Lewis, Little Richard, Chuck Berry, Fats Domino, Duane Eddy, Eddie Cochran, Ricky Nelson. Gene Vincent & His Bluecaps, Jackie Wilson, Pat Boone, Big Bopper, The Everly Brothers, Dion, Bobby Vee, Richie Valens, Del Shannon, The Platters, Lonnie Donegan, Buddy Holly, Cliff Richard, Connie Francis, The Coasters, Marty Wilde, Neil Sedaka, Billy Fury, Bert Weedon, Bobby Darin, Roy Orbison, The Ventures, Brian Hyland, Sam Cooke, The Shadows, The Drifters, Booker T & The MG’s, Gene Pitney, The Swinging Blue Jeans, the Chiffons, The Beach Boys, Tommy Steele
Soul (1960‑1982 – Peak 1968)
Soul is a music genre that originated in the African/American communities across the USA in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Its earliest roots lie in traditions associated with enslaved people working in the cotton fields. Soul’s formative influences lay in Gospel, Jazz and Rhythm & Blues and became popular as a form of lively dance music. Soul made good use of prominent horn and rhythm sections, accompanied by powerfully emotional vocal delivery. During the Civil Rights Movement era, predominantly black Soul artists were sought after and promoted by famous record labels such as Motown (Detroit), Stax (Memphis) and Atlantic (New York). Segregation issues firmly connected music with radical societal change. Soul therefore reflects and promotes the importance of African/American culture in the US at the time. Many Soul songs were about love and relationships while others focused on political black consciousness.
The Stax record label (‘Soulsville USA’) led the way in promoting multi‑racial music at a time of tension, protest and segregation. The Motown record label came to define the sub‑genre of Pop Soul. Soul dominated the US R&B singles chart in the 1960s, with many singles crossing over into American and British Pop charts. Song writers and producers such as Holland‑Dozier‑Holland made the ‘three minute’ Pop song such a positive and commercially successful phenomenon. Atlantic Records promoted and popularised Soul, signing up legendary artists like Aretha Franklin and Ray Charles.
As Soul began to decline by the end of the 1960s, it was superseded by Psychedelic Soul and Progressive Soul, then by Funk and, later on, by Disco. Soul, though, didn’t disappear, it diversified into regional variants of Soul that adapted to local geographical tastes, including Memphis Soul, New Orleans Soul, Chicago Soul and Philadelphia Soul, the latter becoming known as the ‘Philly Sound’.
A key performance platform for Soul artists was the American TV programme, ‘Soul Train’, which promoted many popular African/American Soul, Funk and Disco dance music acts. Soul Train aired for 35 years from 1971 to 2006 with an impressive total of 903 episodes. In 1985, there was a short‑lived UK version, also called Soul Train. Producers, artists and audiences alike made dancing an important part of the programme.
Dance styles associated with 1960s Soul include the Harlem shuffle, the boogaloo (NB. the dance, not the extremist political movement) and the perennial west coast swing.
During the 1970s, slick production and commercially‑oriented Pop saw so‑called Blue‑Eyed Soul (i.e. white) artists come to the fore in both the US and the UK. Another popular and enduring working class Soul trend from the UK is Northern Soul, along with the dance that went with it, stomping.
Contemporary R&B tended to take on the mantle of many Soul artists in the 1980s and thereafter. Soul saw another major rejuvenation in the 1990s with a sub‑genre called Neo‑Soul, which fused retro traditional Soul and Contemporary R&B with Hip‑Hop, making use of modern digital studio production techniques.
Related genres: Gospel, Motown, Rhythm & Blues, Jazz, Big Band, Contemporary R&B, Neo‑Soul, Hip‑Hop, Pop, Psychedelic Soul, Progressive Soul, Funk, Disco, Deep Soul, Southern Soul, Blue‑Eyed Soul, Pop Soul, Samba Soul, Memphis Soul, New Orleans Soul, Chicago Soul, Philadelphia Soul
Artist examples: Sly & the Family Stone, James Brown, Aretha Franklin, Ike & Tina Turner, Whitney Houston, Joe Tex, Three Degrees, The Jacksons, Otis Redding, Michael Jackson, Barry White, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, Gladys Knight, Ray Charles, Diana Ross & The Supremes, Al Green, Hot Chocolate, Quincy Jones, Teddy Pendergrass, Isaac Hayes, Same & Dave, Lou Rawls, Gil Scott‑Heron, Smokey Robinson, Luther Vandross, Edwin Starr, Amii Stewart, Jimmy Ruffin, Lou Rawls, Curtis Mayfield, Labelle, The O’Jays, Martha Reeves & the Vandellas, Four Tops, The Temptations, Billy Preston, The Chi‑Lites, Sade, Thelma Houston, Ben E. King, Wilson Pickett, Ann Peebles, War, Hall & Oates
Funk (1968‑1988 – Peak 1976)
Funk is a dance music genre that originated in African/American communities in the mid‑late 1960s. Funk developed from Soul as well as Black R&B and Jazz influences. Musically, Funk refers to a style of aggressive urban dance music that rose to popularity, coinciding with the splintering of Soul.
The main focus of Funk musicians was to create a rhythmic, danceable musical style. The traditional elements of song writing, lyrical melody and standard chord progressions were replaced by a strong rhythmic groove provided by bass and percussion, giving tracks a hypnotic, danceable ‘feel’. Funk embraced many jazz traditions including the use of extended guitar chords, brass sections and intricate, syncopated drum patterns.
Funk, especially when performed live, makes extensive use of collective improvisation by jamming and ‘getting down with the groove’ based on strong basslines and groovy ‘chicken scratch’ guitar riffs. Funk created an insistent, locked‑in hook, on which dance moves were easily co‑ordinated. Rhythm was king. Percussion, often influenced by Afro‑Cuban styles plays a big part in creating and embellishing the groove, with an emphasis on the first beat of the bar (‘The One’), developed by James Brown (the ‘Godfather of Soul’) with his band The Famous Flames.
While Sly Stone introduced a psychedelic element to Funk, George Clinton and his bands Parliament and Funkadelic defined a whole sub‑genre called P‑Funk, which relied on psychedelic and whimsical elements with elaborate stage shows featuring extravagant otherworldly themes.
In the 1980s, Funk diversified and, like other forms of dance music, was heavily influenced by the use of analogue synthesizers, resulting in a sub‑genre known as Synth Funk. In the 1980s, the sexually expressive aspects of Funk were popularised by the likes of Rick James and Prince, attracting some notoriety. Funk heavily influenced Hip‑Hop, which often sampled Funk songs of the 1970s.
Dances associated with Funk include the robot, the funky chicken, tutting, popping & locking, the camel walk, the mashed potato and the good foot.
Pioneering instrumental records rooted in New Orleans R&B helped define the Deep Funk sub‑genre. Ghetto Funk is a modern take on the original Funk era of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Ghetto Funk fuses the rhythms of classic Funk with modern electronic beats and digital studio production. Like its ancestor, Ghetto Funk is about getting down and groovy, featuring funky basslines, soulful samples and an up‑beat, up‑tempo vibe. Ghetto funk artists combine retro funk samples with modern electronic beats, creating something that is both nostalgic while being fresh and contemporary. Funk remains a popular dance genre today.
Related genres: Soul, Psychedelic Soul, Afro Funk, Jazz Funk, P‑Funk, Synth Funk, Disco, Pop, Dance Pop, Rock, Metal, Acid Jazz, Ghetto Funk, Nu Funk, Funk Rock, Funktronica, Avant‑Funk, Funk Metal, Hip‑Hop, G‑Funk, New Orleans R&B, Deep Funk
Artist examples: Funkadelic, Parliament, George Clinton, Bootsy Collins, Rick James, Prince, Average White Band, Brand New Heavies, The Brothers Johnson, Cameo, Commodores, Curtis Mayfield, Miles Davis, Fat Larry’s Band, The Gap Band, Isaac Hayes, The Isley Brothers, The Meters, Tina Turner, Tower of Power, Mtume, Shakatak, Vulfpeck, War, Jamiroquai, Grace Jones, S.O.S. Band, Aaron Neville, Roy Ayres, Herbie Hancock, Fatback Band, Kool & The Gang, Earth Wind & Fire, Bruno Mars, Ohio Players
Disco (1975‑1989 – Peak 1979)
Disco is a dance music genre that emerged in inner‑city America in the late 1960s and the thriving, vibrant urban nightlife scene of New York City, particularly the borough of Brooklyn. Simultaneously, Disco was also flourished in Philadelphia. Disco’s sound is simpler than Funk, typified by four‑on‑the‑floor 4/4 time signatures providing a strong beat, syncopated basslines, lush string and horn sections, analogue synthesizers, and staccato rhythm guitars.
Disco is an abbreviation of Discothèque (NB. a French word meaning, ‘library of phonograph records’), which were the nightclub venues playing this new form of dance music. One such nightclub on Broadway in midtown Manhattan, NYC became (in)famous for its celebrity Disco scene, Studio 54, which opened in 1977 in a former theatre and opera house dating back to 1927.
Discothèques weren’t a new thing by the 1970s. The first discothèques mostly played swing music in the 1940s. In 1953 the ‘Whisky à Go‑Go’ in Paris, France incorporated a dance floor with coloured lights and two turntables so records could be played continuously without having a gap in the music. It wouldn’t be until the early 1970s that the modern Disco scene emerged from the underground to widespread mainstream success between 1974 and 1977.
Disco nightclubs used powerful, bass‑heavy, sound systems, which became a key component in the Disco club experience, as were disc jockeys (DJs) that seamlessly mixed the music for eager audiences. Fashion included sequined dresses for girls and bell‑bottom flares for boys. The iconic and ubiquitous mirror ball (or ‘disco ball’) is forever entwined with the Disco scene, usually mounted on the ceilings of Disco venues. NB. Mirror balls were not a new thing to 1970s’ discos; they were patented in 1917 and were widely used in nightclubs during the 1920s.
The Disco subculture of the 1970s experienced a significant drug problem, particularly ‘party’ drugs like cocaine (blow) amyl nitrite (poppers), amphetamines (speed) and Quaaludes (a hypnotic sedative known as ‘disco biscuits’).
Disco was seen as a reaction to, and a rejection of, west coast hippie counterculture and the prominence of blue collar American Rock music. It was also seen by some as a symbol of liberal permissive gay culture and a hotbed of recreational substance misuse.
The film, ‘Saturday Night Fever’ (1977) cemented Disco music, fashion and subculture into the public consciousness. This classic was supplemented by other major films, including ‘Car Wash’ (1976), ‘Xanadu’ (1980), ‘Can’t Stop the Music’ (1980) and ‘Flashdance’ (1983).
One of the key innovations of Disco was the pioneering use of the Disco remix and the 12″ single. These enabled DJs to experiment and create new tracks (or versions thereof) for nightclub use. Another innovation was the ‘white label’ record, which were records produced in very small numbers to test crowd response in dance clubs. The plain white label was used so that DJs would have no pre‑conceived ideas about the music or the artist name. White label recordings have since become highly popular with House and Hip‑Hop DJs. In the early 1990s, Techno and House artists created tracks pressed on 12″ white labels, which proved easy to sell at dance music record stores. Further innovations included the use of electronic drum machines and sequenced synthesizers.
Several dance styles became strongly associated with Disco, including the bump, the hustle, the Watergate, the disco dance, the YMCA, the snap and the bus stop. Disco also adopted the funky chicken from Soul.
Disco may have many similarities with Funk by focusing on the rhythm and beat to provide a strong basis for danceable music. However, when looking beneath the surface, they are very different animals. Funk relies on syncopation, improvisation and intricate rhythms. Disco is more straightforward but with the same aim – to get people onto the dance floor. Maybe Disco might not have emerged without Funk to provide the groovy foundation for dance music.
Euro Disco is a sub‑genre that emerged on the European continent following ABBA’s success at the Eurovision Song Contest in 1974. This fostered other sub‑genres such as Euro Pop and Eurodance.
One very strange and unique offspring of disco music was the roller disco, with ‘dancers’ wearing roller skates (quad or inline) and appropriate fashion styles, circulating a dance floor or ice skating rink to popular disco music. The peak of the short-lived roller disco craze was in the late 1970s. While the fad faded dramatically during the 1980s, roller disco perpetuates with occasional revivals and still has a small but fanatical following.
Disco declined as a major trend in popular music in the US following the infamous Disco Demolition Night held on 12 July 1979. Disco Demolition Night was a Major League Baseball (MLB) event held at Comiskey Park in Chicago, Illinois. At the climax of the event, sandwiched between a double‑header of matches between the Chicago White Sox and the Detroit Tigers MLB teams, a crate filled with disco records was blown up on the field. The event attended by around 50,000 people ended in a pitch invasion and a riot. Disco Demolition Night was a backlash from rock music fans and anti‑gay culture factions, led by Chicago ‘shock jock’ and anti‑disco campaigner Steve Dahl. The explosive highlight was accompanied by macho bigoted chants of ‘Disco Sucks’ and ‘Death to Disco’. In the aftermath of Disco Demolition Night, the popularity of Disco declined significantly in late 1979 and 1980, with record labels, stores and DJs preferring to use the generic label ‘dance music’. Disco’s demise and legacy led directly to the evolution of new forms of nightclub dance music such as House and Techno.
In an attempt to ditch Disco’s camp, cheesy image and to revive and rejuvenate its fortunes, Nu‑Disco emerged in the UK during the 1990s. Nu‑Disco is a modern take on 1970s and 1980s Disco, characterised by funky basslines, groovy rhythms, and slick digital studio production. Like its predecessor, Nu‑Disco is a genre that is intended to get people back on the dancefloor and bopping to a new generation of beats. During the 2020s, a modernised Disco sound has given a new generation of dance artists and fans a contemporary update on a classic dance genre, firmly rooted in modern club culture.
Disco still has a massive following and has seen several revivals over time during the 1990s, 2000s, 2010s and 2020s. It has also heavily influenced many dance music genres since the 1970s. It seems that Disco doesn’t suck and certainly isn’t dead.
Related genres: Soul, Funk, Pop Soul, Euro Disco, Eurodance, Post‑Disco, Nu‑Disco, House, Deep House, Techno, Post‑Punk, Rave, EDM, Boogie, Italo‑Disco, Hi‑NRG
Artist examples: The Bee Gees, Chic, The Jackson 5, The Trammps, Tavares, Heatwave, Imagination, Earth Wind & Fire, Kool & The Gang, Donna Summer, Gloria Gaynor, The Village People, Boney M, KC & The Sunshine Band, The Real Thing, Teena Marie, Tina Charles, Shalamar, Carl Douglas, Leif Garrett, Evelyn ‘Champagne’ King, Love Unlimited, Odyssey, Ottawan, The Real Thing, Rose Royce, Sister Sledge, Sylvester, Chaka Kahn, The Gap Band, Patrice Rushen, Indeep, Yvonne Elliman, Candi Staton, Lipps Inc, Anita Ward, Billy Ocean, George McRae, The Hues Corporation, Giorgio Moroder, Jesse Ware, Dua Lipa, Alcazar, George McCrae, Baccara, Frantique, The Crusaders
Pop (1959‑1991 – Peak 1967)
Pop in its widest sense is a broad umbrella term for anything and everything in popular music. Not all popular music is Pop. Pop, though, is popular music. Go figure. However, defining Pop as a genre is not straightforward. Even sources suggest that its meaning is different depending on time and place, although there is consensus that Pop as a commodity appeals to the broadest audience base. Pop had been around since the advent of radio and TV, covering many morphing genres and styles in the process. Pop was reinvented in the 1960s off the success of Rock & Roll and Soul. Some (erroneously) suggest that Pop and Rock from the 1960s as interchangeable.
Pop focuses on catchiness, melody, rhythm, lyrics, and hooks and is regarded as readily available and largely ephemeral (i.e. disposable). Many Pop records were good for dancing and many dance records were good for Pop. Win‑Win. Make no bones about it, Pop was and still is Big Business. Capitalist commercial interests drive Pop music, enabling mass production, marketing, distribution and accessibility. Measures of success were market sales and chart position. Key Pop song writers and producers in the UK included Stock Aitken & Waterman (SAW, a.k.a. The Hit Factory).
Standardised commercial Pop songs tended to be short, around the three‑minute mark, based around the traditional intro-verse-chorus-verse-chorus-break-chorus-outro structure. Numerous Pop songs were written by professional writers and played by studio session musicians, rather than the artists that fronted them. Manufactured boy bands and girl groups were typical creations of the Pop industry.
As Rock emerged from the mid‑1960s, Pop didn’t go away, being ever present on radio and TV, featuring playlists that cycled hit singles to sustain popular (and commercial) interest. By the late 1970s, the origin of Disco would push the boundaries of Pop and took dance music in a different direction. It wasn’t until the 1980s that Pop would come to the forefront of dance music again.
One of the key milestone sub‑genres of electronic dance music was Electro. Electro makes much use of drum machines such as the Roland TR‑808 and analogue synthesizers. Electro was, perhaps the most influential genre development in Pop music in the 1980s. Following the implosion of Punk c.1980 and the growth of New Wave, New Romantic and Post‑Punk music, Synth Pop rapidly became dominant, eagerly announcing ‘death of guitar music’. Electro made full use of music technology and music videos took the MTV crowd by storm.
Another key sub‑genre of Pop is Synth Pop. It was a style of Pop that emerged in the 1980s, features catchy melodies, electronic instrumentation, and a strong Pop sensibility. Synth Pop combines the warmth of analogue synthesizers with infectious, memorable hooks. Synth‑Pop artists mix electronic beats with melodic lyrics, creating tracks that are both danceable, listenable and unforgettable.
Synth Pop would be reinvented for the 21st Century with the retro‑inspired Synthwave sub‑genre that pays nostalgic homage to the retro music of the 1980s. It is characterised by analogue synths, ‘ear worm’ melodies and a forward looking yet vintage vibe.
Popular music dances include the Macarena (thanks Los Del Rio!), The hokey pokey (hokey cokey in the UK – thanks Larry LaPrise!), the cha‑cha slide, the locomotion, the tootsee roll, the time warp (from ‘The Rocky Horror Picture Show’ film) and the peppermint twist.
Related genres: New Wave, New Romantic, Post‑Punk, Dance Pop, Europop, Eurodance, Synth Pop, Synthwave, J‑Pop, K‑Pop, Krautrock, Future Bass, Electro, Teen Pop
Artist examples: The Beatles, Abba, Pet Shop Boys, Kylie Minogue, Bananarama, Beats International, Mel & Kim, Daft Punk, Deee‑Lite, Jennifer Lopez, Lady Gaga, The Pussycat Dolls, Michael Jackson, Janet Jackson, Grace Jones, Madonna, Christina Aguilera, Rihanna, Beyoncé, Gloria Estefan, Billy Ocean, Hot Chocolate, Heaven 17, Thompson Twins, Erasure, Eurythmics, Boney M, 2 Unlimited, Ace of Base, Robyn, Black Box, Aqua, Roxette, Technotronic, Whigfield, Vengaboys, Dead or Alive, Paul Hardcastle, Scissor Sisters, Basshunter, Shakira, The S.O.S. Band, Billie Eilish, Charli XCX, Bomb the Bass, N‑Sync, Backstreet Boys, Destiny’s Child, Spice Girls, Boyz II Men, Jessie Ware, Dua Lipa, Drake, Ariana Grande, Olivia Rodrigo, BTS, Pitbull, early Depeche Mode, Kraftwerk, Gary Numan, Boyzone, Take That, Taylor Swift, Adele, Ed Sheeran, Katy Perry, Miley Cyrus, Justin Bieber, Lorde, Prince, Pink
Club Music (1975‑today – Peaks, 1995 & 2024)
Club Music, perhaps, represents the quintessential modern dance music and deservedly so. It is the place where innovation in dance music has been most prominent and prolific in recent times. The cultural significance of ‘clubbing’ is truly massive. The vibrant cornerstone of dance music culture has been massively popular for decades now. While Club Music as an ‘umbrella’ term that covers much of the same ground as EDM (see below), there is a great deal of convergence and overlap, such that the boundaries are blurred almost to non‑existence at times.
While it might seem strange that major dance music genres like House, Techno and Trance don’t feature as headings in their own right, they have been grouped together here because these genres drove the nightclub scene for several decades. Can you imagine a great underground or glitzy nightclub without these three genres being a crucial element of the music? Can you imagine what it would be like to have these three genres being successful without the existence of groovy nightclubs? The answer (at least to the author, who spent a great deal of time seeking out cool nightclubs in the UK and Ibiza from the 1980s to the 2000s) is that there is a vital co‑dependency between nightclubs and club dance music.
Some specific dance styles arose in the nightclub scene, including the Vogue, which also hit TV screens via MTV playlists. While there are some dances associated with genres from this point on, a great deal of modern social dance from the 1980s onwards may best be described as ‘freestyle’ or ‘freeform’, i.e. doing whatever one feels like to the music being played in the moment. No rules, no boundaries, no limits, just get down on the dancefloor and move to the groove.
House music is a highly influential dance music genre deeply rooted in Chicago during the early 1980s. House evolved from Disco and is based on electronic beats with infectious rhythms, strong basslines and soulful melodies, set to an insistent ‘four‑on‑the‑floor’ 4/4 time signature and a beat of around 115‑135BPM with a common standard of 128BPM.
Born from underground clubs, the name is thought to come from ‘The Warehouse’ nightclub in Chicago where DJ Frankie Knuckles (‘The Godfather of House’) performed DJ sets. House incorporates elements from Pop, Disco, Funk, and Soul and hit the mainstream around 1986.
While many dance moves were inherited from Disco, notable dances associated with House music include jacking, footwork, house stepping and lofting.
Key sub‑genres of House include Deep House and Progressive House, both intended to take the listener on a musical journey. Deep House is a key sub‑genre of House characterised by its chilled, soulful vibes, often featuring warm basslines, jazzy chords and soothing vocals that encourage listeners to groove and relax. Progressive House is known for its melodic and gradual build‑ups and euphoric drops.
Tech House is a logical amalgam of, erm… Techno and House from the late 1980s onwards. Tech House bridges the gap between the active dancefloor and passive listening. Other notable fusion sub‑genres of House include Ambient House and Electro‑House
In the late 1980s, House heavily influenced the formation of Balearic Beat that became SO popular in Ibiza Island dance clubs, super clubs, lounge bars and the underground Rave scene in the UK.
Bass House influenced the emergence of Dubstep and inspired the wave of Electropop artists in the 2000s, as well as many other forms of EDM in the 2010s and 2020s.
Techno is a genre of electronic dance music that emerged in Detroit in the late 1980s influenced by rising interest in House and Electro. Techno is characterised by repetitive (some say relentless) beats and hypnotic futuristic vibes that range from deep and atmospheric, through challengingly complex to fast and pounding. Typical Techno tempos are c.120‑160BPM. Unlike House, Techno has a more mechanical and ‘cold’ sound, embracing synthetic sound design and a robotic rhythmic style. Techno is an experience, designed to make you lose yourself on the dance floor. Techno soon spread from the USA to the nightclubs of the UK and Europe.
Dances associated with Techno have an international feel including, hakken, jumpstyle, Melbourne shuffle, vogue and tektonik.
A sub‑genre of Techno is Minimal Techno, known for its stripped‑down, repetitive rhythms and emphasis on mood changes. Minimal Techno is all about, erm… minimalism and creating an enthralling dancefloor atmosphere through simplicity and groove.
When it comes to post‑club parties, Ambient Techno was the ideal comedown, fusing the hypnotic quality of Techno and the more soothing Ambient music. At the other end of the spectrum, up‑beat Techno went on to influence Rave and Future Rave.
Trance music developed in Berlin, Germany in the early 1990s and became particularly popular in the UK, Belgium and the Netherlands. Trance is known for its uplifting melodies, ethereal breakdowns and energetic beats. Trance – as the name suggests – is intended to transport listeners to euphoric, hypnotic and transcendent states, making Trance a favourite at festivals and underground raves before hitting the mainstream. Trance endured into the 2000s with the proliferation of sub‑genres, thereby diluting the original. During the 2010s, Trance declined significantly with the dominance of EDM.
Trance made heavy use of the Roland TR‑909 drum machine (introduced in 1983 as a successor to the TR‑808) and analogue synthesizers. Tempo was relatively fast, around 130‑160BPM. Trance was heavily influenced by House and Techno before it became ‘a thing’ on its own.
The genre (Trance) and the venue (raves) are often linked to the widespread use of the drug MDMA, better known as ecstasy (tablet) or molly (crystals), a psychoactive empathogen which reinforces the hypnotic effect of Trance music and creates a (false) state of rapture and emotional social communion. Psychedelic forms of Trance became hugely popular in dance club destinations such as Ibiza (Ibiza Trance) and Goa in India (Goa Trance).
Dance moves associated with Trance include the trance stomp, the galactic glide, the melodic spiral and the echoing echoes. All sound suitably psychedelic.
Trance varied in sub‑genre, with Dream Trance, Uplifting Trance and Euro Trance, while more extreme sub‑genres of Trance include Tech Trance and Hardstyle.
Another staple of Club Music is Garage, a sub‑genre that originated in Britain in the form of UK Garage, influenced by Contemporary R&B and Hip‑Hop. Garage is characterised by its 2‑step beats, soulful vocals, and smooth, danceable rhythms and Garage House became popular in clubs. In turn, Future Garage and UK Bass took the form into the 2000s. UK Garage also became influential in the development of Dubstep and Grime.
The Juke (a.k.a. Chicago Juke or Footwork) sub‑genre arose in Chicago in the late 1990s is associated with dance battles and showcases dancers’ impressive footwork (duh!) skills. The tempo of Juke is fast, at c.160BPM.
At the height of the dance boom, music was heavily promoted by club and radio DJs who made themselves household names, including (amongst SO many others) Pete Tong, Calvin Harris, Carl Cox, Danny Rampling, David Guetta, David Morales, John Digweed, Eric Prydz, Erick Morillo, Fatboy Slim, Ferry Corsten, Frankie Knuckles, Judge Jules, Paul Oakenfold, Paul van Dyk, Roger Sanchez, Richie Hawtin, Sasha, Sven Väth, Tiësto, Tony De Vit and Robert Miles. Without the turntable skills of experienced club DJs, dance music would not have had the success it has had over several decades. Several top DJs also dipped their toes in music writing and recording.
The popularity of club music decreased significantly from the mid‑2000s with a lack of innovation and a malaise of interest from audiences. This sense of ennui led to the rise of EDM as a saviour of club dance music from the 2010s onwards.
Artist examples: Soul II Soul, Frankie Knuckles, Madonna, Faithless, Inner City, Robin S, Bob Sinclar, Sasha, Jeff Mills, Goldfrapp, Sunscreem, C+C Music Factory/Clivilles & Cole, Tiësto, Reel To Real, Sash!, Carl Cox, Paul Oakenfold, Todd Terry, UNKLE, Felix Da Housecat, X‑Press 2, Eric Prydz, Deep Dish, Basement Jaxx, Roger Sanchez, Artful Dodger, Gorgon City, Deadmau5, Camelphat, David Guetta, Calvin Harris, M People, K‑klass, Moby, Ian Van Dahl, David Morales, Ultra Nate, Kosheen, Fatboy Slim, Snap!, Apollo 440, Coldcut, Audio Bullys, Bodyrockers, Seb Fontaine, Technotronic, Katy B, Jeff Mills, Charlotte de Witt, Craig David, Artful Dodger, MJ Cole, Underworld, Louie Vega
Dancehall (1979‑1999 & 2010‑2020 – Peaks 1983 & 2013)
Dancehall is Jamaican music that evolved from Reggae and Deejay in the late 1970s and early 1980s. While Reggae‑derived dance music may seem out of place here, don’t rule out the influential Jamaican vibe so summarily.
Dancehall was stripped down Reggae with a focus on Deejay (rapped) vocals over pre‑recorded electronic rhythm tracks, rather than live backing musicians. Another difference from the political and Rastafarian themes of Roots Reggae is that Dancehall used sexually explicit lyrics (‘slackness’), misogyny and violent themes attracting negative criticism and notoriety. Dancehall has a wide variety of tempos; most sitting around 80‑120BPM with a DJ standard around 102BPM.
Dancehall changed radically in the mid‑1980s when producers increasingly employed new digital studio techniques, a sub‑genre known as Digital Dancehall emerged. Long before Hip‑Hop made the practice commonplace, Dancehall regularly sampled earlier genre tracks. In the early 1990s, Dancehall developed a more aggressive and less melodic style called Ragga. The style and content of Jamaican Dancehall and Ragga heavily influenced early American Rap, Hip‑Hop and Contemporary R&B, as well as Dubstep.
Dances associated with Dancehall include, the skank (a traditional reggae move), the bogle, the butterfly, willie bounce (?!) and the gully creepa.
Another sub‑genre of Reggae and Dancehall is Reggaeton, a genre that originated in Puerto Rico in the 1990s. Reggaeton fuses reggae and Latin rhythms with Hip‑Hop and electronica. Reggaeton is characterised by its infectious beats, catchy hooks and often explicit lyrics.
Related genres: Ska, Rocksteady, Reggae, Roots, Deejay, Ragga, Digital Dancehall, Nu Reggae, Soca, Rap, Hip‑Hop, Dubstep, Reggaeton, Contemporary R&B, Dub
Artist examples: Sizzla, Buju Banton, Sean Paul, Bounty Killer, Ini Kamoze, Barrington Levy, Cllint Eastwood, Ranking Joe, Tapper Zukie, Dillinger, Trinity, The Lone Ranger, Shabba Ranks, Eek‑A‑Mouse, Yellowman, Shaggy, General Levy, King Jammy, Ninjaman, Frankie Paul, Bobby Digital, General Saint, Cocoa Tea, Chaka Demus
Hip‑Hop (1979‑today – Peaks 1993, 1999 & 2022)
Hip‑Hop (with or without the hyphen) as a subculture and art movement has its roots in in block parties of African/American communities of New York City, particularly The Bronx c.1973. Originally, it was known as Rap and then Disco Rap, but the broader term Hip‑Hop has become the de facto title for the genre. Hip‑Hop is known for its bare bones rhythmic beat patterns and poetic spoken vocal delivery rather than strong melodies and sung vocals. Most Hip‑Hop tempos vary around the 80‑115BPM mark.
Much of Hip‑Hop’s roots can be traced back to Jamaican Reggae and its Deejay, Dancehall and Ragga sub‑genres. Hip‑Hop also adopted Soul, Disco and Funk samples to enhance the genre’s appeal in predominantly black urban communities. Hip‑Hop subculture revolved around a number of key characteristics; MCing/rapping, DJing/turntable scratching, breakdancing and graffiti/street art. Other characteristics emerged such as Beatboxing and Instrumental Hip‑Hop (minus rapping).
Hip‑Hop expanded rapidly during the 1980s migrating from New York and Boston across the continent breaking through into commercial success in the process. Once Hip‑Hop reached the West Coast of the US, particularly Los Angeles, the gang‑related, anti‑authority and violent themes of Gangsta Rap quickly gained popularity c.1988 and became seen as a reaction to, and rejection of, the east coast’s Hardcore Hip‑Hop. Despite Gangsta Rap’s reputation of glorifying guns, violence, sexual exploitation and drug‑use, it continued to gain popularity in the harsh life experiences of deprived black urban communities. Several high profile murders of Hip Hop artists plagued the 1990s, including Tupac Shakur and The Notorious B.I.G. (a.k.a. Biggie Smalls).
A sub‑genre of Gansta Rap, G‑Funk emerged in the 1990s and adopted a less aggressive, less confrontational posture. G‑Funk spread across the mid‑west and southern states, increasing Hip‑Hop’s popularity with both black and white audiences. Hip‑Hop continued to diversify into Crunk, Snap and Trap, becoming less political and more nihilistic in the process. Going full circle, there was a re‑emergence of New York Hip‑Hop around 1994. Hip‑Hop became mainstream and in‑turn influenced the genres that had influenced it, including commercial Pop. Hip‑Hop has expanded to include Urban (a.k.a. Urban Contemporary Music), Contemporary R&B and Instrumental Hip‑Hop.
The key street dance style associated with early rap and Hip‑Hop was breakdancing. Breakdancing has grown significantly in popularity from its roots as an American street art performance to being an international sport at the Olympic Games. Called just ‘breaking’, the dance/sport made its debut at Paris 2024.
In addition to breaking, other dances associated with Rap and Hip‑Hop include popping & locking, krumping, jerkin’ and tutting.
Related genres: Reggae, Deejay, Dancehall, Urban, Gangsta Rap, Experimental Hip‑Hop, Instrumental Hip‑Hop, Trip Hop, Hardcore Hip‑Hop, G‑Funk, Nu Metal, Crunk, Snap, Trap, Drill, Techno, House, Deep House, Trance, Electro Disco, Progressive Electronic, UK Garage, Glitch Hop, Rap, Disco Rap, Pop Rap, Beatboxing, Southern Hip‑Hop
Artist examples: Grandmaster Flash & The Furious Five, The Sugarhill Gang, The Beastie Boys, Run‑DMC, Dr Dre, Usher, Eminem, LL Cool J, 2Pac (Tupac Shakur), Nelly, Fun Lovin’ Criminals, Beyoncé, House of Pain, Coolio, A Tribe Called Quest, Kelis, Neneh Cherry, Cypress Hill, D12, Busta Rhymes, Tone Loc, Bubba Sparxxx, The Black Eyed Peas, N.W.A., Snoop Dogg, The Notorious B.I.G. (Biggie Smalls), Will Smith, DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince, Naughty by Nature, Public Enemy, Ice Cube, Ice‑T, Kendrick Lamar, Nas, Wu‑Tang Clan, Kanye West, DJ Shadow, K7, Jay‑Z, The Streets, Missy Elliott, 50 Cent, MC Hammer, OutKast
Rave (1986‑1994 – Peak 1988)
The term rave in connection with dance music has a long history, being used to describe wild beatnik parties in the 1950s and Mod parties in the 1960s. Party animals became known as ‘ravers’. For many, the Rave dance music scene was the most important paradigm shift in youth counter‑culture since Punk in the mid‑late 1970s.
During the 1980s, for some, discos, nightclubs and popular Club Music were not enough. In the mid‑late 1980s, psychedelic dance music originated in Acid House music parties in Chicago, USA. Word spread quickly and Acid House caught on in UK clubs, warehouses, private and free parties. As the genre name Acid House implies, the music was often associated with recreational drug use. Raves began in Manchester, England (nicknamed ‘Madchester’ in context) and then later in and around London (generally inside the M25 orbital motorway). The iconic Haçienda nightclub in Manchester was opened by the Post‑Punk band New Order and Factory Records. A film, ’24 Hour Party People’ (2002) portrayed the chaotic Madchester scene. Further films aimed to capture the essence of the rave phenomenon and its recreational drug frenzy including, ‘Go’ and ‘Human Traffic’ (both 1999).
Non‑standard Rave venues included homes, warehouses, industrial estates, basements and outdoors in forests. In the late 1980s, the word ‘rave’ was adopted to describe the underground subculture that grew out of the Acid House movement. Rave also became associated with psychedelic Rave parties held in Ibiza. Rave became massive, varying in size from a few thousand up to mainstream events as large as 25,000. Underground, i.e. illegal, Raves were the subject of much media hype, political rhetoric and heavy‑handed police crackdowns. Such hysteria led to a heightened awareness of, and attraction to, rave events for predominantly young, socially excluded anti‑establishment adherents willing to take risks with the law. Illegal rave venues were kept secret in an attempt to avoid police attention. Rave music became popular on UK pirate radio stations in the 1990s, adding to the mystique.
Rave isn’t a genre with a definable sound of its own; it represents more of a pleasure‑seeking, indulgent lifestyle with widespread use of recreational and hard drugs. It is more of an umbrella term for a range of dance music genres popular at Rave events. Music featured at Raves included Acid House, Breakbeat Hardcore, Happy Hardcore, Drum & Bass, Post‑Industrial, Breakbeat and Electronica. Rave‑oriented tracks were mid‑tempo, generally around 130‑140BPM.
Acid House, born in the mid‑late 1980s, is known for its sound created by the iconic Roland TB‑303 synthesizer. Acid House is closely related to the early Rave scene and is characterised by its propulsive 4/4 time signature and psychedelic aesthetic. The familiar ‘smiley face’ emblem became an iconic part of the Rave and Acid House scene of the late 1980s.
[Image: Acid House Smiley Face]
Dances associated with Rave include, running man, jump style, apple picking, liquid move, the stomp, glowsticking and gloving.
Rave strongly influenced sub‑genres such as Big Beat and Breakbeat, with their strong, heavy beats and complex and dynamic electronic drum rhythms, which combines EDM with Funk, Rock and Hip‑Hop. In turn, Big Beat and Breakbeat have been highly influential in the development of EDM. Rave’s diverse range of dance genres inspire high‑energy dance styles known for their hedonistic, exuberant, in‑your‑face sound and dynamic arrangements. Rave and its subculture live on, with a wide range of organised Rave festivals in many countries across the globe, far beyond its humble origins.
An off‑beat genre that was closely associated with the post‑club comedown parties was Trip Hop, which developed in Bristol, England with bands like Portishead, Massive Attack and Tricky making big waves from the late 1980s and early 1990s. Trip Hop is an experimental variant of Breakbeat, incorporating influences from Jazz, Soul, Funk, Reggae, Dub and Hip‑Hop. Trip Hop heavily influenced the growth of Intelligent Dance Music (IDM).
Related genres: Post‑Punk, Neo‑Psychedelia, Acid House, Acid Techno, Alternative Dance, Big Beat, Breakbeat, House, Electro, Hardcore Techno, Industrial Dance, Drum & Bass, Trance, Acid Trance, Dubstep, Balearic Beat, Deep House, Chillout, Downtempo, Nu‑Skool Breaks, Future Rave, Funk, Rock, Hip‑Hop, EDM, Breakbeat Hardcore, Happy Hardcore, Post‑Industrial, Trip Hop, Dub, IDM
Artist examples: The Shamen, The Prodigy, The Chemical Brothers, Orbital, Underworld, Happy Mondays, Primal Scream, Fatboy Slim, Infected Mushroom, Eat Static, Groove Armada, The KLF, Death In Vegas, Humanoid, A Guy Called Gerald, Shpongle, Stereo MC’s, Utah Saints, 808 State, Leftfield, All Saints, New Order, Altern‑8, Bassheads, Praga Kahn, Pete Heller, Martina Topley‑Bird, Portishead, Massive Attack, Tricky, Sneaker Pimps, Björk, Coldcut, Hallucinogen
Drum & Bass (1993‑1999 & 2020‑today – Peak 1994)
Drum & Bass, or just D&B to its many admirers, is known for its fast‑paced breakbeats, rolling basslines, and intricate electronic drum patterns. D&B combines elements of Acid House, Techno, Breakbeat and Hip‑Hop of the early 1990s, resulting in a high‑energy intense dance music experience. The up‑tempo nature of D&B regularly reaches 160‑180BPM or more. The DJ standard for D&B is a heady 174BPM. The fast tempo required D&B dancers to exhibit great stamina, frequently aided by drug use. D&B has experienced a number of peaks and troughs of popularity over time. D&B went on to influence the development of Dubstep and IDM.
Dances associated with D&B include, x‑outing and skank stepping.
While not strictly D&B, but bearing some similarities to it, Jungle, with its origins in the UK, is a high‑energy genre known for its fast‑paced breakbeats, heavy basslines, and reggae influences.
Neurofunk is a sub‑genre of D&B that emerged in the mid‑1990s, known for its complex, futuristic and experimental sound. Neurofunk introduced a unique approach to the genre, characterised by intricate basslines, glitchy studio effects and a darker atmosphere. Other related sub‑genres include Hardcore and Liquid Drum & Bass.
Artist examples: Everything but the Girl, Chase & Status, Pendulum, Machinedrum, Sub Focus, Finley Quaye, Squarepusher, Amon Tobin, Goldie, Roni Size
Alternative Dance (1985‑2010 – Peak 1991)
Alternative Dance (a.k.a. Indie Dance or Underground Dance) is a broad catch‑all for dance‑inspired music by artists generally not associated with a defined dance music genre. Alternative Dance frequently but not exclusively incorporates synthesizer‑based rhythms derived from dance music within the context of Alternative Rock and other related genres. Alternative Dance first developed in Manchester in the UK during the early 1980s Post‑Punk movement with bands like New Order mixing Synthpop and Electro‑Disco. Alternative Dance, under the guise of Post‑Disco, was increasingly popular during the 1990s.
You may not immediately connect genres such as Indie, Grunge, Alternative Rock and Hard Rock with dance music. However, many Rock et al bands have embraced the groovy, foot‑tapping nature of dance music and incorporated influences into their own fusion‑style music that can be eminently danceable. In turn, many dance artists have sampled or collaborated with Rock et al artists to produce club‑friendly versions of classic rock tracks. This cross‑pollination has proved fertile ground for those involved and has created some interesting dance‑oriented versions of otherwise un‑danceable tracks.
Various dance forms have been associated with the genres that fit under the label Alternative Dance include, the shoegaze shuffle, the synthpop sway, the new wave nod, the trip hop trip, the Manchester wiggle and the Björk bounce.
Related genres: Alternative Rock, Grunge, Indie, Neo‑Psychedelia, Acid Jazz, Indietronica, EDM, Synthpop, Electro Disco, Post‑Punk, Shoegaze, Acid House, Nu Rave, Synthwave, Darkwave, Ethereal wave, EBM (Electronic Body Music), Hip‑Hop, Trip Hop, Instrumental Hip‑Hop, Psychedelic Trance
Artist examples: New Order, Primal Scream, Happy Mondays, Galliano, The Brand New Heavies, Morcheeba, Red Hot Chili Peppers, White Lies, The Hurts, Dynamic Syncopation, 9 Lazy 9, Mr Scruff, Amon Tobin, DJ Vadim, The Irresistible Force, Kid Koala, Coldcut, Luke Vibert, Fink, Funki Porcini, DJ Food, Hexstatic, The Cinematic Orchestra, Ashley Beedle, The Herbaliser, Jaga Jazzist, Caribou, LCD Soundsystem, Young Fathers, Manitoba, Broadcast, The xx, Saint Etienne, Jesus Jones, Hot Chip, Holy Fuck, M83, Tom Vek, Public Service Broadcasting, Reverend And the Makers, Big Audio Dynamite, Sugarcubes, Crystal Castles, Dubstar, Space, Howie B, Björk, Amorphous Androgynous
Balearic Beat (1986‑1994 & 2006‑2023 – Peaks 1990 & 2014)
Geographically, Balearic refers to a chain of islands in the Mediterranean off the east coast of Spain, home to Ibiza Island, one of the dance capitals of the world. The origins of Balearic Beat date back to a time when English DJs vacationing in Ibiza made use of their skills at parties, which became increasingly popular, particularly with holidaying celebrities. This trend then spread to tourists visiting the White Island to experience sun, sea, sand, sex, drugs and dancing. Balearic Beat has come to represent a dancefloor influenced sound conjuring up images of the warm sunsets and sunrises of Mediterranean beaches – and the hedonistic, drug‑fuelled dance parties that took place between dusk and dawn. Drug use is commonplace in Balearic dance music culture, including MDMA, amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine, LSD and ketamine.
The word Balearic here is used as an umbrella term for a wide range of Mediterranean vital vibe venues including Ibiza (and Formentera) and beyond. Other ‘Med’ (in more ways than one!) party destinations include Mykonos (Greece) and Magaluf (Majorca, Spain). These clubbing alternatives are largely regarded as second rate Ibiza wannabes. The scope does, by loose association, include other clubbing travel destinations outside the Mediterranean such as Goa (India) and Playa de las Américas (Tenerife). It is a bit of a tenuous link but it is used here for expediency.
Balearic Beat covers a range of music genres and is characterised by its relaxed atmosphere, laid back beats and R&B influenced swingy percussion, with its slow and heavy tempo at around 90‑110BPM. Influences include African Music, Hispanic American Music, Italo‑Disco, Eurodance, Soul, Funk, Reggae, Ambient, Downtempo, Chillout and Dub.
Ibiza Island led the way with its range of top notch, trendy nightclubs such as Pacha, Space, Amnesia, Privilege, Es Paradis, Eden, DC10, Octan, Underground and Swag. More recent is the emergence of Ibiza Super Clubs such as Hï, Ushuaïa, Lío, Cova Santa and Ocean Beach Club. The author’s favourite was Amnesia.
Ibiza lounge parties were the norm from the late 1980s and 1990s at the likes of Café del Mar, Café Mambo and Kumharas, all on the San Antonio Bay sea front. Venues in the island’s interior included Bambuddha Grove and KM5 up to the 2000s. After a decade of decline, Ibiza has seen a resurgence in the late 2010s and early 2020s with a rejuvenated EDM scene.
There aren’t specific dances that go along with the Balearic Beat, so freestyle is a common way of enjoying the island grooves. However, shuffling, swaying & twirling, and moves inspired by Latin dances such as salsa and samba fit the bill.
Goa Trance is characterised by hypnotic beats, ethereal melodies and a psychedelic atmosphere. Originating from Goa, India, Goa Trance gained global popularity for its mind‑expanding sound. Goa Trance often incorporates cultural and spiritual elements, intended to create a transcendent experience for listeners, often assisted by use of mind‑altering psychedelic/hallucinogenic drugs like LSD (acid), mescaline (peyote), psilocybin (shrooms) and DMT (dimethyltryptamine – the so‑called ‘God molecule’) to create altered states of consciousness.
A sub‑genre deeply connected to the heady Goa Trance scene is Psytrance, with its hypnotic beats, intricate soundscapes, and psychedelic influences. Psytrance immerses listeners in euphoric, transcendent otherworldly journeys.
Another Goa sub‑genre is Psybient, which is a fusion of psychedelic and ambient music. Psybient is characterised by its dreamy and otherworldly soundscapes and intended to immerse listeners in sonic voyages, often inspired by nature, local culture and psychedelia. Psybient became a favourite in club chillout spaces and festivals for relaxation and introspection. A popular close relative of Psybient is Ambient Dub for chilling out.
Downtempo (a.k.a. Downbeat) and its close relative Chillout are genres that emphasise slower tempos (around 60‑110BPM), relaxed beats, laidback vibes, atmospheric soundscapes and soothing melodies, often without a discernible beat.
Downtempo and Chillout are often used interchangeably and, to be honest, there is not a great deal to distinguish them other than perhaps their degree of rhythm and/or beat. Downtempo actually means ‘slow beat’. They are both used as broad terms for contemporary ‘easy listening’, which isn’t exactly helpful. Influences include, Ambient, Reggae, Electronica, Jazz, New Age and World music. Many admirers use Ambient Dub for meditation and mindfulness.
Chillout is a term derived from the ‘White Room’ at the Heaven nightclub in London in 1989 where DJs played Ambient and Ambient House music as a place to chill out or relax from the more intense tempos of the main dancefloor. These dedicated breakout areas became known as ‘chillout rooms’. Chillout is also often used in lounge bar settings and as background music. Due to market saturation, Ambient House declined in popularity during the early 2000s but has seen a big resurgence in the Covid‑hit 2020s.
Downtempo and Chillout encompass various dance music subgenres, including Trip Hop, Ambient House, Lo Fi Hip‑Hop, Psybient, Chillwave, Ambient Dub, Reggae, Nu Jazz and Ambient.
Related genres: Hip‑Hop, Trip Hop, Instrumental Hip‑Hop, EDM, Dub, Ambient Dub, Ambient Electronica, Ambient House, Ambient Techno, Ambient Trance, Progressive Electronic, Deep House, Nu Jazz, Breakbeat, Psybient, Chillwave, Lo‑Fi Hip‑Hop, Balearic Beat, Electronica, Jazz, Rock, New Age, World, Reggae, Ambient, Vaporwave
Artist examples: Massive Attack, Portishead, Tricky, Aphex Twin, The KLF, Fishmans, Thievery Corporation, Bonobo, Boards of Canada, Mr Scruff, Tycho, Nightmares on Wax, Ibizarre, Moloko, Innocence, Royksopp, London Grammar, The Beloved, St Germain, Air, Zero 7, The Orb, Smoke City, The Art of Noise, William Orbit, Helios, The Future Sound of London, Dirty Vegas, Bicep, Deadbeat, Jon Hopkins, Brian Eno, Moby, Sofa Surfers, The Dining Rooms
Dubstep (2006‑2020 – Peak 2012)
Dubstep is a dance music genre that originated in London, UK in the early‑mid 2000s. Dubstep is characterised by its sparse beats, heavy basslines, syncopated rhythms, and explosive drops, making great use of synthesizers to create its epic soundscape. Dubstep fuses elements of Reggae, Hip‑Hop and Rock with dance music beats, creating a powerful and often aggressive sound.
Dubstep has its roots in Dancehall’s beats, Drum & Bass’s drops and in Dub’s digital studio effects. For a dance music genre, Dubstep tempo has a relatively slow 70‑100BPM, making use of ‘half‑time’ rhythms, a characteristic of the genre. Dubstep is often closely associated with Grime, which appeared at around the same time with a faster tempo of around 140BPM.
Dance moves associated with Dubstep include, the wobble shuffle, the bass drop stomp, the rewind spin and the drop & flutter.
Just as Downtempo and Chillout stemmed from Balearic night clubs, bars and lounges, a sub‑genre of Dubstep is Chillstep, which emphasises melodic and slow ambient elements. Chillstep is known for its calming and ethereal sound, often incorporating female vocals. Like Downtempo, Chillstep is ideal for unwinding and relaxation.
Future Bass, with its lush emotional melodies is a sub‑genre that became prominent in the 2010s. While it is influenced by Dubstep and Trap, it adopts a warmer, less abrasive style that made an important connection between Pop and EDM.
Future Garage is a dark, minimalistic sub‑genre pioneered by Burial that combines elements of Garage, Dubstep, and House. It’s characterised by its sparse intricate rhythms, sampled vocals, and a highly atmospheric vibe. Another derivative of Dubstep is UK Bass with influences from IDM, Footwork and Techno.
While Dubstep and its derivatives remained popular into the 2010s, it has largely returned to its underground roots.
Related genres: EDM, Drum & Bass, UK Bass, UK Garage, Future Bass, Future Garage, Grime, Breakstep, Electro House, House, Brostep, Chillstep, Reggae, Trip Hop, Hip‑Hop, Rock, Dancehall, Dub, Trap, IDM, Footwork, Techno, 2‑Step
Artist examples: Burial, Skrillex, Katy B, Sub Focus, James Blake, Labrinth, Magnetic Man, Modestep, Excision, SBTRKT, Skream, Kode9, DMZ
EDM (1980‑1989 & 2010‑today – Peaks 1995, 2010 & 2023)
It is hard to believe but it was way, way back in 1980 that English musician, singer/songwriter and record producer Richard James Burgess, a member of the jazz/rock band Landscape, coined the term Electronic Dance Music, a.k.a. EDM.
The term EDM, though, didn’t really come into its own until its boom in the 2010s. Prior to that, it was a loose description of music that was, erm… electronic and danceable. Duh! Today, EDM has attempted to corral and coalesce a wide range of dance music genres into some broad categorisation. Prior to the 2010s, dance music was associated with discrete genres and sub‑genres. Post‑2010, EDM has attempted to become the main descriptor and exemplar of everything electronic dance. As such, it is arguably not a genre in its own right. However, keen‑eyed readers will also have noticed that other groupings described here, like Pop, Club Music, Rave and Balearic Beat are similar in the way they try to bring separate genres and sub‑genres together under broader, more meaningful headings.
EDM’s roots lie in the second half of the 1970s when Electro Synth Pop and Hi‑NRG arose in the wake of traditional dance genres like Soul, Funk and Disco. MTV was a prime catalyst for surge of interest in early EDM. House and Techno took on the mantle in the 1980s with the widespread adoption of digital technology and the crucial adoption of the MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) industry standard communication and control protocol for electronic musical instruments.
The next step in the EDM journey was with Trance and Eurodance. With the advent of the Internet, electronic dance culture became global with forms of electronic dance music becoming prevalent in many countries. EDM covers a wide range of tempos from the slow 60‑90BPM right up to the insane 240BPM of Speedcore, meaning plenty of choice for ravers, club‑goers and passive listeners.
So… is EDM a genre in its own right or is it simply a method for grouping a vast array of electronic dance sub‑genres into a convenient package for consumers? You decide.
As EDM is an expansive heading for diverse dance genres, the same goes for EDM dances, so it is no surprise then that EDM doesn’t have dedicated dance moves but borrows from the genres it represents including, shuffling, jumpstyle, gloving, liquid dancing, tutting, the Melbourne shuffle, popping & locking, voguing and cutting shapes.
Artist examples: Landscape, Coldcut, Daft Punk, Deadmau5, Calvin Harris, David Guetta, Swedish House Mafia, Major Lazer, Armin Van Buuren, Paul Oakenfold, Disclosure, Rudimental, Years & Years, Digitalism, Example, Justice, Professor Green, MØ, LFO, Felix Da Housecat, Ferry Corsten, Clean Bandit, Moby, Madonna, Paul Van Dyk, Tiësto, M83, System 7, The Aloof, The Groove Corporation, The Dust Brothers, React 2 Rhythm, Charlie XCX, Billie Eilish, Igloohost, Space, Faithless, Avicii, Alesso, Flume
IDM (1992‑today – Peaks 2001 & 2009)
IDM (an abbreviation of Intelligent Dance Music) is an electronic dance genre emanating from the 1990s and drawing inspiration from House, Techno and Drum & Bass. IDM artists aim to challenge conventional electronic dance music tropes including a cursory dismissal of the traditional ‘four‑to‑the‑floor’ forms of EDM. IDM artists wanted to take a more experimental approach to creating dance music. Ironically, a large proportion of IDM is intended for listening, rather than for dancing.
IDM is characterised by intricate rhythms, odd time signatures and unconventional song structures. IDM has been criticised for its somewhat ‘highbrow’ – some say elitist – approach to the art. The use of the word, ‘intelligent’ is seen by many as condescending. IDM has certainly pushed the boundaries of what consumers can expect from electronic music, inviting listeners to engage on an intellectual level, rather than a purely physical one. Some critics suggest that IDM as a concept is patronising of more popular genres of popular dance music. IDM has, however, achieved significant success from fans looking for something a bit different from the norm.
Experimental Dance is a sub‑genre that is an integral part of IDM, intended to defy conventional classification, often challenging the limits of traditional dance music forms (and test the audience’s tolerance). Experimental Dance is a genre that inspires innovation and sonic exploration, embracing unusual rhythms and esoteric sound design. Experimental Dance artists go out of their way to subvert listeners’ preconceptions by creating eccentric, avant‑garde compositions that invite scrutiny and stimulate creativity. Many audiences find Experimental Dance hard to access and difficult to engage with.
Like with EDM, IDM covers a broad range of music sub‑genres, so dances and dance moves are also varied and derivative, including, freestyle, glitch dancing, liquid dancing and popping & locking.
Another popular derivative of IDM is a more traditional approach taken by Nu Jazz, diversifying IDM with a broader range of influences with an emphasis on ‘feel’, ‘groove’ and use of jazzy samples, largely absent from core IDM. Nu Jazz had elements reminiscent of EDM and has helped to bridge the gap between the two.
Glitch Hop is a sub‑genre emanating from the late‑1990s that combined IDM with pared back Hip‑Hop influences, particularly Instrumental Hip‑Hop. Glitch Hop is characterised by its use of ‘glitchy’ (duh!) studio effects and techniques, including cutting, skipping, repeating, chopping, and bit‑crush reduction of recorded samples.
Wonky is another sub‑genre of IDM that combines Dubstep and Hip‑Hop influences arising from around 2009. Wonky (the hint is in the name) is defined by its off‑kilter and unstable mid‑range frequencies using un‑quantised (non‑synchronised) and offbeat Hip‑Hop rhythms at Dubstep‑style half‑time tempos. The name Wonky allegedly arose as a result of the observed effects of ketamine on users’ ability (or not) to dance.
Related genres: EDM, EBM, Glitch, Wonky, Techno, House, Drum & Bass, Breakcore, Glitch Hop, Footwork, Experimental Dance, Nu Jazz, Hip‑Hop, Instrumental Hip‑Hop, 2‑Step, Hypnagogic Pop, Lo‑Fi Pop
Artist examples: Burial, Four Tet, Caribou, Autechre, Aphex Twin, Boards of Canada, Sauarepusher, Mouse on Mars, Orbital, Actress, Amon Tobin, Apparat, Biosphere, Higher Intelligence Agency, Clark, Carbon Based Lifeforms, Cylob, 9 Lazy 9, Faulty DL, The Field, Floating Points, Flying Lotus, Jon Hopkins, Kid606, Lemon Jelly, Moderat, Oneohtrix Point Never, Plastikman
“Dancers are the athletes of God” – Albert Einstein (1879‑1955)
The ‘Best’ Dance Songs of All Time
For all you list‑o‑philes out there, according to the prestigious Rolling Stone Magazine in 2022, they listed the ‘Top 200’ dance music songs of all time. Here are is their Top 20:
Donna Summer – I Feel Love (1977)
Daft Punk – One More Time (2000)
Chic – Good Times (1979)
Frankie Knuckles and Jamie Principle – Your Love (1986)
Indeep – Last Night a D.J. Saved My Life (1982)
Shannon – Let the Music Play (1983)
Robyn – Dancing on My Own (2010)
On the House and Marshall Jefferson – Move Your Body (The House Music Anthem) (1986)
Robin S. – Show Me Love (1992)
Disclosure (feat. Sam Smith) – Latch (2013)
Madonna – Vogue (1990)
Kraftwerk – Trans‑Europe Express (1977)
First Choice – Let No Man Put Asunder (1977)
Adonis – No Way Back (1986)
James Brown – Get on the Good Foot (1972)
Rihanna (feat. Calvin Harris) – We Found Love (2011)
Beltram – Energy Flash (1990)
New Order – Blue Monday (1983)
Prince – Controversy (1981)
Kylie Minogue – Can’t Get You Out of My Head (2001)
Going back a little, to 2011 in fact, Rolling Stone carried out a readers’ poll of the ‘Top 10’ dance music songs. Here’s what actual punters came up with.
Daft Punk – One More Time (2000)
New Order – Blue Monday (1983)
The Beatles – Twist and Shout (1961)
Justice – D.A.N.C.E. (2007)
Madonna – Vogue (1990)
The Isley Brothers – Shout (1959)
Michael Jackson – Thriller (1983)
Deee‑Lite – Groove Is In the Heart (1990)
Chic – Le Freak (1978)
Bee Gees – Stayin’ Alive (1977)
I don’t know what you think of that. Personally, I don’t agree with much of it but that’s not really surprising, as everyone will have their own unique opinion and favourites, which is why I’m not criticising the findings of others. The results presented above are what they are, though; that’s what Rolling Stone came up with.
Suffice to say that my personal selection would be substantially different. For what it’s worth, here are my ‘Top 50’ dance music tracks (only one per artist, in date and then sort‑of alphabetical order).
Chic – Le Freak (1978)
Funkadelic – One Nation Under a Groove (1978)
Earth, Wind & Fire – Boogie Wonderland (1979)
Michael Jackson – Off The Wall (1979)
Anita Ward – Ring My Bell (1979)
The Brothers Johnson – Stomp (1980)
The Gap Band – Burn Rubber on Me (Why You Wanna Hurt Me) (1980)
Joy Division – Love Will Tear Us Apart (1980)
Kool & The Gang – Celebration (1980)
Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five – The Message (1982)
Rockers Revenge – Walking On Sunshine (1982)
David Bowie – Let’s Dance (1983)
New Order – Blue Monday (1983)
Rick James – 17 (1984)
Paul Hardcastle – 19 (1985)
Happy Mondays – W.F.L. (Wrote For Luck) (1988)
Technotronic – Pump Up the Jam (1989)
C+C Music Factory – Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now) (1990)
Bomb The Bass – Winter In July (1991)
DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince – Summertime (1991)
Prince – Cream (1991)
Stereo MC’s – Connected (1992)
Ini Kamoze – Here Comes the Hotstepper (1994)
Everything But The Girl – Missing (1995)
Massive Attack – Karmacoma (1995)
Faithless – Insomnia (1996)
Orbital – Satan (1996)
The Prodigy – Firestarter (1996)
The Orb – Toxygene (1997)
Ultra Naté – Free (1997)
Beastie Boys – Intergalactic (1998)
Stardust – Music Sounds Better With You (1998)
Aim – Cold Water Music (1999)
ATB – 9pm (Till I Come) (1999)
Basement Jaxx – Red Alert (1999)
Fatboy Slim – Right Here Right Now (1999)
Groove Armada – I See You Baby (1999)
The Chemical Brothers – Hey Boy Hey Girl (1999)
Leftfield – Phat Planet (1999)
Moloko – The Time Is Now (2000)
Spiller – Groovejet (If This Ain’t Love) (2000)
The Underdog Project – Summer Jam (2000)
D12 – Purple Pills (2001)
Kosheen – Hide U (2001)
Kylie Minogue – Can’t Get You Out of My Head (2001)
Roger Sanchez – Another Chance (2001)
The Rapture – House Of Jealous Lovers (2002)
X-Press 2 (feat. David Byrne) – Lazy (2002)
LCD Soundsystem – Daft Punk Is Playing At My House (2005)
Hot Chip – Ready For The Floor (2008)
That’s 5 from the 1970s, 12 from the 1980s, 22 from the 1990s and 11 from the 2000s. None from the 2010s or the 2020s (yet). That represents a fairly typical distribution pattern and one that probably isn’t far from dance music popularity by year/decade either. The 1990s was also the decade that the author was most into dance music and nightclubbing, so that may account for it. 1999, it seems was a good year (7).
I’m not sure what each of these 50 tracks all released during a 30‑year period between 1978 and 2008 say about me or my musical taste. However, I would be happy to have these as a compilation for a ‘desert island’ holiday soundtrack. Some are pretty predictable and some are a little more esoteric. Nothing extreme in there, though. To me, collectively they all sum up a positive attitude towards life.
“This existence of ours is as transient as autumn clouds. To watch the birth and death of beings is like looking at the movements of a dance” – Buddha (Siddhārtha Gautama – c.480‑400BCE)
The Future of Dance and Dance Music
As usual, speculation about the future is fraught with risk of completely missing the mark. However, let’s give it a go with a few thoughts of random conjecture.
The future of dance will rely not only on the ‘live’ nightclub and festival scenes but also by Internet‑based streaming services that focus specifically on curating dance music playlists, curated by respected DJs, producers and artists. Physical media will see a resurgence and will catalyse a revitalised interest in the past.
Mainstream dance music is likely to feature strongly on future festival circuits. This isn’t new. However, major dedicated dance music events are likely to increase in both number and size. There will be greater crossover and cross‑pollination between dance festivals and traditional multi‑genre festivals, thus increasing the number of ‘genre stages’ within larger festivals.
Dance continues to influence many non‑EDM genres and there will be many more artists including dance music tropes into their material. Dance music will continue to diversify and, while there have been scant recent genre developments, the horizon is just waiting for something new and fresh to get people up and dancing. Innovation is needed and there is a growing sense that something big is brewing somewhere in the underground to propel dance music forward once again.
The change from coherent album releases to a focus on ‘bite‑size’ soundbite single tracks, as has been a typical trend over the last decade will continue to be the case and will be even more so in the future. However, the underground will see the opposite, with a determination to stick to the core essentials that made the dance phenomenon so spectacular in the first place.
As it ever was, the underground will prove to be the experimental breeding ground for what will, one day, become familiar. While the mainstream continues to dilute extremes, the underground will push the boundaries of what has come before – harder and more intense at one end of the spectrum and to amorphous ambient styles like Vaporwave at the other – and that will, over time, infiltrate the mainstream to keep the genres evolving.
‘Live’ DJ performances will push the visual aspect of sessions, making their shows more immersive and captivating. Now that COVID is largely a thing of the past, live artist performances will help to revitalise gigs from local pubs all the way up to large arenas and to more creative virtual/augmented reality (VR/AR) gigs.
Digital and analogue synthesizers will continue to develop and enable new sounds and styles to be created. Recording and production technology will enhance music creativity and technology will enhance distribution and access, including personalised playlist curation.
We can no longer think of dance and dance music being the sole preserve of the American, UK and European artists – it is a global scene and the cross‑cultural influences will increase and help to diversify dance and dance music.
If you respect what the Grammy Awards organisation says, they put forward eight trends from 2022 that they forecast would help to define the future of dance music:
House Infused Pop
Artists Respected The Roots
Women Took The Techno Reins
The UK Came Through
Tech‑House Went Further Mainstream
EDM Nostalgia Lived On
TikTok Made Dance Hits
Rave Was Recontextualized
Nostalgia will become an important part of the future of dance music. It may seem contradictory that one is looking back in order to look forward. Many dance music genres have been remarkably enduring and, as newer generations come through, they will be looking for something new but also discovering some of the best of the past. New genres will supplement existing ones, rather than replace them. Creative artists will surely plunder some of the past and incorporate into something completely new and fresh.
Recording technology will continue to have a major impact on dance music. From the early days where large bands used expensive and finite studio space to record Rock & Roll, Soul, Funk and Disco to the bedroom producers of today using Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs) and plug‑in modules to produce infinitely variable tracks in both EDM and IDM. New technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and big data will be used to create sounds and structures hitherto unheard of. One watches with interest to see what comes next.
“Dancing can reveal all the mystery that music conceals” – Charles Baudelaire (Poet, 1821‑1867)
Final thoughts on Dance and Dance Music
SO… There you have it. The author’s ‘wonky’ (sic!) look at modern dance music trends. The fascination comes in older genres not disappearing but being complemented by newer forms. This incremental approach to dance music evolution has enabled it to adapt to and reflect the needs of ever‑changing audiences across the globe.
Dance and Dance Music is not dead. Far from it. Admittedly, it needs a regular injection of creative inspiration to keep it up‑to‑date and relevant, something that has been missing for a few years now. Dance music will endure and it will continue to reinvent itself over and over and over again. Part of the human condition is to dance and to listen to music. It is an ‘and’, not an ‘or’. That co‑dependency isn’t going to change any time soon.
Music will have to adapt to social change and society will be reflected in the music it engages with, including dance music. Whatever you are into, don’t hesitate, just go with the flow and ‘Get Up and Dance to the Music’, as Sly & The Family Stone encouraged us, way back in 1967. Let’s be clear, dance and dance music won’t save the world, sadly, but it can make it a better place to live. Humanity will not thrive without dance music being an integral part of life’s positive, joyful experiences.
Dance events don’t seem to be losing popularity, with dedicated festivals and holiday party destination venues like Ibiza being perennially attractive for hedonistic youth. DJ Fatboy Slim (a.k.a. Norman Cook) held his infamous ‘Big Beach Boutique II’ free open air event held on Brighton Beach in southern England on 13 July 2002, attracting in excess of 250,000 attendees (organisers expected no more than 60,000!) and brought the south coast city to a standstill. The author was actually there and it was truly overwhelming, scary and, frankly, dangerous. However, it set the bar for what one DJ and a BIG crowd can do.
One little thing the author misses is the CD Single. Particularly for dance music, CD Singles regularly provided 12” (even though a CD is 4.75” – 12” refers to its vinyl equivalent) alternative (re‑)mixes of familiar club or dance pop tracks. Some remixes were less interesting while others gave an insight into the art of remixing of tracks for night club consumption. I suppose that streaming services and compilation albums could fill that gap but they don’t seem to do it in the way they did in the 1990s.
While the author is no longer able to participate in nightclubbing, I still listen to the music that made nightclubbing great fun. I genuinely miss the nightclub environment, the smoke, the dark, the lights, the high sound pressure levels and pounding bass and the sheer energy of the club goers (and, of course, the stunningly gorgeous young women!). I must admit a tendency towards House and Trance genres, as well as the whole Downtempo/Chillout/Ambient Electronica/Dub genres that go with them. The author spent a number of delightfully blissful summers on the White Island of Ibiza lapping up its natural splendour by day and the vibrant music scene by night.
Like with other genre articles in which I’ve been interested, this article has demonstrated both the amount of dance music that I already own as well as discovering and hunting down new (to me) dance music. Music exploration is great fun. I whole heartedly recommend it and worth the inevitable odd dud.
I must admit that I am not into traditional social, regional folk or classical dance/dance music. My heart lies in the here and now, with the vitality and vibrancy of modern dance music. As with other genres, I am also on the discovery trail to see what is out there to find. New is good.
That’s it, the future of Dance and Dance Music looks promisingly strong and transformative. One thing is for sure, it ain’t going anywhere anytime soon. As the title of this article suggests; it is time to get up and dance to the music. And thus it should be forevermore.
“Words make you think a thought. Music makes you feel a feeling. A song makes you feel a thought” – Yip Harburg (Song writer, 1896‑1981)
CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Album of the Month’
Unbelievable to think that this month’s honour goes to an album that is already 17 years old! This choice is because, perhaps more than most other albums since the millennium, it conjures up a synesthetic image of sound. To me, it evokes a preternatural vision of a rain‑soaked, neon‑diffused, deserted city scape. One could imagine sitting in solitude listening subconsciously to ‘Untrue’, looking out on the sodden dystopia through a misty haze of condensation on the inside and kaleidoscopic water droplets on the outside, longing for something intangible and lost. Can you feel it? Hell yeah.
Burial – Untrue (2007). ‘Untrue’ is the second studio album by British electronic artist and music producer Burial (a.k.a. William Emmanuel Bevan). It was released in November 2007 on the Hyperdub record label. If any album demonstrates how far 21st Century dance music has evolved since Rock & Roll, this album is probably part of the evidence I’d put forward. Let’s start with the duplicity. This is dance music you can’t really dance to. ‘Untrue’ falls into several (or no) easy genre boxes depending how one is feeling. However, if one has to categorise it, it falls roughly into Future Garage, Dubstep, Ambient and 2-Step or even IDM. The reason it has been chosen is that it was truly ground breaking at the time.
There are many other contenders for this accolade including great albums from the likes of Four Tet, Bonobo, Boards of Canada, Jon Hopkins, Actress and Aphex Twin. There is just something so immersive, so surreal and so influential about Burial’s ‘Untrue’, that it takes the top spot this month. Albums like this only come along perhaps once a decade.
“Fine dancing, I believe, like virtue, must be its own reward” – Jane Austen (Author, 1775‑1817)
Tailpiece
Right, that’s the end of another gargantuan 2‑part article delving into dance and dance music. One trusts that it was in some way enjoyable and the intermission didn’t cause too much inconvenience. I learned something in researching and writing and I hope you did from the results too. Well, I and my dual port lower leg extremities are off to trip over on the dancefloor and make a total ass of myself. You know it’s gotta be done.
From next month, I plan to change things fundamentally for a (hopefully) short duration. Why? I’m not telling. Yet. You’ll have to come back to find out more. Intrigued? Let’s see. The next article is some way off now, at the end of October. Hope to ‘see’ you then.
Truth, peace, love, and guitar music be with you always. Until next time…
CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Quote of the Month’: “Act as a beacon for good and stand up for what is right, so that others can see for themselves the best way ahead”
GOOD DAY AND GREETINGS, MUSIC‑MINDED CITIZENS. For this month and for the next two we’re taking a 3‑part sojourn in uncharted lands (as medieval cartographers once denoted, ‘terra incognita’) and what monstrosities may inhabit those unexplored territories (‘hic sunt dracones’, literally translated as ‘here be dragons’). Yes folks, it is time for CRAVE Guitars to explore a current‑day innovation that once seemed surreal but is rapidly becoming increasingly real; a phenomenon that the original makers of what we now know as vintage guitars could never have envisaged (probably).
Whether we like it or not, the faddish fuss around Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a ‘BIG THING’ at the moment. At the forefront of the debate are the societal dilemmas posed by sophisticated systems potentially becoming more intelligent than human beings (in my experience, not particularly difficult in many cases!).
“I’d rather see artificial intelligence than no intelligence” – Michael Crichton (American author)
In a worst case scenario, how does a supposedly civilised society prevent malicious actors using AI technology for nefarious means? A profound question indeed. Prescient Hollywood film director James Cameron’s bleak vision of Cyberdyne Systems, Skynet and Terminators can, perhaps, be taken as an extreme but stark lesson. The rise of the machines, taking over the world and resulting in the potential obliteration of humanity is a chilling proposition. It seems we already have too many twisted tyrants willing and attempting to achieve that end right now with and without AI and robotics as the means. Just spare a moment to think what deranged despots could do with the technology and what the consequences may be for everyone in the very near future. AI’s potential demands that collectively we address the challenge of what needs to be done to avoid the annihilation of civilisation through unhindered autonomous technological advance.
“Throughout human history, we have been dependent on machines to survive. Fate, it seems, is not without a sense of irony” – the character Morpheus from ‘The Matrix’ (1999)
What on Earth does this divergent dystopian diatribe (apologies, folks) have to do with vintage guitars and music you may well be justified in asking? Very little, other than as an existential context. From here on, we’ll be taking a far more parochial and prosaically pedestrian path.
Like many people, I have become curious about what AI means for culture and specifically for the creative crafts. Given my obsession with vintage guitars and music, I thought I’d turn my attention to what AI might have to say on the matter. So… that is the basis of this month’s article. For once, I can say, quite legitimately, that AI was used to research and write this article. This interesting (?) examination will not change the world but, then again, neither will it jeopardise it.
“Choice is an illusion created between those with power and those without” – the character Merovingian from ‘The Matrix’ (1999)
Before we get to vintage guitars and what wisdom (or not) AI has to impart, we have to do some homework about AI so that the rest of the article makes sense. We’ll start with an English hero and take it from there.
Alan Turing and the Turing Test
The following description of one of the world’s most influential geniuses in the world of computers and artificial intelligence, comes direct, courtesy of Wikipedia… “Alan Mathison Turing (1912‑1954) was an English mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher and theoretical biologist. Turing was highly influential in the development of theoretical computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general‑purpose computer. He is widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence.”
During World War II, civilian Alan Turing worked as a codebreaker based at the Government Code and Cypher School at the Bletchley Park country estate in Buckinghamshire, England. While there, Turing devised complex techniques for breaking German ciphers used by the Nazi’s military encryption device, the Enigma Machine, which had been invented by a German engineer Arthur Scherbius (1878‑1929) shortly after WWI. The Germans were confident that the system could not be broken. However, in 1942‑1943, Turing and his colleagues played a vital part in successfully cracking intercepted German encoded messages transmitted using the Enigma Machine. Turing’s historic achievements enabled the Allies to defeat the Axis powers in, particularly, the Battle of the Atlantic (1939‑1945).
After the end of the war in 1945, Turing invented the Automatic Computing Machine the world’s first digital computer capable of using stored programs. By 1950, Turing developed an experiment to gauge the ‘intelligence’ of a computer. His simple test requires that a human being should be unable to distinguish the machine from another human being by evaluating replies to questions put to both. The Turing Test, as it was known, is still regarded as a fundamental benchmark for assessing machine intelligence.
“Artificial Intelligence is what we don’t know how to do yet” – Alan Kay (American computer scientist)
Defining Artificial Intelligence
Now for the techy bit… Sorry, bear with me. The term ‘artificial intelligence’ was first used in 1956 at a Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence held at Dartmouth College, a private Ivy League research university based in Hanover, New Hampshire, USA. The conference was organised by computer scientist and Assistant Professor of Mathematics at Dartmouth College, John McCarthy (1927‑2011). The project proposed, “that every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it”.
In 1958, American psychologist Frank Rosenblatt (1928‑1971) outlined what he regarded as “the first machine which is capable of having an original idea”. Rosenblatt’s concept was the ‘Perceptron’, a program inspired by the way the human brain works, which ran on a state‑of‑the‑art IBM mainframe computer. The Perceptron was a rudimentary version of a neural network, comprising interconnected nodes (neurons) that process and learn from data, enabling tasks such as pattern recognition and decision making. Rosenblatt was regarded as ‘the father of deep learning’.
As early as the 1960s, computer scientists and neuroscientists were already teaching computers how to mimic human decision‑making processes, which developed into research around what is known today as ‘machine learning’.
“If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” – Emerson M. Pugh (American physicist)
In 1997, IBM’s ‘Deep Blue’, an expert chess program running on a unique, purpose‑built IBM supercomputer, beat the Russian chess grandmaster, Garry Kasparov, leading to the description of rules‑based ‘Traditional AI’. While Deep Blue may have been excellent at playing chess, its talents were capable of little else.
“AI is the most exciting tech of our time” – Tim Cook (CEO, Apple Inc.)
Artificial Intelligence is now a mainstream branch of computer science that refers to IT systems capable of performing complex tasks that attempt to replicate human thought and intelligence. AI’s systematic tasks include analysing data, identifying patterns, recognising speech, solving problems, proposing solutions and taking decisions.
“Artificial intelligence is one of the most profound things we’re working on as humanity. It is more profound than fire or electricity” – Sundar Pichai (CEO, Google and Alphabet Inc.)
As of early 2024, not all AIs are created equal. Traditional AI (a.k.a. Weak AI or Narrow AI) is an umbrella term for computer systems that employ supervised learning and discriminative models to solve specific tasks using predefined rules, Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Large Language Models (LLMs).
“Denial is the most predictable of all human responses” – the character The Architect from ‘The Matrix’ (1999)
The category of AI that we will be looking at in this article is called Generative AI, also referred to as GenAI or GAI, which is a relatively new subset of AI. Generative AI allows users to input a variety of prompts to generate content, such as text, images, videos, sounds, 3D designs and other types of media.
“We’re living in the golden age of AI” – Jeff Bezos (founder, Amazon)
The distinctive aspect of GAI is that it uses unsupervised deep machine learning models to generate new material based on patterns of data acquired from existing sources. GAI models work on large unlabelled data sets that require complex mathematical algorithms and a great deal of computing power to analyse and build constructs.
“While AI has tremendous potential to transform industries, we must not forget the impact it could have on society and must work to mitigate potential risks” – Elon Musk (CEO, Tesla and SpaceX)
Generative AI models don’t stand still; they continue to evolve at an increasingly rapid rate, as they learn from additional data as it becomes available. It is the quality of the data sets that enable the AI to predict responsible outcomes and undertake a range of cognitive tasks in the same way that a human might.
“The question is not whether intelligent machines can have any emotions, but whether machines can be intelligent without any emotions” – Marvin Minsky (American computer scientist, MIT)
Over time, it is inevitable that GAI’s ability will catch up with, and ultimately surpass, that of humans. The nature, pace and potential of GAI is causing concern among some experts and policy makers because of the moral and ethical issues it raises, particularly if AI’s unbridled behaviour is not moderated in some way by responsible human intervention. The risks of uncontrolled or poorly controlled AI models are swiftly becoming both tangible and potentially unsafe.
“We should not be afraid of AI. Instead, we should hope for the amazing amount of good it will do in the world” – Mark Zuckerberg (founder, Meta Inc.)
So, the next question is, what comes after GAI? Well, GAI still has a long way to go and that will keep innovators such as OpenAI and Deep Mind hard at work pushing the boundaries of what is possible for some time yet. After that, the most likely development would be Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) or Artificial General Superintelligence (AGS). The aim is to build a device that can do anything the human brain can do (and more) and to integrate that with the rapidly developing parallel field of advanced robotics to create a machine that can do anything the human body can do (and more). Scary? Super intelligent super robots may well finally demonstrate that yesterday’s science fiction is becoming today’s science fact.
“I am in the camp that is concerned about superintelligence. But I don’t think we need to be fatalistic about it” Bill Gates (founder, Microsoft)
However, let’s not get bogged down by credible or fanciful conspiracy theories and get back to the matter in hand.
Applying Artificial Intelligence to the world of vintage guitars
Phew! Back to basics and more familiar territory. After all that preliminary exposition, I think we can all probably agree that AI is one of topical themes of the first half of the 2020s. Not wishing to be left behind, I thought CRAVE Guitars should try to get AI to respond to a series of questions about my favourite topic, vintage guitars. From my experience so far, all that the easily accessible public AI (as opposed to military‑grade AI) can do is to extract information that is already available on the Internet (whether right or wrong) and to compose it into straightforward responses to an input.
Before we start, I will lay my cards on the table and state my starting position, which, may or may not change by the time this article has concluded. My naïve biological brain came up with eight statements that set out what AI does not (or cannot) currently do. In my view, AI struggles…
To understand a question correctly without over‑specificity (i.e. it can’t deal with vague ambiguity)
To interpret and extrapolate relevant information objectively within a wider context (i.e. the bigger picture)
To present a cogent argument that can adequately be judged and/or challenged
To form a genuine opinion from scratch without relevant information being readily available in the first place, in the same way that a person might do in the case of uncertainty (i.e. its ability to make genuinely informed assumptions from limited information)
To debate the initial result to achieve a potentially better outcome (i.e. to learn from the interaction on the spot and adjust its responses accordingly)
To produce a creative response that improves on the original information input by humans
To remember what it has already output (i.e. as part of a continuous ‘dialogue’ – as here – each question is treated as a new subject with no memory of previous questions)
To understand fully what humans want or expect from ‘intelligence’ (i.e. something coherent and interesting)
Assessing AI’s responses against those eight points is this article’s main challenge.
Below, I pose 20 (plus 2) questions to AI and present its verbatim response to each question (bar correcting the occasional heinous ‘typo’ or bad grammar, which in itself is a bit ironic!), so that you can judge for yourselves just how close AI might be to succeeding at transcending its silicon‑based electronic components (‘deus ex machina’ – god from the machine – if you will). More importantly, you can gauge whether AI can make any sense of the intricately complex subject of vintage guitars. So… can AI pass the CRAVE Guitars Test? We’ll see.
There are no images in the main part of this article. AI did not present any pictures to support its answers, so I haven’t embellished the words with anything additional, as it might skew the results. What you see below is what I got, no more, no less; untainted in any way.
The material presented here is not appropriated as belonging to, or being the view of CRAVE Guitars in any way; it is presented here solely for information, intellectual evaluation and critique.
“Change is never painful, only the resistance to change is painful” Buddha (Siddhārtha Gautama ‑ c.480‑400BCE)
Right. That’s my involvement pretty much at an end for now. I’m off to make a cup of tea or ten. See you again at the end of the article with my appraisal of how I think AI did.
20 Questions about vintage guitars posed to AI
Question #1 – What is the definition of a vintage guitar?
AI Response #1 – A vintage guitar is an older guitar that is usually sought after and maintained by avid collectors or musicians. The term can indicate either that an instrument is merely old or that it is sought after for its tonal quality, cosmetic appearance, or historical significance. While there is no strict chronological definition for what makes something vintage, guitars around 30 years old or older typically fall into this category. Even newer instruments are often labelled as vintage by sellers. So, if you come across a beautifully aged guitar with a rich history, it just might be a vintage gem!
Question #2 – Why should I be interested in vintage guitars?
AI Response #2 – Vintage guitars have a unique appeal and charm due to their age and history. They often possess a certain character and sound that cannot be replicated by newer guitars. In addition, vintage guitars can appreciate in value over time, making them a valuable investment. However, they can be expensive and require careful maintenance. Understanding the vintage guitar market, knowing what to look for when buying, and appreciating the unique sound and playability of these instruments are key to making a worthwhile purchase. Ask professional guitar dealers on how to navigate the vintage guitar market.
Question #3 – What are the best things about vintage guitars?
AI Response #3 – Vintage guitars have several unique qualities that make them highly desirable for musicians and collectors alike:
Tonal Character: Vintage guitars often have a distinct and rich sound that sets them apart from newer instruments. The aging of the wood, hardware, and electronics contributes to their unique tonal character. Musicians appreciate the warmth, resonance, and depth of vintage guitar tones.
Craftsmanship: Many vintage guitars were meticulously handcrafted by skilled luthiers. These instruments showcase exceptional attention to detail, fine workmanship, and quality materials. The craftsmanship of vintage guitars reflects the artistry and dedication of their makers.
Historical Significance: Vintage guitars carry a piece of musical history. They have witnessed decades of music, performances, and cultural shifts. Owning a vintage guitar connects you to the past and allows you to be part of a musical legacy.
Collectability: Vintage guitars are sought after by collectors and enthusiasts. Their scarcity and historical value contribute to their collectible status. Some iconic models, such as the Gibson Les Paul or Fender Stratocaster, have become legendary in the music world.
Investment Potential: While not all vintage guitars appreciate significantly in value, some rare and sought‑after models can be excellent investments. If you choose wisely and maintain the instrument well, it may appreciate over time.
Visual Appeal: Vintage guitars often exhibit beautiful designs, unique finishes, and intricate inlays. Their aesthetics evoke nostalgia and admiration. Whether it’s the graceful curves of a vintage hollow‑body or the simplicity of a vintage Telecaster, these guitars are visually captivating.
Playing Experience: Many musicians find that playing a vintage guitar is a special experience. The feel of the neck, the responsiveness of the fretboard, and the way the guitar resonates under their fingers create a connection that transcends mere functionality.
Story and Provenance: Each vintage guitar has a story to tell. Who played it? Was it used on famous recordings? Did it travel the world with a touring band? Uncovering the history and provenance of a vintage guitar adds to its allure.
Remember that owning a vintage guitar requires careful consideration. Factors like condition, authenticity, and playability matter. Whether you’re a seasoned guitarist or a collector, the allure of vintage guitars lies in their blend of art, history, and music.
Question #4 – What are the worst things about vintage guitars?
AI Response #4 – While vintage guitars have their allure, there are some potential downsides to consider:
Condition and Maintenance: Vintage guitars may have endured decades of use, wear, and aging. Their condition can vary significantly. Some may require extensive repairs, refrets, or replacement parts. Regular maintenance is essential to keep them playable.
Fragility: Older guitars can be delicate. The wood may have dried out, making it more susceptible to cracks or warping. Vintage finishes are often thin and prone to chipping. Handling them with care is crucial.
Cost: Authentic vintage guitars can be expensive. Rare models or those associated with famous musicians command high prices. If you’re on a budget, acquiring a well‑preserved vintage instrument may be challenging.
Limited Availability: Truly exceptional vintage guitars are scarce. Finding the right one—especially in good condition—can be time‑consuming. Patience and persistence are necessary.
Playability: While vintage guitars have character, not all of them are easy to play. Neck profiles, fret sizes, and action may differ from modern standards. Some vintage instruments may feel less ergonomic.
Incompatibility with Modern Gear: Vintage guitars may lack features found in contemporary models. For example, they might not have versatile pickup configurations, tremolo systems, or locking tuners. Compatibility with modern amplifiers and effects can be an issue.
Weight: Some vintage electric guitars, especially solid‑body models, can be heavy. Prolonged playing sessions may strain your back and shoulders.
Risk of Fakes and Forgeries: The vintage guitar market attracts counterfeiters. It’s essential to verify authenticity and provenance. Consult experts or reputable dealers to avoid purchasing a fake.
Investment Uncertainty: While some vintage guitars appreciate in value, it’s not guaranteed. Market trends fluctuate, and economic factors play a role. Buying solely for investment purposes can be risky.
Sentimental Value: Owning a vintage guitar with historical significance can be emotionally rewarding. However, if you’re purely focused on practicality, the sentimental aspect may not matter to you.
Remember that each vintage guitar is unique, and what some consider drawbacks, others may view as part of their charm. Consider your preferences, playing style, and budget when deciding whether a vintage guitar is right for you.
Question #5 – What are the most desirable vintage guitar brands?
AI Response #5 – Vintage guitars have a rich history, and some lesser‑known brands have become highly desirable among collectors and musicians. Here are a few vintage guitar brands worth exploring:
Bartell: Although less known, Bartell guitars gained attention when one of their models was associated with Jimi Hendrix’s collection. The Black Widow is one of their notable guitars. Bartell was a Californian‑based company that produced around 2000 guitars between 1964 and 1969.
Electra: Active during the 1970s and early 1980s, Electra guitars were made in Japan and sold in the United States. They gained popularity for their good quality and reasonable prices. Notably, Electra introduced the MPC (Modular Powered Circuits) guitars, which featured replaceable effect modules—a unique concept at the time.
Hondo: Often mistaken for the automobile brand Honda, Hondo was an American guitar company founded in 1969. They aimed to produce quality entry‑level instruments in Korea and Japan while maintaining consistency with U.S.‑made guitars. Hondo’s steel‑string acoustics and electric guitars gained recognition. In 1978, they even used DiMarzio pickups, making them pioneers among overseas guitar manufacturers.
Airline: Airline guitars, popular in the 1960s, were produced by Valco and later Harmony. Their quirky designs, including the ‘Jetsons’ look, make them sought after by collectors today.
Supro: Supro guitars were part of the Valco family and gained prominence in the 1960s. Their unique tone, often associated with blues and rock, appeals to vintage enthusiasts.
Teisco: Teisco, a Japanese brand, flooded the market with budget‑friendly guitars in the 1960s. Their funky designs, including offset bodies and unusual pickup configurations, have a cult following.
Hagstrom: Hagstrom, a Swedish brand, produced guitars with innovative features like the ‘resinator’ fingerboard. Their vintage models are prized for their playability and distinct sound.
Remember that desirability varies based on personal preferences, rarity, and historical significance. Exploring these vintage brands can lead to hidden gems and unique instruments that resonate with your musical style.
Question #6 – What instruments are the most desirable vintage guitars?
AI Response #6 – Vintage guitars hold a special allure for collectors and musicians alike. Let’s explore some of the most desirable vintage guitars based on their historical significance, rarity, and iconic status:
1958‑’59 Gibson Explorer:
Value: Between $250,000 and $310,000.
Why: The Explorer, with its futuristic design, initially received little attention from buyers. However, its African limba (marketed as ‘Korina’) body and unique sound have made it highly sought after by collectors.
1936‑’42 Martin D‑45:
Value: Ranging from $250,000 to $400,000.
Why: Martin dreadnoughts are revered, and the D‑45, adorned with Brazilian rosewood back and sides, ivory binding, and intricate fretboard inlays, remains a pinnacle of steel‑string acoustics.
1958‑’60 Gibson Les Paul Standard:
Value: Approximately $225,000 to $375,000.
Why: Initially overlooked, the Les Paul gained prominence after Eric Clapton and Michael Bloomfield played it. Today, it’s not only a collectable solid body but also a symbol of guitar history.
1930‑’33 Martin OM‑45:
Value: Estimated at $265,000 to $350,000.
Why: Rarity drives its value; only a handful were made each year. The first‑year ‘Deluxe’ version commands the highest prices.
1958‑’59 Gibson Flying V:
Value: Around $200,000 to $250,000.
Why: Like the Explorer, the Flying V’s Korina body design was ahead of its time. Only 98 were produced, making it a prized collector’s item.
These guitars not only represent exceptional craftsmanship but also evoke the magic of music history. Whether you’re a player or an investor, vintage guitars continue to captivate enthusiasts worldwide.
Question #7 – Are American vintage guitars better than ones from other countries?
AI Response #7 – The quality of guitars is determined by a variety of factors, including the materials used, the craftsmanship, and the design. While American‑made guitars are often considered to be of high quality, it’s not necessarily true that they are better than guitars made in other countries.
In fact, many guitarists prefer guitars made in Japan, Korea, or Mexico, for example. These countries have a long history of producing high‑quality instruments, and many guitarists appreciate the unique sound and feel of guitars made in these regions.
Ultimately, the best guitar for you depends on your personal preferences and playing style. It’s important to try out different guitars and find one that feels comfortable and sounds great to you.
Question #8 – What is the state of the vintage guitar market today?
AI Response #8 – The vintage guitar market has been through ups and downs over the years. According to a 2009 article by Premier Guitar, the vintage market was down 20 to 30 percent from its 2007 peak, with oversaturated pockets of the market down even further. However, a 2021 report by Market Strides suggests that the vintage guitar market is expected to grow in the coming years, with key market trends and dynamics analysed for major geographies and countries.
If you’re interested in buying or selling vintage guitars, you might want to check out Reverb’s Price Guide. It records the sale price of used or vintage instruments sold on Reverb, providing a fair market range for buyers and sellers.
Question #9 – Are vintage guitars a worthwhile investment?
AI Response #9 – Vintage guitars, like a well‑aged wine or a classic novel, evoke a sense of nostalgia and craftsmanship. But are they a wise investment? Let’s explore the fretted path of vintage guitar investments:
Historical Appeal:
Vintage guitars carry a piece of musical history. Owning an instrument that has been played by legendary musicians can be emotionally rewarding.
Collectability: Rare models, limited editions, or guitars associated with iconic artists tend to appreciate in value over time.
Market Trends:
The vintage guitar market has seen fluctuations. While some models skyrocket in value, others remain steady or decline.
Research: Investigate trends, consult experts, and track auction results. Knowledge is your tuning peg.
Condition Matters:
Originality: Unaltered vintage guitars fetch higher prices. Modifications can dampen their investment potential.
Wear and Tear: Light wear adds character, but excessive damage affects value.
Supply and Demand:
Scarcity: Limited supply drives up prices. Seek out guitars with low production numbers.
Desirability: Popular brands (Gibson, Fender) and models (Stratocaster, Les Paul) remain sought after.
Playability vs. Investment:
Play First: Buy a vintage guitar because you love its sound and feel. Enjoy playing it!
Investment Second: While some vintage guitars appreciate, it’s not guaranteed. Don’t solely rely on them as financial assets.
Diversification:
Portfolio Approach: If you’re investing, diversify. Don’t put all your strings in one guitar case.
Other Instruments: Consider violins, mandolins, or rare basses.
Long‑Term Commitment:
Vintage guitars require care, maintenance, and storage. They’re not a quick flip.
Patience: Appreciation often takes years, not months.
In conclusion, vintage guitars can be a rewarding investment if you’re passionate about music, appreciate craftsmanship, and understand the risks. Whether you strum for profit or pleasure, let your heart and ears guide you.
Question #10 – Which vintage guitars are simply not worth investing in?
AI Response #10 – Vintage guitars can indeed be a rewarding investment, but not all of them are equally valuable. Let’s explore which ones might not be worth your investment:
Mass‑Produced Models:
Guitar factories churned out many models in the past. Some of these are abundant and lack the rarity that drives up value.
Avoid: Generic models with little historical significance.
Obscure Brands:
Lesser‑known brands may not have the same collector appeal. Their limited demand affects their investment potential.
Avoid: Guitars from obscure or defunct manufacturers unless they have unique features or historical context.
Poor Condition:
Wear and Tear: Severely damaged or heavily modified guitars lose value. Repairs can be costly.
Avoid: Instruments with extensive cracks, warped necks, or missing parts.
Overpriced Celebrity Associations:
Be Sceptical: Some sellers inflate prices based on dubious claims of celebrity ownership.
Avoid: Guitars with exaggerated stories unless there’s solid evidence.
Fads and Trends:
Beware of Hype: Trends come and go. What’s hot today may not be tomorrow.
Avoid: Investing solely based on current trends. Look for timeless appeal.
Avoid: Assuming every old guitar will skyrocket in value.
Remember, research is your best ally. Seek advice from experts, explore reputable dealers, and play the guitars yourself. Whether you’re strumming for passion or profit, choose wisely!
Question #11 – What vintage guitars are likely to become more desirable in the next 5 years?
AI Response #11 – The world of vintage guitars is a fascinating blend of history, craftsmanship, and musical magic. While predicting the future is akin to tuning an old guitar by ear, here are some intriguing candidates that might appreciate in value over the next five years:
Gibson Les Paul Signature (1974):
Often overlooked, the Les Paul Signature from the ’70s has hidden potential. Its versatility shines through various genres, especially when cranked through a Marshall amp. Keep an eye out for these criminally underrated semi‑hollow beauties.
Fender Starcaster (1976–80):
Originally overshadowed, the Fender Starcaster has gained traction. Ted Turner of Wishbone Ash fame owned one, and its unique pickups contribute to its allure. Expect further value appreciation in the coming decades.
Silvertone 1446 (1960s):
Crafted by Harmony, the Silvertone 1446 boasts Gibson‑made pickups with a distinct tone. It may not be the most refined instrument, but its sound and sexiness compensate. A vintage gem that could resonate with collectors.
Kay K775 Jazz II (1960s):
Eric Clapton’s early learning ground, the Kay K775 Jazz II, is gaining recognition. Despite Kay’s quality control reputation, this bolt‑on neck thinline surprises with its laminated figured maple top, Bigsby vibrato, and Barney Kessel–designed Kleenex Box single‑coils. A naughty guitar indeed.
Supro and Kay Archtops:
These old Supro and Kay guitars remain undervalued. While the overall vintage market fluctuates, these archtops haven’t fully rebounded. Their unique character and historical significance make them intriguing investments.
Remember, the guitar market dances to its own rhythm, influenced by players, trends, and nostalgia. Whether you strum for passion or profit, let your heart guide your choices.
Question #12 – What is the sort of return on investment that one might expect from collecting vintage guitars?
AI Response #12 – Collecting vintage guitars can indeed be a rewarding investment, combining passion for music with potential financial gains. Let’s explore why vintage guitars are an excellent strategy:
Tangible and Attractive:
Vintage guitars provide more than just financial value. They’re tangible pieces of history, beautiful to display, and enjoyable to collect.
Unlike stocks or bonds, you can admire and play them.
Stability and Appreciation:
Vintage guitars have consistently outperformed the stock market in terms of stability.
As they age, their value tends to appreciate, provided you maintain them well.
Superior Craftsmanship:
Vintage guitars often surpass modern counterparts in quality. They were meticulously crafted using fine materials.
Brands like Gibson Les Paul, Fender Telecaster, and CF Martin remain popular among collectors.
Guitar Brands to Consider:
Gibson Les Paul: These older models, made of oak, mahogany, and other fine materials, are highly sought after.
Fender: Look for ’50s and ’60s Telecasters, Stratocasters, and Thunderbirds.
CF Martin: Known for their acoustic excellence, Martin guitars from the 1960s hold significant value.
Guild: Although less famous, older Guild instruments are on par with Martin guitars of the same era.
Investment Potential:
While not every vintage guitar will skyrocket in value, a well‑chosen collection can yield substantial returns.
Research, learn about the models, and make informed decisions.
Remember, whether you’re a musician or simply appreciate the beauty of old guitars, vintage instruments offer a harmonious blend of passion and investment potential.
Question #13 – Are vintage guitars better than new guitars?
AI Response #13 – Vintage guitars and new guitars each have their own merits, and the answer depends on various factors. Let’s explore both sides:
Vintage Guitars:
Historical Charm: Vintage guitars carry a sense of history and nostalgia. Owning an instrument that has been played by legendary musicians can be emotionally rewarding.
Unique Tone: Some vintage guitars have aged tone woods that resonate differently. The wood dries out over time, leading to a more resonant tone with better sustain, especially in acoustic guitars.
Collectability: Rare models or those associated with iconic artists tend to appreciate in value over time.
New Guitars:
Advancements in Craftsmanship: Modern manufacturing techniques have improved significantly. CNC machines and precision tools allow for consistent builds.
Reliability: New guitars are generally more reliable. They undergo rigorous quality control and benefit from advancements in materials and construction.
Customisation: Custom shop guitars offer the best of both worlds. You can get a new guitar tailored to your preferences, combining vintage aesthetics with modern playability.
Quality Comparison:
Subtle Differences: Vintage guitars may have unique quirks due to handcrafted processes. For example, old Les Pauls had smaller frets and thicker necks.
Precision and Consistency: Modern CNC machines ensure precise fretwork and consistent results. Every Gibson today goes through a PLEK machine for levelling and crowning frets within micrometers.
Subjectivity:
‘Better’ Is Relative: The definition of ‘better’ varies. It’s subjective and depends on personal preferences.
Playability: Some players prefer the feel of vintage necks, while others enjoy the sleekness of modern profiles.
In summary, both vintage and new guitars have their place. Whether you seek historical charm, unique tones, or cutting‑edge craftsmanship, choose based on your playing style, preferences, and budget.
Question #14 – Should vintage guitars be used or preserved in museums?
AI Response #14 – Vintage guitars, like ancient manuscripts or Renaissance paintings, straddle the delicate balance between utility and preservation. Let’s explore both perspectives:
Playing and Using Vintage Guitars:
Sonic Legacy: Vintage guitars were crafted to be played. Their rich tones, unique characteristics, and historical significance come alive when strummed or picked.
Musical Connection: Owning a vintage instrument allows musicians to channel the spirit of past players. It’s a bridge across time and genres.
Art in Action: A vintage guitar’s true purpose is to create music. It yearns for fingers on frets, resonating strings, and melodies that echo through decades.
Preserving Vintage Guitars in Museums:
Cultural Artefacts: Museums safeguard our collective heritage. Vintage guitars, like ancient artefacts, tell stories of creativity, craftsmanship, and musical evolution.
Educational Value: Displaying vintage instruments educates visitors about music history, luthiery techniques, and the evolution of sound.
Conservation: Museums provide controlled environments, protecting guitars from wear, humidity, and light damage.
A Harmonious Balance:
Rotating Exhibits: Some museums allow playable vintage guitars in temporary exhibits. Musicians can strum them, and visitors appreciate their beauty.
Replicas and Demonstrations: Museums can create replicas for hands‑on experiences while preserving the originals.
Digital Archives: Recordings, videos, and virtual tours can complement physical displays.
In the grand symphony of cultural preservation, vintage guitars play a vital note. Whether they resonate in concert halls or rest behind glass, their melodies continue to echo through time.
Question #15 – Are collectors a good or bad thing for vintage guitars?
AI Response #15 – Collectors, like the silent guardians of a musical time capsule, wield both light and shadow upon the vintage guitar realm. Let us strum through their impact:
The Good Harmony:
Preservation: Collectors cradle vintage guitars, shielding them from the ravages of time. These instruments whisper secrets of bygone eras.
Curators of History: They curate private museums, preserving luthiery artistry and the soulful echoes of past players.
Financial Support: By investing in rare models, collectors contribute to the market’s stability and encourage craftsmanship.
The Dissonant Notes:
Inaccessibility: Some vintage guitars languish behind velvet ropes, yearning for calloused fingertips. Their music remains unheard.
Price Inflation: Collectors can inflate prices, making it harder for musicians to acquire playable vintage instruments.
Frozen Artefacts: When guitars become mere artefacts, their purpose shifts from music‑making to display.
The Ongoing Duet:
Balance: Collectors must harmonize preservation with accessibility. Rotate exhibits, allow touch, and share the magic.
Collaboration: Collaborate with musicians, luthiers, and enthusiasts. Let vintage guitars sing in live performances.
Legacy: Remember that these guitars once graced stages, studios, and hearts. Their legacy transcends wood and strings.
In the grand symphony of vintage guitars, collectors play a vital role. May they strum chords of reverence and resonance, bridging past and present.
Question #16 – What is the best advice for someone considering collecting vintage guitars?
AI Response #16 – Collecting vintage guitars is a harmonious blend of passion, history, and craftsmanship. Whether you’re a seasoned collector or just starting out, here’s some valuable advice:
Do Your Homework:
Know Your Instruments: Dive deep into the guitars you’re interested in. Understand their history, features, and quirks.
Learn Anomalies: Beyond books and the internet, explore anomalies not widely documented. Sometimes, hidden gems lie in those details.
Connect with Experts:
Trustworthy Sources: Build relationships with reputable dealers, collectors, and experts. Seek advice and learn from their experience.
Avoid Shady Sellers: Beware of untrustworthy sources. Not everyone has the same integrity in this world of vintage guitars.
Brand Matters:
Collectible Brands: Focus on heritage brands like Fender and Gibson. These classics tend to rise in value over time.
Rickenbackers: Often overlooked, Rickenbackers (played by the Beatles, Byrds, and Tom Petty) offer great American‑made guitars at reasonable prices.
Avoid eBay Frenzies:
While eBay is a treasure trove, it can also be a frenzy of bidding. Be cautious and aware of shill bidding.
Consider other platforms and auctions for a more measured approach.
Budget Wisely:
Set a Budget: Determine how much you’re willing to invest. Vintage guitars can range from affordable to astronomical.
Quality Over Quantity: Rather than amassing many guitars, focus on quality pieces that resonate with you.
Remember, collecting vintage guitars is not just about financial gain; it’s about connecting with music history and craftsmanship. Let your heart guide your collection, and may each guitar sing its unique melody in your hands!
Question #17 – What are good criteria for evaluating whether to buy a vintage guitar?
AI Response #17 – When considering buying a vintage guitar, it’s essential to assess various factors to ensure you’re making an informed decision. Here are some valuable criteria to evaluate:
Check The Frets:
Examine the condition of the frets. Worn frets can significantly impact playability.
Consider the cost of refretting if necessary. Lacquer issues on maple fingerboards may also need attention.
Electrical Components:
Don’t be alarmed by minor crackling or cutouts in the electronics.
Vintage guitars often need a little love in this area. Budget for potential repairs.
Moving Parts and Hardware:
Inspect tuners, bridges, and other hardware. Ensure they function smoothly.
Some vintage parts may be hard to find or expensive to replace.
Cosmetic Condition:
Don’t judge a book by its cover. Sometimes slightly worn or ‘cosmetically ropey’ guitars sound better.
Look beyond surface imperfections and focus on playability and resonance.
Research and Knowledge:
Understand the specific model you’re interested in. Learn about its history, features, and common issues.
Read reviews, consult experts, and explore online resources.
Budget Realistically:
Set a budget that considers not only the purchase price but also potential repairs or upgrades.
Vintage guitars often require adjustments to optimize playability.
Remember, vintage guitars are more than just instruments; they carry stories, character, and a connection to music history. Let your passion guide you, and may your chosen guitar resonate with your soul!
Question #18 – How to detect a fake from an authentic vintage guitar?
AI Response #18 – When evaluating a vintage guitar for authenticity, keep these criteria in mind:
Weight:
Authentic guitars have consistent weights based on their model and wood type.
Compare the weight of the guitar you’re examining with the average weight for that model.
Guitar Logo:
Download an image of the authentic model’s logo from the manufacturer’s website.
Compare it with the logo on the guitar you’re considering. Look for differences in size, shape, position, font, and staining around the logo.
Components and Hardware:
Inspect tuners, bridges, and other hardware. Authentic guitars use specific components.
Be cautious if anything looks off or doesn’t match the original model.
Sound hole (for Acoustic Guitars):
Authentic acoustic guitars have perfectly round and symmetrical sound holes.
If the sound hole appears irregular or poorly crafted, it might be a fake.
Serial Number:
Check the guitar’s serial number against databases or guides specific to the brand.
Serial numbers can reveal the guitar’s production year and authenticity.
Consult Experts:
Seek advice from reputable dealers, collectors, or luthiers.
They can spot subtle details that indicate authenticity.
Remember, a genuine vintage guitar carries history and soul. Whether you’re a player or collector, choose wisely and let the music resonate!
Question #19 – Are vintage bass guitars worth collecting?
AI Response #19 – Vintage bass guitars, like the heartbeat of a rhythm section, resonate with their own allure. Let’s explore why they’re worth collecting:
Historical Significance:
Vintage basses carry the pulse of music history. They’ve grooved through genres, recording studios, and live performances.
Owning one connects you to the basslines of legends like James Jamerson, Jaco Pastorius, and Paul McCartney.
Tonal Character:
Each vintage bass has a unique voice. The wood, pickups, and craftsmanship contribute to its signature sound.
Whether it’s the thump of a Fender Precision Bass or the growl of a Rickenbacker 4001, vintage basses offer distinct tones.
Investment Potential:
While not all vintage basses appreciate significantly, certain models do.
Brands like Fender, Gibson, and Music Man have iconic basses that hold value.
Craftsmanship:
Vintage basses were meticulously built by skilled luthiers. Their attention to detail and quality materials shine through.
The patina of age adds character, like the lines on a seasoned musician’s face.
Collectability:
Some basses are rare due to limited production runs or unique features.
Collectors seek these gems, creating demand and driving up prices.
Playing Experience:
Vintage basses feel different. Their neck profiles, weight, and balance offer a tactile experience.
Whether you’re a player or a collector, the joy of plucking those strings transcends time.
In the rhythm of life, vintage bass guitars provide the low notes that anchor melodies. Let your passion guide your collection, and may your basslines resonate!
Question #20 – What is CRAVE Guitars?
AI Response #20 – CRAVE Guitars is a fascinating venture that celebrates and showcases vintage American electric guitars, effects, and amplifiers. Let me break it down for you:
Name and Acronym:
The name ‘CRAVE’ is a clever play on words.
As an acronym, it stands for ‘Cool & Rare American Vintage Electric’ guitars.
Literally, it also means ‘to yearn for’ or ‘to want greatly’.
All these meanings are fitting for the world of vintage guitars.
Mission and Focus:
CRAVE Guitars aims to bring you some of the coolest American vintage electric guitars from iconic brands like Fender and Gibson, among others.
These guitars aren’t necessarily the most expensive or desirable ones but definitely have that special something that makes them stand out.
Non‑Profit Approach:
Unlike traditional dealers or collectors, CRAVE Guitars is a non‑profit enterprise.
It celebrates vintage guitars both as important musical heritage and as real instruments meant to be used and played.
The focus is on more affordable, underdog, and often quirky vintage guitars, effects, and amps.
Instead of the exotic and rarely played classics, CRAVE Guitars delves into the heart of the vintage guitar world.
Wabi‑Sabi and Imperfections:
CRAVE Guitars also embraces the Japanese concept of wabi‑sabi.
Wabi‑sabi appreciates the imperfections in objects, finding beauty in their flaws.
Vintage guitars, with their unique wear and history, embody this concept.
More Than Guitars:
Beyond guitars, CRAVE features galleries and information on vintage effect pedals (from brands like Electro‑Harmonix, MXR, BOSS, and Ibanez) and a small collection of vintage American valve amplifiers.
It’s a treasure trove for guitar enthusiasts and those who appreciate the magic of vintage gear.
So, if you’re curious or have a craving for all things vintage, explore the world of CRAVE Guitars and immerse yourself in the legacy of these remarkable instruments!
In addition, I also asked AI 2 supplementary questions relating to vintage amplifiers and vintage effects. Here is what AI put forward, very much in the same vein as the previous examples.
Question #21 – Are vintage amplifiers worth collecting?
AI Response #21 – Vintage amplifiers are like sonic time capsules, each carrying a unique story and tone. Here’s why they’re worth collecting:
Historical Significance:
Vintage amps shaped the sound of countless recordings. They’re the secret sauce behind iconic guitar tones.
Owning one connects you to the artists and eras that made music history.
Tonal Magic:
Vintage amps have a warmth and character that modern counterparts often lack.
Whether it’s the creamy overdrive of a Dumble Overdrive Special or the gritty blues of a Marshall JTM45, vintage amps offer distinct flavours.
Investment Potential:
While not all vintage amps appreciate significantly, certain models do.
Brands like Fender, Marshall, and Trainwreck hold value and continue to inspire players.
Craftsmanship:
These amps were handcrafted with care, using quality components.
The patina of age adds to their allure, like the wrinkles on a seasoned musician’s face.
Playing Experience:
Vintage amps respond differently. Their tubes, circuits, and speakers create a tactile connection.
Plug in and feel the magic—the way they react to your playing is unmatched.
So whether you’re a collector, player, or both, vintage amplifiers offer a symphony of history and sound.
Question #22 – Are vintage guitar effect pedals worth collecting?
AI Response #22 – Vintage guitar effect pedals are like hidden treasures waiting to be discovered. Let’s explore their allure:
Historical Gems:
Vintage pedals offer a glimpse into the evolution of effects. They’re like musical fossils, preserving sonic eras.
Owning one connects you to the creativity of past players and the birth of iconic sounds.
Tonal Mojo:
Each vintage pedal has a distinct flavour. The analogue circuits, aged components, and quirks create magic.
Whether it’s the warm fuzz of a Dallas Arbiter Fuzz Face or the psychedelic swirl of a Uni‑Vibe, vintage pedals offer sonic character.
Investment Potential:
While not every vintage pedal appreciates significantly, some models do.
Brands like Boss, Electro‑Harmonix, and Ibanez have cult classics that hold value.
Nostalgia and Inspiration:
Vintage pedals evoke memories of classic albums and legendary performances.
Plugging into a vintage pedal can spark creativity and transport you to musical moments.
Collectability:
Some pedals are rare due to limited production or unique features.
Collectors seek these gems, creating demand and driving up prices.
Remember, whether you’re a guitarist, collector, or sonic explorer, vintage pedals offer a symphony of history and sound.
Well, there you have it. 20+2 questions and 20+2 answers (and a haiku thrown in for good measure). What do you think? Apologies, that’s a rhetorical question. My thoughts on the matter are purely my own opinion based on what I was presented with. I am no expert on AI technology, so my observations are therefore, by nature, liable to organic fallibility and bias. I should state at this point that, in no way did I attempt to outwit or trick the AI models. The questions were very simple and the intent was purely to see what would happen. The results are uncorrupted by me in any way.
There are some truly cringe worthy phrases buried in amongst the relevant outputs – AI trying to be ‘clever’. AI can’t seem to master the human traits of irony, satire, wit, whimsy and sarcasm! Mind you, AI also doesn’t exhibit the less desirable human traits of arrogance, hubris, deceit (intentionally or innocently) or biased opinion, which is probably a good, although potentially less entertaining, thing. This jocular aspect, however, is a bit like the 17th Century Spanish idiom, ‘the pot calling the kettle black’ (NB. from a 1620 English translation of ‘Don Quixote’ by Miguel de Cervantes), especially given my innate trademark penchant for pretentious prose and affinity for asinine alliterations (QED!).
Given that simulated responses draw directly on diverse material from a range of (human?) contributors, AI could be accused of plagiarism, as it simply extracts these sources of information and re‑presents them as a rational, objective summary. In terms of credibility, many of the responses make common sense, while others are less believable (see, particularly, the off‑kilter response to Questions #5 and #12).
Each question taken in isolation is one thing but when taken together, the repetitiveness of both content and presentation (and is a dead giveaway that this is not the sort of rational intercourse that would take place between, say, a knowledgeable human interviewer and interviewee. It simply wouldn’t be like that in practice.
Are there any factual errors exposed through this process? Not necessarily (although the reference to older Gibson Les Pauls being made of oak in response to question #12 is peculiar). However, this question does raise the issue of interpretation, i.e. the action of explaining the meaning of something. Inevitably, some perspective may be gleaned from information that is neither technically true nor false, especially where that information is dependent on subjective opinion and/or ambiguity that is difficult to corroborate or prove. The interpretation issue may constrain the ability of AI methodology to explore subject matter diligently and thoroughly in the way a human investigation might. While arguably forensic, it clearly isn’t ‘thoughtful’ in its approach.
The responses generally seem to be ‘playing it safe’, as though AI’s output was written by a committee to iron out any wayward emphases. The sanitised responses may well be useful as a starting point for a novice or someone lacking knowledge about the subject. It doesn’t, however, add anything over and above the basic level of human understanding. AI wouldn’t really impress someone who knows what they are talking about, let alone an expert.
“That’s how it is with people. Nobody cares how it works as long as it works” – The character Councillor Hamann from The Matrix (1999)
AI seems unable to extend a concept beyond the current boundaries of the question. It may be able to develop ‘vision’ at some point but clearly not yet. AI also seems unable to distinguish between poor, acceptable or high quality information – it is innately non‑sceptical of what it is fed with, leading potentially to unreliable outputs. AI currently depends heavily on humans to contribute and moderate content and that is another limitation at the time of writing, perhaps inhibiting its more creative potential. In some ways, AI avoids the question, again, the response to Question #12 doesn’t indicate the range of ROI that one might anticipate from investing.
What the responses do is to focus solely (unnaturally?) on the subject matter without even a hint of the possibility of a wider context. The ‘big picture’ omission struck me throughout the exercise. The current new gear market is strongly oriented – almost obsessively (and irritatingly) so – toward stressing the ‘vintage’ qualities, characteristics and specifications of brand new gear. Many new products are clearly aimed at imitating as closely as possible the idiosyncrasies and technological limitations of the past, frequently as if that is the only game in town. The current new guitar marketplace is not really progressive and, in many cases is clearly regressive. No reference to this marketing incongruity exists in the responses. The vintage past is not actually ‘authentically recreated’ in new products. AI therefore comes across as past‑oriented, not future‑focused.
One of the conundrums with AI at the time of writing is actually how these supposedly intelligible responses were compiled. Presumably, as AI simply mines information originally created by humans (expert or otherwise) in one form or another at some point in time, its generated outputs are not genuinely ‘new’. AI couldn’t possibly conjure a believable level of detail out of an information vacuum, it had to have something from which to start.
The ‘memory’ question is a big issue for AI. When asked basically the same question twice, either consecutively or separated by others, AI will respond to the second question as if the first had not been asked. A human would either, say “I’ve already answered that” or would respond in a slightly different way. AI lacks nuance and is totally oblivious of the regurgitation issue. It seems incapable of a continuing dialogue without tripping up.
The extent to which the human input has been manipulated by AI isn’t readily made clear. One therefore might wonder what was omitted (or added) and what was the result of machine intervention? Also, how did AI decide what should and shouldn’t be processed and the methodology by which it is output? What would AI come up with if it had nothing at all on which to base its algorithmic recipe?
Question – What will happen when AI starts building information based on the output of another AI over several iterations? It would be like a photocopy of a photocopy of a photocopy, etc. Does the integrity of information degrade significantly as it is repeatedly manipulated such that it bears little or no relationship to the authentic original (i.e. much like artificial Chinese whispers)?
“Perhaps we are asking the wrong questions…” – the character Agent Brown from The Matrix (1999)
Sometimes, less is more and getting something from AI can feel like being bombarded with a relentless barrage of words, rather than selective profound insight (hypocritically guilty as charged!). It is like the difference between learning by rote and repeating facts compared with genuinely understanding a subject matter through critical reasoning, or like reading a dictionary and expecting to comprehend the real world. The responses are more like a pre‑prepared structured lecture based on a text book exemplar, rather than a process of meaningful critical analysis and acute deductive reasoning.
AI is clearly getting a lot closer to human behaviour than simple search results from any standard Internet search engine and it will undoubtedly get better. However, it is not (yet) the last word on the matter. There is something to be gained from the responses, as long as they are taken as one of many inputs into a conclusion, rather than to be taken as a determining factor. My advice, for what it is worth, is to consider what AI presents you with but always take it with a figurative ‘pinch of salt’ (NB. yet another idiom; ‘a grain of salt’, from Pliny the Elder’s ‘Naturalis Historia’, 77CE). A genuine fascination with the subject matter – vintage guitars – is as much about subjective experience as it is about objective black and white bullet point facts. Currently, as far as I’m aware, that degree of authentic articulation of ‘shades of grey’ (i.e. sometimes reality is subtle and complex, and the boundaries are not always clear‑cut) cannot be gained readily from the Internet, AI or no AI.
“The deepest sin against the human mind is to believe things without evidence” – Aldous Huxley (American author, 1894‑1963)
While the AI processes are undoubtedly impressive, did AI inspire or stimulate curiosity as a skilled mentor might? Categorically not. Did I actually learn anything new about vintage guitars from AI? Nope. But then again, I believe, somewhat conceitedly, that I was already reasonably well informed on the topic.
“AI will be the most transformative technology of the 21st century. It will affect every industry and aspect of our lives” – Jensen Huang of Nvidia Corporation
Final thoughts on AI
In conclusion, I would suggest that AI as it stands, at least on this specific subject matter fails the Turing Test as described at the start of this article. It comes across as ‘artificial’ and the sort of assignment a student might construct from prima facie sources without thought, genuine research, analysis, insight or intellect. The clincher for me was AI’s derivative description of CRAVE Guitars, which isn’t presented as a narrative and not at all how I would (and have) articulated it.
So… Cutting to the chase, how would I rate AI’s responses compared to say, the responses of a specialist to the same questions. Probably, I’d give it about a 5‑6 out of 10 and that is, I think, being generous. AI is leaps and bounds ahead of standard Internet search engine results but still a long way behind what I would expect a rational, knowledgeable human professional to say, not necessarily in terms of what is said but definitely in how it is said. AI could do better (and it definitely will, believe me). It may best be described as ‘work‑in‑progress’.
I posited my starting position at the top of this article, written before embarking on this extravaganza. Reading it again after disembarking, my view has not shifted substantially and I think those eight criteria remain relevant, at least as of March 2024. Perhaps I am falling foul of ‘confirmation bias’, another human flaw. My bad.
Putting it bluntly, AI comes across as having no personality. Some sort of identifiable persona is, I believe, a prerequisite for passing the Turing test. Without a sense of character, AI will always seem a dry, clumsy imitation of an average human. Arguably, AI just wasn’t convincing as being interested in the subject matter. For now, I’ll stick with ‘natural stupidity’, thanks.
Like the character Sarah Connor inaccurately forecast in James Cameron’s 1991 film ‘Terminator 2: Judgment Day’, AI didn’t quite get it right, “Three billion human lives ended on August 29, 1997”. Skynet hasn’t grown up… yet. Thankfully.
CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Album of the Month’
I am not going anywhere near the mechanistic and sterile AI for this section of the article. Consequently, I’m going for one of the most organic and natural sounding albums I know (and like). Once again, it is a fairly well‑known recording, so nothing obscure or inaccessible this time around.
Cowboy Junkies – The Trinity Session (1988) – The second album from the Canadian alt‑country band, recorded live in the Church Of The Holy Trinity in Toronto in November 1987 and released in 1988. Its atmospheric beauty is partly due to its imperfections and the natural reverb of the building, all captured by a single microphone. The raw recording was purportedly not adulterated, mixed, overdubbed or edited in any way. Interestingly, the sublime, ‘Blue Moon Revisited (Song For Elvis)’ wasn’t on the original vinyl release. While not to everyone’s tastes (and otherwise probably not normally to mine either), it represents fifty three minutes of exquisite alchemy. It is 100% human in all its gentle, fragile, ragged glory – in a good way. It is hard to envisage AI ever coming up with music like this, now or in the future.
Tailpiece
Phew! That is way more than enough from me and my erstwhile AI co‑author for now. Please don’t blame me for the majority of this outing, it is mostly down to the synthetic nature of its creation. I must admit that, while a very interesting little (?!?!) project, it was ultimately a bit (?!?!) of a long and arduous slog, bordering on boring (sorry folks). I trust you can discern what was written by me and what was produced by AI.
Finally, a word of sagely counsel. Whatever we do, humanity should always strive to harness the potential of output AI/GAI/AGI for good and to guard against the risks of it being exploited for evil.
I also stated at the beginning that is only Part I of this 3‑part AI adventure! Next month, we’ll take a look at another aspect of AI and vintage guitars. I can tell you are eagerly ‘champing at the bit’ (NB. another human idiom; from ‘Joseph, A Religious Poem’ by the Reverend Charles Lucas, 1810)!
Truth, peace, love, music be with you always. Until next time…
CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Quote of the Month’: “Whoever thinks pets are non‑judgemental has clearly never been owned by a cat”
HAPPY & HEALTHY FEBRUARY 2024 GUITAR MUSIC AFICIONADOS. Despite the world collapsing into increasingly dire crises at the behest of inept megalomaniac despots, I will endeavour to deliver some (hopefully) light entertainment as a non‑addictive antidote to the agonising anguish of day‑to‑day survival. As woeful soothsayers may predict, ‘the end of the world is nigh’. For once, they might just be right, at least for human civilisation. Time to repent and plead for redemption at the end of days? I think not. At least not yet. In the meantime… rock till you drop, I say. I digress, as usual. Apologies to one and all.
“Better than a thousand hollow words, is one word that brings peace” Buddha (Siddhārtha Gautama – c.480-400BCE)
Back to the business at hand. Pretentious pedantic prose. OK. Up front, forgive me, for there is an underlying understanding in, and a focus on, the simplicity of the here and now that runs through this article, hence the title. It is a contemplative and reflective narrative that draws on the creative essence of CRAVE Guitars over time.
A little while ago, I was doing some file management on my laptop and I came across a number of old documents that caught my attention. They were basically some very crude design ideas created in a transitional period of CRAVE Guitars’ history between 2007 and 2014.
‘Aha’. Lightbulb moment. The discovery might make a different and, perhaps (?), interesting basis for a matter‑of‑factual monthly musing, I thought. So, without further ado, let’s fire up the metaphorical DeLorean and drift back to 2007 to track the evolution of design elements that developed over a period of seven years and which have been a mainstay of CRAVE Guitars for the last nine years or so. A much shorter missive for you this month, you will probably be pleased to know. Some images too, to brighten up the virtual page.
The dawn of CRAVE Guitars: a reminder – 2007
A quick recap may be in order to provide context. I covered the birth and early years progression of CRAVE Guitars back on its 10th anniversary article in July 2017. There is some inevitable overlap with this article. For those that wish to go into a bit more background detail (opens in a new tab)…
There is, though, a bit more to the design components than I covered at the time. The catalyst for establishing CRAVE Guitars as ‘a thing’ goes back to 2007 and the acquisition of a gorgeous 1989 Gibson Les Paul Custom. While this wasn’t actually a vintage guitar at the time, it had many of the beguiling characteristics that are present on many vintage guitars, including minor bumps, nicks, play wear yellowed binding, and a fading lustre resulting in a fine satin patina. The point of mentioning this here is that this event was the germination of an idea and a facilitator for what would become the CRAVE (Cool & Rare American Vintage Electric) Guitars ‘project’.
“An idea that is developed and put into action is more important than an idea that exists only as an idea.” Buddha (Siddhārtha Gautama – c.480-400BCE)
The original concept is stated on the home page of the web site, “The name ‘CRAVE’ is a play on words; as an acronym, it stands for ‘Cool & Rare American Vintage Electric’ guitars, while its literal meaning is ‘to yearn for’ or ‘to want greatly’. It may also be taken as a ‘call to action’.”
In addition, the six individual constituent words – cool, rare, American, vintage, electric and guitars – became the core criteria for identifying and acquiring instruments (and associated equipment) for the CRAVE Guitars ‘collection’.
Thus… CRAVE Guitars became more than just a vague notion. Sort of. It was shaping up into being ‘a thing’, although I’m still not quite sure what ‘thing’ it has become. However, it exists, whatever ‘it’ is. It struck me as notable how some things come from nowhere and then somehow develop a life of their own, becoming well‑established over time with no or little subsequent change. While the name stuck, the graphic design to support it did not appear fully formed at the time; the current brand image came along much later.
After the summer of 2007, the odd assortment of random guitar gear acquired over many years came under scrutiny and I quickly realised it needed radical rationalisation if it was to comply with the six core criteria of the project. Firstly my non‑American guitars were sold off, then my acoustic guitars and, finally, guitars newer than 1989 were also sold (bar two). What remained formed the basis of CRAVE Guitars as it is now. What was left were about 6‑8 guitars and 2 basses. Since 2007‑ish, all essential acquisitions have complied with the principle mission and entry criteria to create a rationally thought‑through, clearly defined ‘collection’. I don’t like the word ‘collection’ for all its negative connotations but for this exercise, I can’t think of a better one.
From 2007 to about 2010, the focus was on buying familiar classic guitars solely from Gibson and Fender. This reinforced the baseline from which to proceed. It turned out not to be a good time for buying, as it was just before the global financial meltdown of 2008, so vintage guitar prices were sky high. By 2010, the proverbial bubble had well and truly burst. Sigh. It is a good job that CRAVE Guitars is not financially motivated.
2010 to 2014 was a catastrophic period during which I lost almost everything, including my home, so we’ll bypass that quickly without further reference. What’s gone has gone. The subsequent recovery was painful, slow and laborious.
“Do not pray for an easy life, pray for the strength to endure a difficult one” Bruce Lee (1940-1973)
Since 2014, CRAVE Guitars has focussed more and more on quirky, unusual and interesting ‘affordable’ vintage guitars from other American manufacturers as well as the Big ‘G’ and ‘F’. It wasn’t until early 2019 that a significant proportion of the pre‑loss ‘collection’ was reunited with newer acquisitions after a friend had kept them safe for several years. Since 2019, CRAVE Guitars has been ‘a thing’ again.
The initial CRAVE Guitars designs – 2008‑2014
At this point, I must state that I am not a graphic designer and have no professional training in the craft, although my family does have artistic roots. I do, however, think I have a reasonably good eye for aesthetics. I might have liked to pursue an education and career in art, photography and design (as well as music) but, like most good citizens, I realised that I had to make a living, so my cultural aspirations were sacrificed at the altar of responsibility and any artistic credentials remain entirely amateur.
As the project grew, I proceeded to develop a Microsoft Access database to record each instrument in some detail. The database has been updated a number of times over the years (see below) and is still in use today.
Photographs of each instrument were taken to add to the database and were used in the early activities. Admittedly, the original photos were limited and not high definition by today’s standard so, from 2014, the guitars were re‑photographed in greater detail and quality.
Using the information from the database, a ‘brochure’ of the ‘collection’ was concocted, such as it was, using the early photographs and a basic narrative. The original Arabic‑style ‘logo’ text was a font used by the CorelDRAW graphics package at the time; unfortunately, I can’t recall the font’s name. The marron and yellow colour scheme was intended (arguably) to convey a sense of classy opulence (!?). I know, I know, the approach was very basic and hardly anything to be proud of now but at least it was a start.
“There are only two mistakes one can make along the road to truth; not going all the way, and not starting” Buddha (Siddhārtha Gautama – c.480-400BCE)
However, that is all it was back then; a start. A primitive and very limited run printed pamphlet of some vintage Gibson and Fender guitars from the 1960s to the 1980s inclusive. It was not widely ‘visible/available’ to anyone else who might share my interest, so it was essentially a creative dead end and only of interest in hindsight. It was also a learning exercise. CRAVE Guitars had come a long way, although the evidence may not seem like it.
I suspect that regular readers (if there are any!) will know that I have a principled anathema towards the heinous capitalist practice of accumulating vintage guitars for profit and hoarding them away. This benefits no‑one except the owner’s bank account. I didn’t want to fall foul of that accusation, so I had to find a way of sharing the results of the project with others who have similar interests. It is the sharing element that I feel is important and beneficial.
One way of sharing might have been to become a vintage guitar dealer, like many existing established retail outlets. However, I simply don’t have the ‘killer instinct’ (or the funds) to become a successful hard‑nosed commercial trader, so that option was quickly ruled out. I guess I’m just too nice. Besides, I didn’t have any desire to be like any other businesses. It would be rewarding if I could, in some way, monetize CRAVE Guitars, so that any proceeds could be invested back into the enterprise. However I can’t envisage how that end could be achieved without compromising the principal mission and my own values.
CRAVE Guitars doesn’t have any business premises, so creating some sort of physical curated heritage ‘museum’ (for want of a better word) with only a few average guitars was also out of the question. While I quite like the idea of some sort of unique exhibition, it wasn’t, and still isn’t, feasible. Preliminary research indicated that a gallery or heritage centre wouldn’t attract sufficient visitors to make it worthwhile, so it didn’t even make it to a draft business plan stage.
So, I decided to take the plunge and venture into online sharing. As far as I can tell, there doesn’t seem to be anything quite like CRAVE Guitars out there anywhere. Perhaps it is unique, although I wouldn’t be so arrogant as to assert that particular proposition. It might be exciting to develop some sort of virtual online ‘gallery museum’. However, the technology, for instance pro‑level design software, studio photography, photogrammetry, 3D animation, augmented reality and studio recording, to make it genuinely innovative, immersive and impressive are currently beyond CRAVE Guitars’ modest means. More thought required.
“Design is thinking made visual.” Saul Bass (1920‑1996)
CRAVE Guitars online presence – 2014‑date
In 2014, I had no experience of web site development or running any social media accounts. The emergence of what is recognisably CRAVE Guitars today started in late 2014 culminating with the advent of the CRAVE Guitars web site and social media channels. I was basically starting from scratch but, for me, that was quite ambitious, exciting and frustrating in equal measure.
I had the basic structure of, and a design concept for, a WordPress web site planned out. I went about acquiring the relevant URLs and identifying an ISP (Internet Service Provider) to host the results. A web site without any cohesive design theme would be pretty rubbish, so I had to think of a way of conveying what the entity was and turning that into coherent graphic designs that would become familiar to online visitors.
In addition to the web site, I felt that there would have to be a parallel social media presence, consistent with the aesthetics of the web site where possible. The two leading platforms at the time, Twitter (now Elon Musk’s diabolical ‘X’) and Facebook were priorities. In addition, I had a LinkedIn account, so that also seemed a logical extension. YouTube and Instagram were also popular, so they were other channels to consider. There were/are other social media platforms including Flickr, Pinterest and Tumblr, so I set about making sure that CRAVE Guitars had a presence on all of these (and thereby preventing others from appropriating the name!).
There are some gaps, however. Does anyone remember the social media platform called Google+? I actually liked it but due to inherent security weaknesses, Google shut it down in 2019 and it has become all but forgotten nowadays. I evaluated Snapchat and felt it was irrelevant for CRAVE Guitars. I refuse to use TikTok due to its Chinese ownership, so CRAVE Guitars is not present for ethical geopolitical, environmental, technological and human rights reasons.
Accordingly, the work began in earnest to cultivate the broader CRAVE Guitars ‘brand’ image. Activity on this front was quite significant up until the tempestuous 3‑year hiatus, which took place from November 2020 to September 2023.
“Know well what leads you forward and what holds you back, and choose the path that leads to wisdom” Buddha (Siddhārtha Gautama – c.480-400BCE)
The CRAVE Guitars signature image
Determining a signature image for CRAVE Guitars was kinda easy. The sunburst 1975 Gibson Les Paul Standard was one of my original guitars that I bought second hand in c.1978 and have had ever since. It was already a bit battered when I got it, with buckle rash and some parts removed (pickup covers and scratchplate) but it was all I could afford at the time. People pay good money for fake wear and tear like that nowadays and the Les Paul’s attrition was genuine! NB. Relic is not a verb! Ggrr!
Not thinking anything of it at the time, I had the Les Paul refinished from its original tobacco sunburst, which I didn’t really like back then, to a shiny natural finish, which was very popular during the late 1970s. By the 1990s, I was tired of the somewhat bland natural finish, so it was refinished again in a lovely deep cherry sunburst and the missing parts were restored. That is the condition of the Les Paul at the time of writing. Below is the original CRAVE Guitars photograph.
[Image: 1975 Gibson Les Paul Standard]
Although the Les Paul’s finish isn’t original, it has been a long‑time favourite axe, so it became CRAVE Guitars’ signature instrument, despite rather than because of its chequered history. I don’t give a hoot that self‑opinionated critics pour scorn on Gibson’s 1970s Norlin‑era guitars.
That Les Paul is the only instrument in the ‘collection’ that has been refinished. I don’t do regrets but, if I did, I would feel guilty for messing with that Les Paul like I did. In my defence, I was young and it was only a couple of years old at the time. It was intended to be a working guitar rather than a collectable. Who would have thought that I’d still have it 46 years later and it would be a figurehead for a vintage guitar enterprise! The Les Paul has, though, endured over the years through the few ups and many downs, so it has become appropriately symbolic for both me and for CRAVE Guitars.
The CRAVE Guitars logo and avatar
I couldn’t afford to appoint a professional designer to come up with a ‘corporate’ logo, so I had to attempt something myself. It was these work‑in‑progress attempts that I came across recently and which prompted this article.
The very early efforts comprised a brainstorming‑type design process with some never‑before‑seen aborted concepts. Some of these early rough draft ideas are shown here.
I had an epiphany to combine the signature Gibson Les Paul outline and the word CRAVE into a unified logo. Genius, I thought. The very first attempt at the integrated logo was a rough hand‑drawn scrawl made with a marker pen on a small scrap of (white) paper!
I tested out some of these early ‘sketch’ ideas and the CRAVE acronym with a professional graphic designer friend who I respect. He didn’t like it at all, which was a bit disappointing. However, I persevered, as I thought I was onto something that I could live with.
Once the overall Les Paul shape of the logo was firmed up, I had to choose a colour scheme. It was important to me not to try and be too clever, so it was imperative to Keep It Simple Stupid (KISS). For clarity at different resolutions and sizes, I selected a bright/deep blue for high contrast over a pristine white background. A graphics package was used to scan in and then refine the originally hand‑drawn initial outline.
The ‘bobbly’ lines are intended to give the impression of kinetic resonant vibrations of the instrument. Clever tie‑in huh? OK. Maybe not but that’s what I thought and it seemed eminently logical, so I stuck with it.
Most importantly, the graphic design, narrative and photographic imagery must complement, enhance and not distract from the core subject matter – the vintage guitars, basses, amps and effects – which should be able to shine in their own right. The intention was/is that the various components should all work together in an integrated way, creating a whole that is more than the sum of its parts.
“Simplicity is not the goal. It is the by-product of a good idea and modest expectations.” Paul Rand (1914‑1996)
The admittedly very crude, irregular first attempts were then finessed through about 8‑10 incremental, increasingly subtle, iterations. Eventually, it became what you see on the website, social media, business cards, merchandise, etc. today.
The guitar‑shaped CRAVE logo image was embellished with the word ‘Guitars’ in a clean, modern and minimalist sans serif Segoe UI Light font, which appealed to my eye. With the recent brand update, the logo’s text was selectively extended to read ‘Vintage Guitars’. This approach could also apply to CRAVE Basses, CRAVE Amps and CRAVE Effects. With or without ‘Vintage’ depending on the circumstance.
The full logo, however, wasn’t suitable for social media and Internet browsers, which generally uses round or square‑ish ‘icons’ or ‘avatars’ to represent the image of a relevant account so, once the main logo was firmed up, I set about addressing that particular task. The very first draft avatar was a basic black/red silhouette based on a Gibson ES‑335 body outline but it bore very little resemblance to the rest of the brand, so it didn’t last long.
The logical answer was to reduce the full logo to fit the avatar’s specification. The result of that exercise was to use only the ‘CR’ from the full logo, intended to represent the shape of the Les Paul body (minus neck/headstock).
Recently someone not into guitars asked me what the ‘squiggle’ on Facebook was meant to be and I had to explain it. Never a good sign. I had become so used to it that I thought it was obvious. Obviously not! Once again, there was some disappointment but I can live with it. The ‘CR’ Les Paul body shaped avatar for social media has been retained unchanged.
“Design is not just what it looks like and feels like. Design is how it works.” Steve Jobs (1955‑2011)
CRAVE Guitars merchandise
The aim behind the CRAVE Guitars graphic design is that it can be used beyond the online presence for instance, printed materials and merchandise. CRAVE merch is there for fun, not money. Routine merch items include T‑shirts, mugs, guitar picks, etc. As CRAVE Guitars is not a business or even a physical entity, there is no pre‑prepared merch stock. It’s all made to order as and when needed. Here are a few examples.
[Image: Business Card]
CRAVE Guitars future design
Continuity of image is as important as coherence. There are no immediate intentions to change or improve the logo and graphic design. I still believe it to be effective, even though my designer friend still doesn’t like it. The overall aesthetic has been around for ten years now and I think it still looks fresh, clean and modern.
I do review the visuals regularly and think of different ways in which it could be embellished or enhanced but I keep coming back to the basic, simple brand image. Less is more and all that. If it ain’t broke…
At some point, I might want to redesign the brand but not yet. I still like it as it is and it remains visually coherent to my inexpert eye. To change the style radically would, I believe, be counter‑productive and disrupt continuity. Evolution, rather than revolution is likely to be the order of the day, if and when it comes around.
I don’t envisage separate designs for the sub‑brands, CRAVE Basses, CRAVE Amps and CRAVE Effects. They are essentially all under the umbrella of the main brand identity, rather than discrete entities in their own right. They would not exist were it not for CRAVE Guitars. Nor do I envisage any more vintage sub‑brands joining the family any time soon (e.g. drums, keyboards, studio gear, etc.). To diversify further would be to dilute too much.
In the unlikely event that both mankind and I survive until 2027, it will be time to celebrate two decades of CRAVE Guitars. I believe that the design will still be familiar for visitors. Could the CRAVE Vintage Guitars brand design be better? Of course it could.
“Have no fear of perfection. You’ll never reach it.” Salvador Dali (1904‑1989)
I am reluctant to pose the question, ‘what do you think?’, as that would open up a whole can of worms. I see so many logos that are unclear, ambiguous, unrelated to the core business, indistinct, outdated, too detailed, irrelevant, conflicting, poor choice of colours/contrast, overblown, illegible, generic, confusing, ugly, or just plain dull. Simple doesn’t have to be boring. I didn’t set out to create the world’s best logo but, in hindsight, I don’t think it’s too bad. For a rank amateur.
Tantalising snippet… I will return to the subject of the CRAVE Guitars logo in a planned future article. Why? Wait and see!
Final thoughts
One fundamental question for CRAVE Guitars is, ‘Is it worth it?’ I have been doing all of this to share my passion with others but does anyone else actually care or give a damn? It’s also nearly met its demise more than once along the way, so it isn’t a ‘sure thing’. The truth is, I really don’t know what the future holds. I like to think it is a worthwhile adventure but, then again, I am not the one to judge. It is worth it to me.
The website currently gets over 4,000 visitors a month and CRAVE Guitars has over 6,750 followers on X (about 1,000 down from its pre‑hiatus peak) but is that good or not? Again, I have absolutely no idea; they are just numbers. I would hate to think that the last 17 years have been in vain.
A further question is, ‘Why do I do it?’ I have been fascinated by guitars since I got my first nylon‑strung acoustic as a teenager. That fascination prevails to this day. Therefore, I feel quite strongly that CRAVE Vintage Guitars is my ikigai; my purpose in life (from an ancient Japanese philosophy, with ‘iki’ meaning ‘to live’ and ‘gai’ meaning ‘reason’, in rough translation). I have poured my soul into guitars, music and CRAVE Guitars over quite a prolonged period (overall, longer than my entire professional working career, so the effort has been considerable, even though it feels like there is much more to be done before I’m finished (if I live that long!). Is CRAVE Guitars my fate, my destiny? Nah. I wouldn’t go that far; I feel that some decisions are still under my control.
Another profound question is, ‘Where to go from here?’ What is the end game? Well, for that, we’ll just have to wait and see. A great deal depends on currently non‑existent funds. I do not want or intend to give up any time soon; I have become too invested in the project to ‘throw the towel into the ring’ now. I have some thoughts about adding content to the website and some narrative has already been drafted but it is hardly Earth‑shattering. Perhaps a degree of reinvention may be needed after all. I look forward to future developments.
“I never see what has been done; I only see what remains to be done” Buddha (Siddhārtha Gautama – c.480-400BCE)
CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Album of the Month’
This month, I tried to think of something relevant to the article’s theme. If I had to come up with an album that hints at what CRAVE Vintage Guitars stands for, what on Earth could it possibly be? HHhhmm. Tricky one. Sadly, I no longer have any recordings of my own music, lost in the mists of time, so it has to be an established artist. It has to be predominantly guitar music and it should (?) be a recognisable classic (and from the time of many vintage guitars). HHhhmm. Still tricky. So, so many and yet so few! More HHhhmm. This is hard. Gotta pick something. OK, then, here goes; I wouldn’t call it CRAVE Guitars’ theme tune but I like it anyway…
The Doors – L.A. Woman (1971) No ten‑minute self‑indulgent virtuoso guitar wizard solos here, just solid song writing and shed loads of charisma with guitar playing that serves the songs, rather than vice versa. Guitarist Robby Krieger and his trusty Gibson SG Standard along with Ray Manzarek on keyboards, John Densmore on drums and the tragically mercurial Jim Morrison on vocal chords. The Doors didn’t have a resident bass player but that didn’t hold them back – Jerry Scheff played bass on this album. ‘L.A. Woman’ was the band’s last studio album before Morrison’s untimely death in Paris, France in July 1971, at the age of 27. The recording won’t appear in any ‘top 100 guitar albums’ lists but that’s not really the point. I am personally not a huge fan of The Doors but this record stands out for me. Neither is it universally admired. However, it survived my honing down process until it remained on the shortlist of one at the end.
“Where’s your will to be weird?” Jim Morrison (1943-1971)
HHhhmm. Other worthy (in my view) contenders included, Deep Purple – Made In Japan (1972), Genesis – Selling England By The Pound (1973), Black Sabbath – Black Sabbath (1970), Lynyrd Skynyrd – Second Helping (1974), Pink Floyd – Meddle (1971), Led Zeppelin – Physical Graffiti (1975), T.Rex – Electric Warrior (1971), The Cure – Disintegration (1989), Bob Marley & The Wailers – Live! (1975), Steve Hillage – L (1976), Rory Gallagher – Against The Grain (1975), and David Bowie – Let’s Dance (1983).
One interesting observation; all of the above albums emanated from the 1970s and 1980s. Nothing older and nothing newer. Was it really some sort of ‘golden age’ for guitar music or just the music that impacted an impressionable post‑hippie youth?
Tailpiece
So, there you have it; a much shorter discursive diversion (I had to get at least one alliteration in!) this month and a bit different from most other recent articles. I like to mix things up a bit, so a diversity of subject matter keeps things lively and unpredictable. I’m conjuring up something even more offbeat for next month, if it works! There is, though, a lot to do before we get to that point. Watch this space, folks…
In the meantime, if you get any opportunity at all to help bring common sense to the fore and pre‑empt the impending global apocalypse, just do it!
Truth, peace, love, and guitar music be with you always. Until next time…
CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Quote of the Month’: “Since when did the truth become a conspiracy theory?”
WELCOME FAIR MUSIC‑MINDED PATRONS to the first CRAVE Guitars’ monthly article of the New Year. While we may be less than a full month into the year Two Thousand and Twenty Four of the Common Era, one hopes it is off to a good start despite global uncertainty (and insanity). Let us hope that those intent on geopolitical conflict come to their senses, unlikely as it may seem, rather than escalate tensions further. I don’t know about you but I don’t want to be part of the doomsday generation. Scary.
“Bellum omnium contra omnes (the war of all against all)” – Thomas Hobbes (1588‑1679)
Getting back to the musical point, ask pretty much anyone with a slight interest in modern music culture, the question, “Who invented the first bass guitar?” and I’m sure a lot of people would say, “Leo Fender, of course”. Well yes… and no. In the world of vintage guitars, things are rarely quite as straightforward as one may at first think.
With the recent addition of CRAVE Basses to the CRAVE Guitars, Amps and Effects family, this month seems perfectly apt to take a quick look at how the electric bass guitar as we know it came into being and how it has become such an integral component of contemporary music.
Primarily as a guitarist, my dalliances with bass guitars up to now have, I admit, been spawned out of curiosity and exploration, rather than a serious preoccupation. Those dalliances, though, span well over four decades, so the bass encounter isn’t a single, short or recent ‘event’.
We do not start the story, as many might imagine in the 1950s. We’ll come back to that in a little while. Before we get there, though, we should go back quite a few years. Many, many years in fact, starting with the classical orchestral double bass, originating from the 15th Century or thereabouts. Then we’ll explore the modern‑day innovations starting in the 1920s and 1930s before the ‘big bang’ that really exploded in the 1950s and 1960s. Finally we’ll come up‑to‑date, with a look at the instruments, equipment, artists and sounds that have helped to shape the modern musical landscape. Finally, we’ll take a wee peak into the near future of bass instruments.
The fretless acoustic double bass
Before the solid body fretted electric bass guitar, popular music relied almost totally on the acoustic upright double bass for low frequency impact. The instrument’s origins date approximately to the 15th‑16th Century in Venice, Italy. Venetian musician, Silvestro Ganassi developed a ‘bass viola da gamba’ in 1542, widely regarded as the forerunner of today’s double bass. It wasn’t until around 1700, though, that the double bass became part of the opera orchestra. The double bass as we now know it is the largest and lowest‑pitched chordophone in the classical music orchestra.
As a quick recap, defined by the Hornbostel‑Sachs system of musical instrument classification, a chordophone is a musical instrument that makes sound from vibrating one or more taught strings by bowing, plucking or striking the strings. Examples of chordophone types include violins, guitars, and pianos respectively. The word chordophone stems from the Greek words for string (chordē) and sound (phonē).
For more on the historical origins of musical instrument classification (to provide a context for the development of the guitar), see CRAVE Guitars’ March 2018 article.
The traditional 4‑string double bass is usually played in one of two ways, either by rubbing the strings with a bow (arco) or by plucking the strings with fingers (pizzicato). Some modern double bass players, for instance in rock & roll and rockabilly, also use a distinctive ‘slap’ technique. This percussive sound derived from the ‘Bartók pizzicato’ (‘snap’ pizzicato) named after the Hungarian composer and pianist Béla Bartók.
Depending on the style of music, the double bass is also known by a number of other names, all of which refer to the same instrument. Some of these alternative monikers include bass, upright bass, string bass, acoustic bass, acoustic string bass, contrabass, contrabass viol, bass viol, bass violin, stand‑up bass, bull fiddle, doghouse bass and bass fiddle.
The traditional double bass is a large acoustic fretless instrument of the violin family that is played upright. The deep, resonant, woody tone of the double bass endows it with a very different sound when compared to the modern solid body fretted electric bass guitar. The tuning of the double bass is different from other members of the orchestral sting instruments, in that it is tuned in fourths (E‑A‑D‑G) rather than a violin’s fifths (G‑D‑A‑E). The double bass, then, is tuned the same as a modern bass guitar, an octave below the bottom four strings of a 6‑string guitar in standard tuning. This particular characteristic aided the bass’s transition from classical to modern day musical styles.
Originally, double basses were more likely to have three strings until four strings became commonplace by the 19th Century, by which time the standard format and construction of the double bass had become established. There are, however, 5 and 6 (or more) string variants and there are also various alternative tunings.
The double bass has been the mainstay of orchestral string sections and chamber music for several centuries in one form or another. It was predictable that, with the emergence and evolution of the major modern popular music genres, such as jazz, blues and country & western that the double bass would become the go‑to bass instrument, at least up until the 1960s when the solid body fretted electric bass guitar became predominant. However, the double bass hasn’t disappeared from contemporary music completely. Plenty of present‑day artists still use or revert back to the double bass for authenticity and/or effect.
The main drawback experienced by many players is that the double bass is a substantial piece of equipment. The full‑size double bass is almost 75 inches (190cm) tall, weighing in at c.20‑25lbs (9‑11½kg), without its hefty case. The scale length is set at around 42” (107cm), much longer than most modern bass guitars. Given these dimensions, the double bass is sizeable, cumbersome, unwieldy and plain heavy, making it far from the easiest of instruments to move around or play. There are smaller double basses including ¾, ½ and ¼ size, mainly aimed at younger players. Even so, the double bass not for the faint hearted, as the smallest ¼ size instrument is still over 61” (156cm) tall.
Another drawback is the double bass’s acoustic construction. Like the acoustic guitar, in the first half of the 20th Century, the acoustic double bass’s lack of volume made it hard to be heard in a jazz‑era big band mix unless there was some form of electrification through either a magnetic pickup or a microphone connected to an amplifier and, even then, acoustic instruments can be prone to feedback in high sound pressure level environments.
Traditional double basses are not only large but, because of their construction, they are also quite expensive, making them a major investment and therefore difficult for novices or younger players to access and learn.
Even so, despite its limitations, during the 20th Century the double bass became widely used in a diverse range of modern music genres, including jazz, blues, swing, rock & roll, rockabilly, country & western, bluegrass, folk, funk, reggae, metal, rock, pop, tango and visual media soundtracks.
Trivia: Believe it or not, there is an even larger bass, first built c.1850 by the French luthier Jean‑Baptiste Vuillaume (1798‑1875) in Paris. The octobass, as it is called, has three strings and is basically a larger version of the double bass tuned a further octave down. The octobass is a truly gargantuan beast, approximately 137” high (348cm).
The electric upright bass
To enable modern players to experience the spirit of the acoustic double bass in a more convenient and amplified form, there is the modern Electric Upright Bass (EUB), which is also played, as its name suggests, upright, like a traditional double bass.
EUBs allow for greater portability while retaining the playing style and general sound of its forebear. As the EUB doesn’t require the substantial acoustic resonating chamber of a double bass, they often feature a ‘skeleton’ body, making it much smaller, lighter and cheaper to produce. The minimal structure may have either a solid body or a small acoustic body.
A magnetic, piezo or condenser bass pickup provides the means to route the signal via a bass amplifier to loudspeakers. Like a double bass, the EUB’s strings can be bowed or plucked, although that is dependent on fingerboard and bridge radius. While evoking its acoustic origins, the structural and electric characteristics of the EUB endow it with a unique sound all of its own.
As the EUB’s construction isn’t bound by convention like its orchestral sibling, the flexible format allows for a range of scale lengths to be employed from around 30” (76cm), through 34” (86cm) like a long scale bass guitar to the full 42” (107cm) of a double bass, making it much more accessible to a range of players. Almost all EUB necks allow for a full two‑octave range and most but not all are fretless. Compared to the double bass or the electric bass guitar, the electric upright bass tends to be a modern, notable but relatively niche instrument. There are EUB models at all price points, making it easier for novices and experienced players alike.
The first production electric upright basses were developed independently in the mid‑1930s by Regal (Electrified Double Bass), Vega (Electric Bass Viol), Rickenbacker (Electro Bass‑Viol) and Audiovox (bull fiddle – see below). Gibson introduced their special order Electric Bass Guitar in 1938, which was still an upright fretless instrument with a hollow body and a magnetic pickup.
Manufacturers of electric upright basses include Framus, Ampeg, Warwick, Ibanez, Yamaha, Palatino, NS Design (Ned Steinberger), and Harley Benton.
The first solid‑body fretted electric bass guitar
As hinted at above, while Leo Fender was the major innovator associated with the solid‑body fretted electric bass guitar, he wasn’t the first. He was beaten to the starting post by at least some 15 years. Hardly a photo finish!
The first indication of the possible future of a bass guitar was in 1924 when the legendary Gibson designer, Lloyd Loar came up with a prototype electric bass. The Loar concept focused on the body, pickup and strings but with little additional detail. Loar’s radical design was rejected by Gibson management at the time. Loar left Gibson shortly thereafter in 1924, so his visionary ideas for an electric bass guitar went no further.
Nearly a decade later, around 1933, American musician and inventor Paul H. ‘Bud’ Tutmarc (1896‑1972), based in Seattle, Washington, began experimenting with reducing the size of the double bass to a more manageable instrument. Tutmarc originally devised an electrified fretless double bass‑style instrument described as an electric 4‑string upright ‘bull fiddle’, slightly smaller than a cello.
It’s worth a quick diversion to go back in time to take in an original report from the ‘Seattle Post‑Intelligencer’ newspaper, which published the story on 17 February 1935. The headline read, “Pity Him No More – New Type Bull Fiddle Devised.”
The article went on to state that, “People have always pitied the poor bass-fiddler… who has to lug his big bull-fiddle home through the dark streets after the theatre closes. But he doesn’t have to do it anymore. Because Paul Tutmarc, Seattle music teacher and KOMO radio artist, has invented an electric bull-fiddle. One you can carry under your arm. And it doesn’t even need a bow, either. You pluck a string – and out of the electric amplifier comes a rich, deep tone, sustained as if five or six bass violinists were bowing five or six bass‑violins with masterly artistry. The tone is sustained as long as you want it, too, without a bow.” The instrument described in the article was a cello‑like upright fretless instrument with an electromagnetic pickup.
Tutmarc was, however, about to do something far more radical. By 1935-1936, Tutmarc, had changed direction and developed the first solid body fretted electric bass guitar, pretty much recognisable in its modern form. It was this version of Tutmarc’s bass that was intended to be played horizontally, rather than upright, in a similar way to the modern bass guitar. The 1935 sales catalogue for Tutmarc’s company Audiovox featured his ‘Model 736 Bass Fiddle’, a solid‑bodied electric bass guitar with four strings, a fretted neck, with a 30½” (775mm) scale length, an ebony (or purpleheart) fingerboard with 16 frets, a black walnut body, a hidden single Tutmarc‑Stimpson horseshoe pickup below a mirror-steel faceplate, and a single volume control.
In addition, as an electric bass guitar would be pretty much useless without the means to amplify the sound, Audiovox also sold an accompanying ‘Model 936’ bass amplifier with 18 watts of power and a 12” Jensen Concert speaker.
Around 100 of the Model 736 Audiovox bass guitars were made in the mid‑1930s. However, there are only thought to be three Model 736 Tutmarc bass guitars still in existence today, making them remarkably rare. One belongs to the Experience Music Project (EMP), now known as The Museum of Pop Culture (MoPOP), a non‑profit enterprise founded by Microsoft co‑founder Paul Allen in 2000 and based in Seattle, Washington state, USA. In 2018, a 1936 Audiovox Model 736 bass guitar was reportedly sold by Tutmarc’s grandson on eBay for $23,850.
Sadly, for Tutmarc, the Audiovox 736 was not a commercial success. The price tag was high for the mid‑1930s, in a country still severely affected by The Great Depression (1929‑1939). The 736 bass fiddle originally cost $65 and the matching 936 bass amplifier cost $75, placing it well out of reach for many musicians. The high price and the radical concept didn’t attract enough musicians at the time and it wasn’t long before it was discontinued and was subsequently forlornly forgotten to history. Tutmarc’s company, Audiovox folded in 1950.
It can well be argued that Tutmarc was ahead of his time. Perhaps it is a case of supply looking for a demand that consumers didn’t know they needed. Maybe it was bad timing and/or bad luck. The Model 736 also arrived shortly before the outbreak of World War II when the guitar manufacturing industry was deemed ‘non‑essential’ and resources were diverted to the American war effort. Furthermore, a bass guitar didn’t seem to fit seamlessly into any of the prevailing musical styles at that time.
It is surprising, though, that such a significant innovation in guitar history isn’t more widely known about. Perhaps it is time, nay overdue, for Tutmarc’s milestone achievements to be deservedly recognised.
One company, Luthiery Laboratories, makes modern‑day replicas of the Audiovox 736, keeping the spirit of the original instrument alive.
The first commercially successful mass produced solid body fretted electric bass guitar
And so it was that the scene was set for someone else to step in and make the bass guitar ‘a thing’. That someone else was Clarence Leonidas Fender (1909‑1991). Unlike poor old Paul H. Tutmarc, you may just have heard of him.
“I wonder if I could make an electric bass” – Leo Fender (1909‑1991)
For more on the history and development of Fender guitars and musical equipment, see CRAVE Guitars’ August 2018 article for the context behind Fender solid body electric guitars.
Once the proverbial ball started rolling, the bass guitar had a phenomenal, transformative and relatively rapid impact on modern music that cannot be underestimated or understated. It is also very easy to take the electric bass guitar’s presence on stages, in studios and bedrooms all around the world for granted. Back in 1950, though, no‑one other than a select few in Fullerton, California had any idea of what was to come.
So… what are we actually talking about? The answer, after the lengthy preamble (apologies for keeping you on tenterhooks for so long), is the mighty Fender Precision Bass. Three little words. Game changing, era defining and well‑deserving of all the hyperbole attached to it over the past seven‑plus decades. So much has been written about the Precision that there is little need to dredge up the detail again, so what follows is a brief overview.
Leo Fender was working on a prototype back in 1950, bringing the world’s first commercially successful mass‑produced electric bass guitar to market in 1951. Fender designed the Precision Bass (often shortened these days to P‑Bass) to overcome the many drawbacks of the acoustic double bass alluded to earlier in this article. Even the name, Precision, referred to the fretted neck to enable musicians to play in tune far more precisely than on the double bass’s fretless neck. Conservative double bass players may well have looked at the Precision Bass in the same way that conservative guitarists looked at the Fender Telecaster, which had been introduced a year earlier in 1950. Consternation and indignation were probably natural initial reactions from the ‘old‑school’.
At its most basic, the Fender Precision Bass is a solid body, 4‑string bass guitar equipped with a single pickup and a one‑piece 20‑fret maple neck with rosewood or maple fingerboard. It all sounds so very straightforward and unremarkable nowadays doesn’t it?
The Precision Bass didn’t, however, appear fully formed. The original design of the Precision borrowed several design features from the Telecaster guitar, other than the double cutaway body. Initial models carried one single coil pickup, a slab body, large scratchplate and a Tele‑like headstock.
After Fender introduced the Stratocaster guitar in 1954, some of its design features were brought over to the Precision including a contoured body and a Strat‑like headstock. The original pickup was replaced with a single split coil hum cancelling staggered design and a sleeker redesigned scratchplate. It is this version of the Precision from 1957 that has stayed in production largely unchanged to the current day. There have been many, many variants with numerous changes in specification over the years, including a fretless version (ironically, given the origin and intention of the Precision’s name). 5‑string versions, 22‑fret necks, active electronics, multiple pickups, etc. followed.
The original pre‑1957 Precision design has been re-issued by Fender at times over the years, often called the Telecaster Bass to differentiate it from the post‑1957 Precision specification.
The popularity of the Fender Precision Bass grew significantly throughout the 1950s especially with rock & roll and country fraternities, as well as with session musicians. During the 1960s the solid body fretted electric bass guitar became dominant in most modern musical genres. During the early days, there wasn’t a great deal of choice in terms of alternatives to the Precision but that was to change later on.
Fender capitalised on their supremacy by introducing the solid body fretted electric Fender Jazz Bass in 1960 (originally called the ‘Deluxe Model’). The svelte Fender Jazz Bass (often now shortened to J‑Bass) was designed to appeal to a different customer base. Like the offset bodied Fender Jazzmaster guitar, it was aimed squarely at the dyed‑in‑the‑wool jazz community. However, like the Jazzmaster, the Jazz Bass’s appeal spread far wider than jazz musicians. Like the Precision, the Jazz Bass has rightly become an iconic industry standard solid body electric bass guitar.
Throughout the years, both the Precision and Jazz Bass have featured sizeable chrome covers over the pickup and the bridge, despite these items limiting playing techniques such as palm muting the strings. As the covers are purely aesthetic, rather than functional components, it is fair to say that the vast majority of musicians removed these covers permanently.
Without doubt, the Fender Precision Bass and its younger sibling the Jazz Bass are icons of contemporary music and remain hugely popular today. Consumers can purchase genuine P‑Bass and J‑Bass models from the budget Fender‑owned offshore‑produced Squier brand, through Mexican and American‑made Fender models, to the high‑end Fender Custom Shop versions. Throughout the decades, the Precision and Jazz Bass models have oft been imitated and/or blatantly copied by other manufacturers, eager to cash in on Fender’s industry‑dominant status.
Understandably, over the years, the Precision and Jazz Bass have become highly collectable, especially the earliest models. The highest vintage market prices undoubtedly belong to the models from 1951 (Precision) and 1960 (Jazz Bass) to 1965, when Leo Fender sold his company to industry giant CBS. Fender equipment from this period is known as ‘pre‑CBS’.
For more information on the Fender Precision and Jazz Bass, just complete any Internet browser search and, alongside a great deal of drivel, there is a massive volume of fact and opinion available, often described in forensic detail.
Evolution of the electric bass guitar
It is probably fair to say that, since 1951 and the introduction of the Fender Precision Bass, other brands were in the position of having to play catch up. In particular, Fender’s biggest competitor, Gibson, was wrong‑footed and they have never been able to compete on a level playing field. In 1953, Gibson released the EB‑1, which was a violin‑shaped solid mahogany body bass with a set neck. The EB‑1 didn’t catch on and was replaced by the semi‑acoustic ES‑335‑shaped EB‑2 in 1958, the SG‑shaped Gibson EB‑0 in 1959 and the EB‑3 (made famous by Jack Bruce of Cream) in 1961. While the semi‑acoustic EB‑2 proved popular, its Epiphone‑branded counterpart, the Epiphone Rivoli proved more successful. All these early Gibson basses used a shorter 30½” scale. In 1959, Gibson also released a hollow body EB‑6 6‑string bass.
Possibly Gibson’s best contender for an iconic bass guitar is the Gibson Thunderbird, originally introduced in 1963. The Thunderbird was based on Gibson’s Firebird guitar, designed by legendary American car designer Raymond Dietrich (1894‑1980). The Thunderbird was the first Gibson solid body bass to use the 34” scale made popular by Fender. Like the Firebird, the Thunderbird was redesigned in a simpler ‘non‑reverse’ form for 1966 and the original ‘reverse’ shape wasn’t reissued until the mid‑1970s. During the 1970s, Gibson also released the Ripper and Grabber basses but neither really captured bass players’ imaginations (or their precious dollars!). Later additions like the Gibson Triumph, Victory and RD basses didn’t fare much better as viable competition for Fender’s stalwarts. Epiphone have Thunderbird and EB basses in their line‑up alongside Epiphone‑specific basses such as the Newport and the Embassy.
Over at Danelectro in Neptune, New Jersey, Nathan Daniel launched the world’s first 6‑string bass, the UB‑2 in 1956 comprising a single cutaway semi‑hollow bass with a 30” scale, 24 frets and dual single coil pickups, earning its nickname the ‘Tic Tac bass’. In 1958, Danelectro replaced the UB‑2 with two new 6‑string bass models. The first was the Long Horn 4623 bass with a radical new lyre‑like design 24 frets, and a short 25” scale. The other was the Short Horn 3612 with stubby double cutaways, 29½”scale and only 15 frets. All Danelectro models substantially undercut the retail prices of both Fender and Gibson’s basses. The 6‑string models seemed to attract guitarists rather than bass players to their designs, providing a novel bridge between guitar and bass camps.
It should be noted at this point that older 6‑string basses are generally tuned an octave below a guitar in standard tuning, to E-E, while the baritone guitars that were appearing at the time were tuned either to B‑B or A‑A. On the other hand, modern 5‑string basses simply add a lower B string while modern 6‑string basses tend to add lower B and higher C strings compared to an equivalent 4‑string bass. Confused?
Meanwhile, back in the 1960s, Fender weren’t resting on their laurels. Following the popularity of the ‘student’ Mustang guitar, Fender introduced the short scale Mustang Bass in 1966. The Mustang Bass spawned two later variants, the Bronco Bass (introduced in 1967) and the Musicmaster Bass (introduced in 1971). Fender also released two esoteric ‘bass’ guitars, the Fender Bass V (introduced in 1965), which was the world’s first 5‑string bass guitar and the 6‑string Bass VI (introduced in 1961). The latter was strongly influenced by the Fender Jaguar guitar design. The Bass VI was Fender’s upmarket response to the Danelectro 6‑string bass introduced 5 years earlier. The Bass VI is unique in having 3 pickups, 6 lighter gauge strings, a short 30” scale, a floating bridge and a mechanical vibrato as used on the Jazzmaster/Jaguar guitars, as well as a removable string mute. To compete with the Gibson EB‑2 and Epiphone Rivoli thinline semi‑acoustic basses, Fender introduced the hollow Coronado Bass in 1966.
In addition, the ‘other’ Californian company, Rickenbacker, run by F.C. Hall at the time, also wasn’t going to be left on the side‑lines in the bass department. Rickenbacker had hired Roger Rossmeisl (1927‑1979) who designed the brand’s key guitars and the 4000 series basses. The Rickenbacker 4000 bass with its distinctive cresting wave body outline and thru‑neck construction was launched in 1957. Subsequent models were named 4001, 4002, 4003, 4004, all being variants of the same basic instrument. There isn’t enough space to go into the specification differences here.
A decade after Leo Fender left the company that still carries his name today, Music Man was formed in California and released Leo Fender’s vision for the next evolution of his era defining bass guitars. The Music Man Stingray Bass was released in 1976 with a single large bridge humbucker, distinctive 3+1 headstock, innovative on‑board active electronics and an integral string mute. While Music Man’s guitars never caught on at the time, the Stingray Bass has joined Fender and Rickenbacker as an iconic design for many bass musicians. The Stingray Bass was especially popular for funk slap‑style bass technique for the likes of Louis Johnson of the Brothers Johnson.
There are a few other notable basses, such as the German Höfner ‘violin bass’, the 500/1, made famous by Paul McCartney of The Beatles. This model, introduced in 1955, with its carved solid spruce top and humbucking pickups, is often nicknamed the ‘Beatle Bass’. Beyond the Beatles connection, though, the 500/1 remains a relatively minor entry in the bass stakes, while the company’s only other notable entry being the Höfner Club and Verythin basses.
Another oddity to mention at this point is the Swedish Hagström H8, unique for being the world’s first mass‑produced 8‑string bass, with four pairs of strings on a short 30” scale. The H8 was only produced briefly from 1967‑1969.
Throughout the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s a plethora of other companies jumped on the bandwagon, eager to make the most of the massive increase in demand as rock, pop and other genres proliferated. Many of the basses produced during this time were flagrant facsimiles of the best‑selling American brand models, often by Japanese companies (now termed ‘lawsuit‑era’ copies). Other companies like Warwick in Germany were making their own headway with their successful original‑design Thumb and Streamer basses.
Today (2024), Fender arguably still rules the roost with basses covering all bases (sic!) from budget to elite models. All other brands stand firmly in Fender’s enviable shadow. While Fender may dominate, there are now plenty of alternative options. There are some incredible bass guitars out there, some of which are listed later in this article for those that want to diverge from the predictable industry standard ‘Fender sound’. There are numerous ways to deviate from the common path, with different brands, string/pickup configurations, electronics, scale lengths, body construction, etc. The quality of budget instruments is vastly superior to anything available in the past and provides a strong basis (again, sic!) for players seeking to learn and develop their skills.
The acoustic bass guitar
While the solid body electric bass guitar finally took the world by storm from the 1950s and 1960s, the acoustic bass guitar has proved to be another modern, notable and niche instrument. The first (largely unsuccessful) attempts at acoustic bass guitars began to appear in the 1950s as a logical extension to its electric counterpart.
Historically, one of the earliest acoustic bass‑like instruments was the Mexican guitarrón, which has its roots in the 16th Century and is widely used in Mexican Mariachi bands. While looking similar to a guitar, these huge instruments were either 6‑string or 12‑string acoustic instruments, tuned in A‑D‑G‑C‑E‑A.
In 1972, Ernie Ball introduced the Earthwood acoustic bass guitar, stating that “…if there were electric bass guitars to go with electric guitars then you ought to have acoustic basses to go with acoustic guitars.” A simple yet ‘blindingly obvious’ observation, given the benefit of hindsight. Ernie Ball took a guitarrón, being the nearest thing to an existing acoustic bass guitar, and created a more practical instrument for guitar‑centric American consumers. The Earthwood was relatively short‑lived but the foundation of the acoustic bass guitar was established. American company Washburn took the concept and created more successful instruments that coincided neatly with MTV’s Unplugged concert series (1989‑1999). Interestingly, despite starting it all, Ernie Ball does not have an acoustic bass guitar available to buy at the time of writing.
Acoustic bass guitar construction is essentially similar to the steel‑strung flat top acoustic folk guitar, with a larger hollow wooden body and a longer scale neck. Most acoustic basses have four strings, tuned in the same way as an electric bass, E‑A‑D‑G, an octave below a standard guitar. The majority of acoustic basses have fretted fingerboards, although some are fretless.
Like many modern day acoustic guitars, many acoustic bass models have pickups to enable them to be amplified for stage use or DI’d for recording purposes. Some instruments are thinline electric semi‑acoustic basses while others are full‑depth electro‑acoustic basses. These are designed primarily as acoustic basses with an on‑board pickup for additional amplification when needed.
Today, there are any number of acoustic bass guitars on the market for every level of player and every price point from many key manufacturers including, amongst others; Martin, Taylor, Guild, Fender, Takamine, Ovation, Tanglewood, Epiphone, Warwick, Epiphone, Washburn, Godin, ESP, Breedlove, Larivée, Framus, Hohner, Ozark, Dean, D’Angelico, Ibanez, Sigma, Alvarez and Cort.
Bass guitar amplification
In the early days of bass guitars, brands released bass amplifiers to accompany their instruments, often sold as a package (see Tutmarc’s Audiovox above, for example). Other brands like Rickenbacker did the same in the early days. The main difference between guitar amps and bass amps is that the latter are tuned specifically to reproduce bass frequencies accurately. A standard 4‑string bass guitar produces low frequencies in the range 41Hz to 100Hz with overtones extending up to 4‑5kHz (not dissimilar to an acoustic double bass in fact).
In terms of sound pressure levels, bass frequencies need more power to be heard by the human ear/brain at the same volume as higher frequencies, so bass amps tend to have higher power ratings than guitar amps. In the past, speakers for bass also tended to be larger with 12”, 15” or even 18” to shift the amount of air needed at lower frequencies. In contrast, guitar speakers tended to be 10”or 12”. Bass speaker cabinets, especially those with multiple speakers, normally had sealed or ported enclosures to increase volume. For all these reasons bass amplifiers and speaker cabinets tend to be different to their guitar equivalents.
Probably the most famous brand associated specifically for its bass amplification is the American company Ampeg, founded in 1946 and now under the ownership of Japanese giant, Yamaha. Ampeg started out attempting to amplify the acoustic double bass in 1949 by using a microphone/pickup in the instrument’s stand. The ‘Amplified Peg’ as it was called was then shortened to ‘Ampeg’ and the rest, as they say, is history. Their most famous range of amps was the 300W Ampeg SVT from 1969 and their bass combo amps, the B‑15 from 1960, as used by the likes of Motown session bass player James Jamerson.
It was no surprise that Fender, the leader in the world of bass guitars from the 1950s should also produce bass amps/cabs. Perhaps the most famous Fender bass amp was the Bassman from 1952 onwards, first introduced as a combo valve amp with a 15” speaker. The most desirable though, was the Dual Rectifier Bassman valve combo with 4×10” speakers. From 1960. Fender also released a ‘piggy back’ amp head and speaker cabinet design to cope with higher power levels and to provide flexibility. From 2000, Fender released a solid state version of the legendary Bassman amp. The original valve Bassman also became beloved by many guitar players for its tone, for instance by the late blues rock guitarist, Stevie Ray Vaughan (SRV).
Student bass players also needed a bass amp. So Fender introduced the Musicmaster Bass amplifier in 1970, as a companion to the Fender Musicmaster Bass guitar. The Musicmaster Bass combo amp was a very simple affair with one channel, 12W of power, volume and tone controls and a single 12″ Fender speaker. Like the Bassman, it has latterly been enjoying a bit of a revival as a budget vintage amp for guitarists. The Musicmaster Bass amp was discontinued in 1982 after the introduction of the Fender Studio Bass combo and Japanese Fender Sidekick Bass 30. Nowadays, the extensive Fender Rumble series has proved very popular with bass players.
Legendary British amplifier company Marshall was not going to be left behind. Marshall’s first 100‑watt bass head was the JTM 45/100 / JTM 45 Super 100 model. Another, also dating from the second half of the 1960s, is the JMP #1992 Super Bass 100 (100W) and JMP #1986 Bass (50W). Like the Fender Bassman, the Marshall Super Bass 100W also proved popular with guitarists. Bass players were also known to use the Marshall #1963 Super PA (50W) and Marshall #1968 Super PA (100W) amps.
Another legendary British amplifier company, VOX produced bass versions of its AC‑15 and AC‑30 combo amps. These were followed in 1963 by the VOX T‑60 and Foundation amps, the latter promoted by Bill Wyman of the Rolling Stones.
German acoustic amp company AER also produce a range of bass amps, particularly well‑suited to amplifying acoustic and electro‑acoustic bass guitars.
Bass guitarists turn out to be a little less conservative than their guitarist counterparts, especially when it comes to amplification and speaker cabinets. For instance there are plenty of modern‑day bass amps that use efficient solid state D‑class amplification (a type of amplifier that uses digital switching technology to amplify audio signals efficiently), with very high power ratings – 500W and 600W or more being not uncommon. Bass amps often also make wide use of sophisticated on‑board EQ. Speaker cabinet configurations also tend to be more versatile with reflex ports, horns, tweeters and combining multiple speaker types being common.
There are many other valve, solid state or hybrid bass amplifier manufacturers not mentioned above, including Trace Elliot, Ashdown Engineering, Mesa/Boogie, Peavey, Music Man, Hiwatt, Laney, Sound City, H/H, WEM, Hartke and Orange.
Bass guitar effects
Things have changed a great deal over the decades since 1951. In the early days of the solid body electric bass guitar, most players plugged straight into their amps without much in the way of tone augmentation.
By the 1970s and 1980s bass players had a paucity of effects specially designed for their instruments, so they generally adopted guitar effects with just a few bass‑specific pedals to choose from. Since the industry started to migrate to digital technology from the 1980s onwards, the major effect companies began to produce pedals designed primarily for use with bass guitars. Now, in the 2020s, there is plenty of choice with most of the big players in the effect industry now making bass‑specific effect pedals, including Electro‑Harmonix, MXR, BOSS, Ibanez, Fender, Laney and Ampeg.
In addition, from around the start of the new millennium, a number of manufacturers turned their ideas for integrated multi‑effect units into practical musicians’ tools that became popular for both guitar and bass, including BOSS, VOX, Zoom, Tech 21, Behringer and Valeton.
In 1998, Line 6 introduced a ground‑breaking innovation called the POD, which put many guitar effects, amps and cabinet emulations into a single portable unit. While the little red kidney shaped POD was initially directed at guitarists, the rack mounted Line 6 POD Pro models came in both guitar and bass versions. Since then, Line 6 and other manufacturers now combine guitar and bass amp/effect/cabinet emulations into a single unit. These units are constantly improving and are gradually replacing stage backlines with direct input (DI) into PAs/monitors, as well as into studio desks/DAWs. Along with the POD, Line 6, also now part of Yamaha, is still in the same business with their extensive Helix range.
Alternatives to the Line 6 POD and Helix units include the Axe-Fx III from Fractal Audio, which is a pro‑level amplification/effects processor suitable for both guitar and bass. Meanwhile, Kemper Amps took a slightly different route with their Profiler, which has all‑in‑one effects, amplifier and speaker cabinet profiles designed for both guitar and bass.
Just to finish off, there are numerous boutique effect pedal manufacturers that produce stomp boxes, often to very high degrees of quality, including brands such as Way Huge, TC Electronic, EarthQuaker Devices, Darkglass, Aguilar, Origin Effects, Free The Tone, Providence, Source Audio, Walrus Audio, ZVEX, Mooer Audio, Sansamp, Digitech, Eventide, Strymon, JHS, Keeley and Empress Effects.
Iconic (and other) bass guitars
The next sentence is likely to be highly provocative and intentionally so. While there are innumerable bass guitar models out there from 1951 to the current day, there are probably only four bass guitar models that can truly be called iconic (i.e. something that is widely considered to epitomize an era, culture, community or place). The four key instruments – none of which are based on guitar equivalents – that stand head and shoulders above the rest are:
Truly iconic bass guitars: Fender Precision Bass (1951‑date) Fender Jazz Bass (1960‑date) Rickenbacker 4000 series (1957‑date) Music Man Stingray Bass (1976‑date)
In addition, below are listed just a very few of the other great electric bass guitars manufactured from 1951 onwards. This is far from a comprehensive list and is intended only to be broadly indicative of the type.
Gibson bass guitars: Gibson EB series Gibson Thunderbird Gibson Explorer Bass Gibson Melody Maker Bass Gibson Grabber/Ripper/G3 Gibson RD series Gibson Triumph Gibson Victory Gibson 20/20 Bass
Epiphone bass guitars (not including Epiphone versions of Gibson basses): Epiphone Embassy Epiphone Newport Epiphone Rivoli Epiphone Viola
Other American brand bass guitars: Alembic Series 1/2 Ampeg Dan Armstrong Lucite Ampeg AEB-1 BC Rich Eagle BC Rich Mockingbird BC Rich Warlock Danelectro Longhorn 4623 Danelectro Shorthorn 3612 G&L JB2 G&L L1000/L2000 Gretsch 6071/6072 Gretsch G2220 Junior Jet Gretsch 5440 Electromatic Guild B-301/B-302 Guild Starfire Harmony H22 Harmony H27 Jackson JS Kramer 450-B/650-B Kramer DMZ Lakland Skyline Music Man Sabre Music Man Sterling National Val Pro Model 85 Ovation Magnum Peavey T-40 Peavey Millennium/Milestone PRS SE Kestrel/Kingfisher Schecter Omen Schecter Stilletto Silvertone 1440 series Steinberger Spirit XT Steinberger Synapse Supro Pocket Travis Bean TB2000 Washburn Taurus
European bass guitars: Burns Sonic Hagström H8 Höfner Club Höfner HCT-500/1 Höfner President Hohner B2 Hohner The Jack VOX Clubman VOX Cougar VOX Phantom 4 VOX Sidewinder VOX VBW Teardrop Bass Wal Mk1/Mk2 Warwick Thumb/Streamer/Infinity/Corvette Warwick Rockbass
Japanese bass guitars: Other than perhaps the Yamaha BB and TRBX series, and the Ibanez SR and TMB series, Japanese bass guitars do not have the same level of brand/model heritage when compared to those produced by American and European companies. There are, however, many Japanese basses produced by companies such as Ibanez, Tokai, Greco, Jedson, Westone, Teisco, ESP/LTD, Fernandes and Aria.
“Without the Fender bass, there’d be no rock n’ roll or no Motown. The electric guitar had been waiting ’round since 1939 for a nice partner to come along. It became an electric rhythm section, and that changed everything.” – Quincy Jones (1933‑)
Famous bass players
Below are listed seventy of the world’s most famous and influential bass players – alive and departed – including upright double bass and electric solid body bass guitar players. There are, of course, many, many more but this is an indicative list for those interested in exploring some of the music created by these diverse musicians (in alphabetical order):
Aston ‘Family Man’ Barrett (Bob Marley & The Wailers) Walter Becker (Steely Dan) Andy Bell (Oasis) Bill Black (Elvis Presley) Jack Bruce (Cream) Cliff Burton (Metallica) Geezer Butler (Black Sabbath) John Cale (Velvet Underground) Stanley Clarke (Return To Forever, solo) Adam Clayton (U2) Bootsy Collins (James Brown, Parliament/Funkadelic) Tim Commerford (Rage Against The Machine/Audioslave) Billy Cox (Jimi Hendrix) John Deacon (Queen) Kim Deal (Pixies, Breeders) Willie Dixon Gail Ann Dorsey (David Bowie) Bernard Edwards (Chic) John Entwistle (The Who) Flea (a.k.a. Michael Peter Balzary – Red Hot Chili Peppers) Bruce Foxton (The Jam) Simon Gallup (The Cure) Roger Glover (Deep Purple) Kim Gordon (Sonic Youth) Larry Graham (Sly & The Family Stone) Marshall Grant (Johnny Cash) Steve Harris (Iron Maiden) Dusty Hill (ZZ Top) Peter Hook (Joy Division, New Order, The Light) Glenn Hughes (Deep Purple) Jah Wobble (a.k.a. John Joseph Wardle) James Jamerson (session musician) Louis Johnson (The Brothers Johnson) John Paul Jones (Led Zeppelin) Carol Kaye (session musician) Lemmy Kilmister (Hawkwind, Motörhead) Mark King (Level 42) Alan Lancaster (Status Quo) Geddy Lee (Rush) Phil Lesh (Grateful Dead) Tony Levin (Peter Gabriel) Jenny Lee Lindberg (Warpaint) Phil Lynott (Thin Lizzy) Glen Matlock (Sex Pistols) Paul McCartney (The Beatles, Wings, solo) Duff McKagan (Guns N’ Roses) John McVie (Fleetwood Mac) Marcus Miller (Miles Davis, Herbie Hancock, George Benson) Charles Mingus Krist Novoselic (Nirvana) Pino Palladino (session musician) Jaco Pastorius (Weather Report) Guy Pratt (Madonna, David Gilmour) Suzi Quatro Dee Dee Ramone (Ramones) Noel Redding (Jimi Hendrix) Mike Rutherford (Genesis) Robbie Shakespeare (Sly & Robbie) Billy Sheehan (Steve Vai, David Lee Roth) Gene Simmons (KISS) Nikki Sixx (a.k.a. Frank Carlton Serafino Feranna Jr. – Mötley Crüe) Chris Squire (Yes) Sting (a.k.a. Gordon Sumner – The Police) Danny Thompson (John Martyn) Thundercat (a.k.a. Stephen Lee Bruner) Robert Trujillo (Metallica) Sid Vicious (a.k.a. Simon John Ritchie – Sex Pistols) Roger Waters (Pink Floyd) Tina Weymouth (Talking Heads, Tom Tom Club) Tal Wilkenfeld (Jeff Beck, Prince) Bill Wyman (Rolling Stones, Bill Wyman’s Rhythm Kings)
“The gunk takes the funk” – James Jamerson (1936‑1983)
Bass in the (near) future
It is difficult for, and unfair of, me as a guitarist, to predict any sort of unified future for the bass guitar but I’ll give it a shot.
The traditional conservative brigade will still stick to tried and tested instruments and equipment. Musicians looking for something a bit different will probably want to experiment with the format, for instance number of strings, scale lengths, pickups and electronics. If anything there will be more radical and custom bass guitar designs from up‑market and boutique luthiers that diverge from the traditional archetype set by Fender over 70 years ago. Many additions to the form extend the flexibility of the core instrument, so it may be a case of further evolution, rather than revolution.
Bass amplification will continue to diverge from its simple valve origins and continue to embrace the digital realm, probably dispensing with backline amps/cabs altogether with signals being DI’d into desks/PA/monitors.
While bass players haven’t been particularly well served in the past for bass‑specific effect pedals, I anticipate that bass effects will achieve greater representation, including some out‑there effects not currently available to guitar players.
Bass guitar players have struggled to compete, with synthesisers dominating the world of modern electronica, dance and popular music. At least, for now (thankfully), the bass guitar remains essential to most guitar‑based music in a sort of symbiotic, co‑dependent relationship. As long as guitars keep going, so will bass, and vice versa. Bass players, being ever inventive individuals, will adapt and cultivate new ways to keep the instrument relevant, current and in the limelight for decades to come.
Technique‑wise, there will continue to be the traditional approaches towards walking bass lines, typically using the fundamental root/fifth styles that has been the general mainstay of modern music for decades. In contrast, there will be many more amazing virtuoso bass players who see the versatility and potential of the instrument in its own right.
So, other than tangible incremental progress around the margins, there is probably not a whole lot that will change profoundly in the near future. I may be wrong with that last sentence. In many ways, I hope so!
Interestingly, while the upright double bass continues to appear in modern music from time to time, the solid body fretted electric bass hasn’t really made any headway into the clique of conservative classical orchestral music, which still relies heavily on the traditional, some may say archaic, acoustic upright double bass.
Resources
Periodicals dedicated to bass guitar may be the best place to keep up‑to‑date with the technology and equipment associated with the instrument. Publications include Bass Musician Magazine, Bass Player Guitar Magazine, Bass Guitar Magazine, Bass Magazine, Bass Musician and Bass Gear Magazine.
Online resources include Music Radar, TalkBass.com, Basschat and No Treble. There are also many books on bass guitars and bass playing techniques, including the inevitable, ‘Bass Guitar For Dummies’.
As far as purchasing bass guitars, there are the large Internet sites, brick & mortar retailers and the usual online sites, Reverb.com and eBay. For vintage and rare bass guitars, there are outlets purely for basses including (in the UK) Andy Baxter Bass, The Bass Gallery, The Bass Centre, Vintage Bass Room and ClassicandcoolGuitars.
Some final thoughts
I certainly learnt a lot from researching and writing this article. At first sight, there may seem to be quite a bit of relevant information on the Internet. It is only when one starts to dig deeper and attempt to put something together that makes some form of sense that things rapidly become unclear. All of a sudden, much of the available information seems incomplete, contradictory, vague and/or outright erroneous. In the end, it comes down to evidence and corroboration but sorting the wheat from the chaff isn’t always easy. It seems that online information about vintage guitars is far more reliable than that about vintage basses. There are far too many poorly informed people who invent facts and present opinion as truth.
Despite my best attempts to piece things together, I may have fallen foul of the same issues raised above. However, I have tried very hard not to fill in gaps with assumptions and/or fiction. While I endeavour to be thorough and rigorous, my approach isn’t academic and I don’t have the time, funds or energy to provide the last word in scholarly fact. The contents herein should therefore probably not be relied upon too heavily. This article should, for that reason alone, be regarded as my best intention to balance fact with entertainment.
“Believe nothing, no matter where you read it, or who said it, unless it agrees with your own reason and your own common sense.” – Buddha (Siddhārtha Gautama – c.480‑400BCE)
This is just the sort of article that would benefit greatly from images to illustrate and break up the narrative. Sadly as a (broke) not‑for‑profit entity, I cannot afford the costly copyright/royalties charged for the use of relevant images, so I have had to rely on very limited free/public domain resources or my own photographs. I apologise for the thousands of words used to describe what images could do in none. Once again, no AI was used in the research and writing of this tome – only my own hard work.
NB. Apologies to anyone disappointed by the wait for a cheap, clichéd joke at the expense of ‘the bass player’! T’ain’t gonna happen here. Love ‘the bass player’.
CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Album of the Month’
Given that this month’s article focuses on the fascinating history of the bass guitar, it seems only fitting to select an album that demonstrates the virtuoso bass playing of one of the greatest bass guitarists of all time, Jaco Pastorius (1951‑1987) and his famous modified fretless Fender Jazz Bass.
Weather Report – Heavy Weather (1977) – The seventh and most commercially successful studio album by the American jazz fusion band. ‘Heavy Weather’ was the first album with Pastorius on full‑time bass duties. The smooth jazz funk production of the album, which was released at the peak of the punk rock movement in the US and UK, stood in stark contrast to the otherwise brutal sounds of the late 1970s. Given that it sold in huge numbers (and still does) is testament to the composition and musicianship on display. Initial sales were about 500,000 and total sales to‑date are over 1.06 million. Other Weather Report albums may be ‘better’ according to purists but this is the one I heard first and it has stuck with me over the years.
To me, this album hit me right between the eyes about what virtuoso bass playing can be like. There are many, many other artists and albums that could arguably take the acclaim, for instance Stanley Clarke’s successful solo album, ‘School Days’ (1976), but on this occasion, the late, great Jaco (& co.) takes the accolade, such as it is.
“I’m the greatest bass player in the world” – Jaco Pastorius (1951‑1987)
Tailpiece
Well, there you go. I think that most of us love a bit of decent low bass in our music. I hope y’all got something out of this fleeting exploration into the defining instruments, artists and music of the lower registers. I think the narrative works well as a complement to the launch of CRAVE Basses at the end of 2023, but that’s just my (obviously biased) opinion.
I hope you feel inclined to come back next month to see what’s currently fermenting in the CRAVE guitars’ secret brewery.
Truth, peace, love, and guitar music be with you always. Until next time…
CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Quote of the Month’: “Mundanity is the devourer of lost dreams”
Hi y’all. This month’s article is mercifully short (relative to most) and a necessary, albeit uncomfortable, therapeutic self‑indulgence. It is probably not an enjoyable read, just as it was not enjoyable to write. Time, methinks, for some clarification. This article is about CRAVE (Cool & Rare American Vintage Electric) Guitars’ recent journey.
Before CRAVE Guitars, I was pretty much invisible to the world. Good, suits me fine. Even now, Crave Guitars is the main focus. Call me whatever you like; enigmatic, shy, introverted, inscrutable, reserved, or reclusive… I prefer to avoid people and I enjoy solitude. This is a lifestyle choice. Strangely for a guitarist, I do not crave (sic!) the limelight. I like to let the musical artefacts speak for themselves. To me, they are far more important. Publishing anonymously behind the veil of CRAVE Guitars is an indispensable creative outlet.
For those in the know, CRAVE Guitars took a ‘break’ for almost 3 years. That meant no monthly articles and a total withdrawal from participating in social media. Development of the CRAVE Guitars’ website also stalled, while expansion of the enterprise itself was reduced to a casual pastime. To all intents and purposes, CRAVE Guitars ground to an almighty stop overnight, at least as far as the outside world was concerned, although it has continued to tick over in the background. Playing guitar also dropped off to near‑nothing, so no more feeble fantasies for recording or video.
At the time, I thought that this ‘break’ would only be a very temporary interruption and things could return to status quo relatively quickly. Unfortunately, it turned out to be an extended absence. However, as time passed since the September 2020 cliff edge, I found the task of putting finger to keyboard increasingly challenging, making the hiatus a ‘thing’ in its own right that I knew eventually had to be confronted and dealt with.
In September 2023, I returned tentatively to writing with the article, ‘Dub Reggae Revelation’, exploring the wonderful world of Jamaican music, while October saw the next article, ‘Adventures in Ambient’, a delve into the serene, otherworldly dimension of ambient electronica. Neither of these articles focused on vintage guitars and neither genre is particularly guitar‑oriented. Why return with these in‑depth research projects you may ask? To tell the truth, both of these articles were an intentional and ‘safe’ distraction from addressing the pachyderm in the place (NB. The ‘elephant in the room’ is an idiom deriving from an 1814 story by poet Ivan Krylov, ‘The Inquisitive Man’). I also made a very hesitant return to posting occasional items on various social media platforms, although the prospect of getting back onto that particular treadmill remains daunting.
I apologise upfront for the style and content after an extended break; I’m basically out of practice and need to get back to being ‘match ready’. What follows is not a full explanation for the break, however, it is a cathartic attempt to ‘break the silence’ and restore some sense of realism. So…
Cause and effect
Coronavirus – The ‘coronapocalypse’ or ‘coronageddon’ pandemic started in early 2020 and we all know what happened between then and now. Over 771 million cases of SARS‑CoV‑2 worldwide and almost 7 million deaths (25 million cases and over 230,000 deaths in the UK alone, a shameful 9th in the global league table, with the US at the top). Lockdowns, self‑isolation, testing, vaccinations, ventilators, hospitalisations, deaths and all that went along with the spread of the virus have been well‑documented elsewhere. In October 2023, Covid‑19 is very much still with us and continues to mutate, taking more lives in the process. As an inherently anti‑social animal, withdrawal from the social order was easy for me as a lifelong misanthropist and borderline sociopath. The impact on live music, music venues and manufacturers due to Covid has, however, been fairly catastrophic, as has the number of artists directly or indirectly affected by the contagion. What I think everyone can agree on is that the global health crisis has undoubtedly had a major impact on our day‑to‑day behaviour, mental health and occupational prospects. Covid, whatever its origins, respects no territorial boundaries and affects everyone; a so‑called ‘leveller’.
To quote Italian writer and moral philosopher Dante Alighieri (c.1265‑1321) from ‘Inferno’, “I had not thought death had undone so many”.
Economics – A deep crisis with a high price indeed. Thanks to Putinland egregiously and aggressively expanding its redundant soviet empirical aspirations, everyone, everywhere has felt the negative impact of just getting by on a day‑to‑day basis. The Middle East resorting to pointless bloody conflict again only adds fossil fuel to the escalating economic volatility. Never mind the tyrannical exploits of the People’s (?!) Republic of China. Etc., etc., etc. As CRAVE Guitars is a not‑for‑profit enterprise, there is no fat on the bones to indulge the increasingly expensive ‘hobby’ of vintage guitar hoarding. A low fixed income lags about a year behind the times during the current economic climate, so no spare pennies to squander on old gear. Vintage guitars tend to increase in (or at least hold their) value during recession and increase disproportionately so under periods of growth or high inflation, pushing these desirable relics out of the reach of enthusiasts (like me) and into the hands of wealthy collectors seeking return on investment and profit. Demand continues to outstrip supply, at least in everything I can afford. Ggrr. Argh. Sigh.
“War. What is it good for? Absolutely nothing.” (Edwin Starr, War 1970).
Life – During 2020 and 2021, the demands of sustaining all aspects of everyday life eventually proved overwhelming and something had to give. In addition to the already stated ‘break’, I also could not keep on top of current music and industry‑related events, so my insights into what was going on were inevitably constrained. My motivation and ability to acquire, maintain and play vintage gear also hit the proverbial buffers. The repugnant politics of, particularly, Twitter (now Elon Musk’s execrable X) resulted in a general reluctance to engage with online communities. The abuse simply wasn’t worth the effort. Human behaviour is not improving with time. In fact, it appears to be notably regressing. The outcome was CRAVE Guitars withered in short order like a scorched seedling affected by global overheating. Ultimately, the self‑imposed abstinence was basically driven by self‑preservation and survival.
“These so‑called bleak times are necessary to go through in order to get to a much, much better place.” David Lynch (1946‑)
… and Death – After 43 years since meeting my other half, 33 years of marriage, and 13 years of caring (the last 6 years full‑time), my soulmate finally succumbed to cancer in 2022 after a protracted and particularly brutal decline. ‘Until death do us part’, as vowed. This, sadly, is the way of the wicked world and we will all, at some point, pop our proverbial clogs and shuffle off this mortal coil (mixing metaphors, sorry Mr. Shakespeare). Cancer sucks and there is no magic spell for getting over its cruel incursion. Fundamental and profound grief is definitely not conducive to the pursuance of a preoccupation, however, obsessive, with material things. An existential watershed was thus irrevocably cast. The inevitable and involuntary re‑evaluation of one’s existence results in a re‑prioritisation and reflection about one’s ikigai – the Japanese concept meaning the achievement of a sense of purpose and a reason for living. This is not an excuse, just a cruel and unavoidable fact of life… and death. Farewell wife. R.I.P.
“It is crucial to be mindful of death – to contemplate that you will not remain long in this life. If you are not aware of death, you will fail to take advantage of this special human life that you have already attained.” (The 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso 1935‑)
Extortion – Around September 2021, CRAVE Guitars was subject to Internet extortion. A German company using a household brand name as a front threatened legal action for copyright infringement. Whatever the circumstances, I was forced into settling rather than risk disproportionate legal costs to defend against the possibility of legal action. However, the incident was totally fraudulent and the UK authorities took no notice, as it emanated from the EU (which apparently is no longer part of the UK) and, to them, insignificant in value. Thanks for absolutely nothing British Police and fraud investigation. Hello! Blackmail is a crime! For a not‑for‑profit enterprise with zero budget, this proved temporarily crippling. The specific event caused a ‘crisis of faith’ about whether to continue with CRAVE Guitars at all, while also compounding other pressures. Self‑doubt is a horrible and unproductive experience. All previous articles have had to be substantially edited with all images not totally owned by CRAVE Guitars were removed from all features, articles and web site pages, severely reducing their potential interest to the casual reader. All images used by CRAVE Guitars are now diligently produced either in‑house or obtained via copyright/royalty‑free sources.
“Blackmail is more effective than bribery.” John Le Carré (1931‑2020)
Property – CRAVE Guitars is not a discrete entity. It is not a museum and it is not a commercial enterprise. It operates out of a normal, and rather small, house in the South West of the UK. The property is almost 100 years old and in a very poor condition. The recent imperative has been to renovate the structure to provide liveable accommodation. As a result, a large proportion of time, effort and funds have had to be re‑directed towards extensive necessary property upkeep, leaving little in the way of capital for other things (like vintage guitars). The long‑intimated cellar refurbishment to provide a safe and secure home for the vintage gear keeps getting shunted down the list of priorities and further into the future. It does, however, remain a goal. The lack of storage space limits acquisition of any more instruments.
“Another flaw in the human character is that everybody wants to build and nobody wants to do maintenance.” Kurt Vonnegut (1922‑2007)
Karma – Hatred is a negative and wasteful emotion that has no redeeming characteristics whatsoever. It drains the soul of compassion. However, there are many contemptable people in this world intent on furthering their own agendas at others’ expense, seemingly with impunity. Everyone probably has a degree of experience of such self‑entitled, exploitative and controlling individuals. They are vile, vindictive and unfortunately often unavoidable, intent on causing misery wherever they go. Fortunately, such heinous parasites are relatively rare. The list is short but the hostile influence is high. Given that societal structures favour law over justice, it is unwise to name such vermin. I just hope that, in some way, they become aware of the terrible consequence of their actions and that their conscience holds them accountable. Sadly, they may not exhibit the necessary integrity and contrition. Where is karma when it is really needed?
“Now hatred is by far the longest pleasure; men love in haste but they detest at leisure.” Lord Byron (1788‑1824)
Musicology – Perhaps there is one positive note amongst all the preceding doom and gloom. My fascination with all things musical has been both long‑running and constant over time. While other things were understandably dominating priorities, the hiatus did present an opportunity for musical exploration and experimentation. I am no authority on the matter so, I set about addressing this particular shortcoming by adopting a more rigorous approach towards understanding and appreciating contemporary music (from the 1950s to the current day). Modern music is at least relevant and related to CRAVE Guitars to a greater or lesser extent, so therefore within my general bailiwick. I intend to come back to this side project on another occasion.
“For I was conscious that I knew practically nothing…” (attributed to Plato’s account of Socrates),
Summary – The extended hiatus appears, prima facie, to be an irrational and disproportionate response to a culmination of disparate events that, in the past, would (probably) not have been a big issue either in isolation or together. There was no single external trigger, rather a confluence of factors that proved to be ‘the straw that broke the camel’s back’ (NB. an idiom derived from an Arabic proverb that describes a minor action that causes an unpredictably large and sudden reaction, resulting from the cumulative effect of small actions – a.k.a. ‘the last straw’). However proverbial it is, it does raise the point that we all need to do our best, despite difficult circumstances, to look after ourselves first and foremost. Not to do so inhibits our ability to deal with external threats and have empathy for others. We only live once and life really is too short (see above). There are no second chances. Time to be positive about the future…
“The future depends on what we do in the present.” Mahatma Gandhi (1869‑1948)
The way forward
In late 2023, I regard my preoccupation with CRAVE Guitars as essential therapy to help cope with other day‑to‑day circumstances. I am, however, still finding it incredibly hard to rekindle the spark of craving (sic!) held previously. The prospect of CRAVE Guitars returning to its old form is, as far as I can tell at the time of writing, rather unlikely. After over sixteen years of building the ‘brand’, this state of affairs is genuinely heart rending.
As I am only just beginning to recover some of my former vintage guitar mojo, I cannot say for sure what the way forward will be. The first faltering purgative steps are, I think, basically threefold:
To resume writing articles, although these will not be regular or consistent to begin with and they will likely not be major tomes as before (probably a relief for many!).
To recommence work on maintaining, updating and expanding the CRAVE Guitars web site, together with resuming a modicum of social media activity.
Last but most certainly not least, to get back into acquiring, maintaining, playing and sharing my compulsive captivation with vintage guitar gear.
Simple to say, less easy to do. Pursue them I must for my own sanity. I can only hope that the extensive investment in CRAVE Guitars as a coherent entity over the years has not been totally wasted and that the impetus behind what the brand stands for continues in some form, even if it is in a less assertive fashion.
“Thinking is easy, acting is difficult, and to put one’s thoughts into action is the most difficult thing in the world.” Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749‑1832)
CRAVE Guitars’ Album of the Month:
As this article is an anomaly in the canon, I couldn’t move on without at least mentioning something musical. As we are moving away from sultry summer warmth into darker, cooler and wetter autumn, I’m clinging desperately onto evocative tropical Jamaican beats. Therefore, my selection for ‘album of the month’, October 2023 is:
Dubbing at Aquarius Studios 1977-1979 – The 16 tracks were laid down at Dynamic Sounds, Harry J’s and Randy’s Studio 17 by session bands the Aggrovators, Soul Syndicate and High Times Players, and dubbed at Herman Chin Loy’s Aquarius Studio during the peak years of Jamaican dub reggae. For me, these tracks deserve repeated listening. Irie mon.
Footnote
Mental Health & Wellbeing is a serious issue in today’s chaotic and dysfunctional world. Depression and anxiety present an insidious and invisible menace of 21st Century lifestyles. They are not trivial issues to be dismissed out of hand and can be severely debilitating. The impact is non‑discriminatory and can affect anyone at any time to one degree or another and can strike without warning. There is no simple ‘cure’ and the adverse effects can be both long lasting and unpredictable. If you haven’t actually experienced these problems first hand, it can be difficult to understand the symptoms, let alone be able to unravel the causes. Meds can be useful but ultimately result in a chemical cul‑de‑sac. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is the current fad with professionals but the focus on process is only good for some. High quality one‑to‑one psychotherapy is expensive and thereby exclusive. Mindfulness is a dreadful title but the western concept, based on aspects of eastern spiritualism (but not religion) and meditation, can be an effective tool for building resilience and promoting focus. Whatever your remedy, in the face of an increasingly intrusive stressful life, it is important to take care of your whole self, mental and emotional as well as physical. These opinions, I must emphasise, are not the warped rantings of an insecure neurotic grumpy old man… or are they?
To quote one wise Asian dude, “The secret of health for both mind and body is not to mourn for the past, nor to worry about the future, but to live the present moment wisely and earnestly.” Buddha (Siddhārtha Gautama – c.480-400BCE)
Tailpiece
I apologise once again for the self‑centred, self‑serving self‑pitying nature, as well as the unforgiveable excess of hyperbole, of this therapeutic ‘confessional’. It had to be done. For CRAVE Guitars, putting this ‘explanation’ of involuntary absence was an obligatory recuperative process along the path to recovery. Without casting the metaphorical albatross from the (ancient mariner’s) neck, things could not get back on track. CRAVE Guitars does not need reinventing, rather it needs to adapt to a different paradigm. Hopefully, in an attempt to be positive, there may be the fertile green shoots of a new beginning.
“Ah! well a-day! What evil looks Had I from old and young! Instead of the cross, the Albatross About my neck was hung.” Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772‑1834)
So… is CRAVE Guitars back? Well… only partially. The world around us today is a different place and CRAVE Guitars’ minuscule part in it is going to have to be different. Primarily, this means a more modest, humble and less determined approach to vintage guitar appreciation. Frustrating though it is, it’s possibly better to call it ‘work‑in‑progress’ than any form of momentous return. Long live CRAVE Guitars!
On the plus side, the next few articles are already in planning and likely to be both more relevant and more optimistic than this poor excuse for an editorial. After that, who knows? Watch this space.
Peace, love, truth and guitar music be with you all. Until next time…
CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Quote of the Month’: “Sometimes it is better to withdraw intentionally from society than to be wholly rejected by it”
It’s that time of year again when it seems to be the ‘in’ thing to reflect on the departing year and look ahead to the future whatever it may hold (along with a few obligatory lists along the way). So, in the spirit of seasonal laziness, here is my take on the year just about to leave platform 2016 and to wait for the 20:17 train to who knows where.
A Retrospective
In the music world, the grief that ended 2015 (e.g. Lemmy) continued into 2016. Let’s begin by remembering some of those great artists and guitarists who sadly departed and left us mere mortals behind during the year. I hope they play eternally at the ‘great gig in the sky’…
David Bowie on 10th January, aged 69
Glenn Frey on 18th January, aged 67
Merle Haggard on 6th April, aged 79
Prince on 21st April, aged 57
Lonnie Mack on 21st April, aged 74
Scotty Moore on 28th June, aged 84
Leonard Cohen on 7th November, aged 82
Greg Lake on 7th December, aged 69
Rick Parfitt on 24th December, aged 68
George Michael on 25th December, aged 53
Farewell and Rest In Peace cool dudes, you will be forever remembered for your tremendous legacy… and will be greatly missed for potential works not completed. Kudos. I am not looking forward to 2017 and the inevitable demise of more stalwarts of the music industry. Who will be next? We can only conjecture at this stage.
It has certainly been a year of change. I won’t delve into the controversial world of global politics, even though it affects our lives fundamentally every day. As English guitarist Eric Clapton said, “One of the most beneficial things I’ve ever learned is how to keep my mouth shut”. At a personal level, it has been a complete change of employment, if not lifestyle (yet). I am still working for ‘the man’ but in a different way. After 30 years as a paid employee, I was made redundant and am now self-employed. The massive drop in disposable income has affected CRAVE Guitars by forcing a, hopefully temporary, hiatus in its mission to accumulate more vintage guitars. In fact, only 3 guitars were purchased all year, but what terrific guitars they were in their different ways…
1962 Gretsch 6120 Double Cutaway Chet Atkins Hollowbody (March)
1964 Silvertone 1449 ‘Amp-in-Case’ (October)
1981 Gibson RD Artist (January)
Bizarrely, there was not a Fender amongst them. Note to self… must try harder!
Out of curiosity, I had a look back at my ‘most wanted list’ of guitars from this time last year and I’ve only been able to knock one off the ‘plan’ during the last 12 months (and probably not the one you’d think!). Oh well.
The change, however, was an opening to refocus a bit, without straying too far from the chosen path. Rather than just stop altogether, it enabled me to look at things in a fresh way. As it turned out, a more affordable and modest vintage guitar-related ‘hobby’ filled the sizeable gap. The result was that I was able to build up a modest collection of classic vintage guitar effect pedals, starting with a ‘small box’ Pro Co Rat and ending 5 months and 16 pedals later with a Made in Japan’ Boss PH-1 Phaser. I also resurrected a number of my classic owned-from-new pedals from the ‘70s. These classic pedals can still hold their own in terms of tone and, while not necessarily ergonomic, are well worth the effort.
This cool diversion had its pitfalls, including transit damage, missing bits and difficulty finding vintage parts to refurbish a couple of cool but ‘adapted’ player-grade effects. What I learned is that, while I’m OK at buying guitars, my knowledge of vintage stomp boxes just wasn’t as strong. At least my focus was on the lower end of the vintage market, rather than the overpriced collector end (original Ibanez TS-808s anyone? Gasp!). It will take a while to build up reliable experience and make better‑informed purchases. In total, there were 17 vintage effect pedals purchased during 2016, including (by brand)…
Boss (x5) – CS-1, DS-1, OC-2, OD-1, PH-1
Electro Harmonix (x2) – Little Big Muff pi, Doctor Q
Ibanez (x5) – AD9, CS9, FL301-DX, FL9, TS9
Jen (x1) – Cry Baby Super
MXR (x3) – Blue Box, Distortion +, Phase 90
Pro Co (x1) – RAT
While looking into effect pedals, I also started looking at vintage valve guitar amps again, although I only bought one very cool little loud box during 2016 (not including the Silvertone’s ’amp in case’ above)…
1978 Fender Vibro Champ
What has CRAVE sold during 2016? B*gger all of any significance! I just don’t have the ‘killer instinct to sell effectively, which is why I’m not a dealer. So, the ‘collection’ continues to grow, which isn’t good news, either financially or space-wise.
Turning to recorded music, picking something special out from the ubiquitous, formulaic dross was a bit of a challenge. Here are some of the varied albums (whatever happened to singles?!) released and added to CRAVE Guitars’ playlists in 2016:
Jeff Beck – Loud Hailer
Blossoms – Blossoms
David Bowie – Blackstar
The Coral – Distance Inbetween
Nick Cave And The Bad Seeds – Skeleton Tree
Leonard Cohen – You Want It Darker
Daughter – Not To Disappear
Dinosaur Jr – Give A Glimpse Of What Yer Not
Garbage – Strange Little Birds
The Heavy – Hurt & The Merciless
Iggy Pop – Post Pop Depression
The Kills – Ash & Ice
Megadeth – Dystopia
Metallica – Hardwired… To Self-Destruct
Radiohead – A Moon Shaped Pool
Rolling Stones – Blue & Lonesome
Savages – Adore Life
Seasick Steve – Keepin’ The Horse Between Me And The Ground
Warpaint – Heads Up
One good point towards the end of 2016 was that I was able to see one of my all-time favourite bands and one that has kept me just about sane over many years. I saw The Cure at Wembley Arena, London on 1st December. It is 8 years since I last saw them live in London and New York. They were, as I’d hoped, awesome and still able to perform at the top of their game. They were supported by Scottish indie band, The Twilight Sad, who I’d also been looking forward to seeing for some time; impressive. As I was unable to make the pilgrimage to Glastonbury Festival this year, this one major gig made up for it. Long may Robert Smith and The Cure continue to inspire – thanks Bob. I can only hope that this tour may herald a new album in the near future (hint, hint!).
While on the topic of live bands, it occurred to me that it is a very ephemeral experience. On quiet reflection, if there is one band that I would have liked to have seen but didn’t and now it’s too late… The Clash. The one band that I haven’t seen yet that I would like to see before it’s too late… Rage Against the Machine. Of course there are many, many mainstream artists that could go on those particular lists. These were just ones that came to mind when I asked the rhetorical question.
A Prospective
Trivia fact: In English etymology, ‘prospective’ is a valid antonym for ‘retrospective’. So, I took the indulgence of looking forward through the looking glass and speculating a little on what may lie ahead.
Firstly, CRAVE Guitars will hopefully be relocating soon. I was hoping it was going to be before Christmas but it will now be in early 2017. Major problems and escalating costs with the new place, including somewhere to store the guitars dry, warm, safe and secure, means that even pedal purchasing has now been put on hold until further notice while some massively expensive but essential rebuilding takes place and (sadly) uses all my remaining (guitar) capital.
Furthermore, my self-employed work ends at Christmas, so unemployment (tactically, I prefer to call it early retirement) looms on the immediate horizon. Ironically, after years of having no time and a little cash has been turned around such that I may soon have a little time and no cash. Hey-ho, story of my life; one can’t have it all, eh?
If there is a way that CRAVE Guitars could be put on a different basis and become a full‑time occupation, I’d like to do it. I need to learn how to sell though (see above). It would be terrific if I could realise my long-held ambition and put all my hard work over the last few years to good use. Harsh life experiences over many years suggest that this won’t happen so, perhaps, it is about time for a meagre sprinkling of ‘good luck’ to come my way for once.
Unfortunately, the prevailing economic climate is not conducive to starting up a professional niche business with next to zero capital, no access to finance, sparse experience, and little reliable entrepreneurial advice, all within the context of political, economic and social turmoil. In the UK, we’ve had a General Election, political meltdown, crippling national debt and the insanity of ‘Brexit’ (what a stupid ‘word’ that is!). In the US we’ve had Clinton being well and truly Trumped (amid much conspiracy theory), which is a scary proposition for the whole world. Mad! Since the EU Referendum, the $USD to £GBP exchange rate has fallen through the floor, so one of CRAVE’s strengths – importing vintage guitars from homeland U.S.A. – is now next to impossible as the costs have simply become prohibitive (at least on the modest funds at my disposal). As 2017 looks to provide more surprises and yet more change, there is little point in further speculation about exactly what might transpire. I wonder what CRAVE’s December 2017 article will have to say (all other things being equal).
Ever the eternal optimist, or more probably just tragically deluded, 2017 HAS to be better than 2016. I suspect I may be bitterly disappointed… again. As you might imagine, I have no evidence to support this hypothesis, just a desperate but probably forlorn hope that things, both macro and micro, improve in the months to come. I also have to trust that the irrevocable life-changing events of 2016 lead to constructive and positive outcomes in 2017. Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961), the Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist that founded analytical psychology summed it up, “Until you make the unconscious conscious, it will direct your life and you will call it fate.”Perhaps the old dude knew a thing or two about people’s ability to influence their own destiny.
I know that one shouldn’t gauge any sort of success by social media activity but CRAVE Guitars is gradually building a solid presence on the hinterweb. A huge “THANK YOU” to everyone who showed some interest in goings on at CRAVE Guitars over the last 12 months. At the time of writing, CRAVE’s Twitter followers (my favoured platform – @CRAVE_Guitars) were standing at over 1,330, which is amazing to me – a massive increase in a year. The majority of CRAVE’s Twitter followers are in the U.S.A., so much appreciation goes out to my transatlantic brethren. Equally, my gratitude extends to everyone inside and outside the UK, across the continents of our increasingly shrinking ‘global village’ for your time and consideration.
If CRAVE could buy any vintage guitar in 2017, what would it be? Actually, although unlikely to achieve either, I’m picking one from each of Fender and Gibson to keep things neutral. A 1970s Fender Starcaster has appealed for a long time but they are few and far between and prices are scarily high. As for the ‘big G’, a 1950s non‑cutaway Gibson ES‑150 has also been a longstanding aim, also rapidly increasing in price. So if Santa is listening, I have tried SO hard to be a good boy.
As frequently mentioned in my articles, guitars have only one purpose, as a tool to make music. Music can bring us together and help to heal the often seemingly irreconcilable schisms that inhibit mutual co‑operation and benefit. This brings me neatly onto…
A Hope
For what it is worth, a short Christmas message of redemption for 2017…
I feel that there are even greater seismic shifts ahead in every facet of our small planet. All I can hope is that for every backward step, there are many more steps in the right direction towards the panacea of world peace, ecological sustainability and, let’s face it, survival. We need to magnify the things that we all share and value, and we must strive to diminish the things that cause irreconcilable division and conflict. Ultimately, there is no choice but to work together for the sake of our enduring common humanity. We all have an obligation and a moral duty, individually and collectively, to build a better, fairer world for everyone now and for succeeding generations. As equal citizens, we must demand more from our governments if we are to achieve a viable future for life on Earth. We must respect our diversity, reject greed, protect our environment, have compassion for all living things, and rise above prejudice and hatred, if we are to stand any chance of achieving great things as a species. Strive for utopia and we may just get far enough down the road to justify the effort. It is just common sense after all and the struggle must prevail if it’s worth struggling for. We shall see. Buddha put it far more succinctly, “Better than a thousand hollow words, is one word that brings peace”. Quite right!
I fear that the rise of ignorant extremism under the guise of ‘populist anti‑institutionalism’ will trigger further anarchic, nihilistic and blindly destructive tendencies when, what the world really needs right now is more ‘peace and love’. Beneath the superficiality of the naïve desperation of the ‘60s hippy movement, the counter‑culture ‘uprising’ of the time had it right all along and we should seek to realise the latent potential of their philosophical idealism and belief for good and fairness. As John Lennon sang, “Imagine all the people living life in peace.” One can hope beyond hope, however unrealistic it may seem. Concerted action, though, is needed.
May you play guitars, or at least listen to the magical music that all guitarists – great and meek alike – create on our beloved instruments. People need the therapeutic qualities of music now, more than ever before. It is a cathartic way to deal with the harsh vagaries of our capricious, chaotic, dysfunctional world. As the German philosopher and scholar, Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) wisely said, “And those who were seen dancing, were thought to be insane, by those who could not hear the music.” On that final contemplative note, it is goodbye to a weird 2016 and I hope to be back in 2017. In the meantime, I’m off to ‘plink my plank(s)’. Until next time…
CRAVE Guitars ‘Music Quote of the Month’: “If I had a pound for every perfect guitar solo I’ve ever played, I’d still be stone broke.”
The CRAVE Guitars web site is intentionally a serious place. Its mission is clear – to bring you “the coolest American vintage electric guitars from the biggest guitar companies on the planet”. What constitutes ‘cool’ is obviously for each of us as individuals to judge – one person’s love affair is another’s anathema and so on. A pervious article covered ‘A Matter Of Personal Taste’ (April 2016), so I won’t revisit that debate other than to say that the instantaneous gratification of ‘love at first sight’ can often obscure the deeper and sometimes (?!) more rewarding, meaningful relationship that can develop with ‘ugly duckling’ guitars over time. The same goes for people, apparently! However, as usual, I digress; let’s reset the starting point…
The CRAVE Guitars web site is intentionally a serious place. Its mission… you get the idea. There is a point coming, honestly, please bear with me. The main web site is a window into CRAVE’s ‘collection’ of guitars, amps and effects, and it is presented with a respectable reverence for the subject matter. If some guitars aren’t significant now, they may be one day and I’m just looking after some of them on their long journey that will probably outlast me.
As a full time slave to ‘the man’, I only have time when I’m not working to write one article a month at the moment and these are generally verbose monologues like this one (sorry about that), which attempt to look beyond the feeble façade of visual adoration and the abhorrent avarice of economic exclusivity.
In addition to the dedicated web site, CRAVE Guitars also has some social media channels that look at other aspects of ‘the guitar life’, for instance Tumblr looks at guitar brands and I hope to extend this sometime. Instagram shows ‘rose tinted’ imagery of CRAVE’s guitars, Pinterest and Flickr are essentially the gallery of CRAVE’s guitars. YouTube is an area where I want to expand considerably if I ever get the time. Most of these pages change their content infrequently. LinkedIn gets a new ‘quote of the day’ every day, either from musicians or people who think deeply about the human condition.
That leaves Twitter, Facebook and Google+. These 3 are my childish ‘playground’ for everything guitar-related. The thing is, in order to stay sane in our increasingly mean and nasty world, humour and positivity are vital ingredients, as is a strong vein of irreverence (and occasional mischievous iconoclasm) for the topical. On Twitter, which drives CRAVE’s daily commentary, there are no ‘sacred cows’ where guitars are concerned. The discipline of Twitter’s brevity and rapid throughput is, I find, actually a great liberator. If anyone looks at CRAVE Guitars’ Twitter feed, you’ll know that I try and do something different every day, which in itself can be a challenge. To me, there’s nothing duller on social media than rampant repetition. The way I try to ‘keep it real’ is to create ephemeral ‘themes of the day’, which look at guitars and other stuff from all sorts of angles, ranging from the serious to stuff that is completely off the planet. It really doesn’t matter on Twitter et al. One follower generously tweeted recently, “You guys put out some amazing stuff! :-)”, so I guess I’m doing something right.
Once the strategy was set, the question of how to keep material varied and ‘fresh’ came up. Actually, it has proved quite easy, although time-consuming doing the research required. It has been fun creating new themes, finding relevant images and writing the supporting narrative in just 116 characters (140 less image/link). What it demonstrated to me – ah-ha! Finally, the point!!! (Ed) – is that ‘Guitars Are Everywhere’. I didn’t comprehend just how pervasive they are; pretty much wherever you look and whatever you listen to. The inspiration conjured up by this one simple instrument, either directly or indirectly, permeates the very fabric of our society in a way that surprised me and in a way that very few other manmade objects seem to do. Whichever way you turn, a quick look under the surface reveals that there is a fundamental human connection with this humble little music-making device.
I can’t and won’t try to explain why this penetration into our psyche may have come about or why it should be so strong. There are probably some learned academic papers somewhere that explore this enduring phenomenon. I’m certain that there is a fascinating psychological study in there somewhere, perhaps around attachment theory. My naïve perspective is that successive cultures in some way relate to the guitar’s particular characteristics and guitars, in turn, adapt to the prevailing zeitgeist in a way that no other instrument seems able to emulate. My subjective amateur observations, not reinforced by empirical evidence I hasten to add, appear to support this crude hypothesis.
As a result, the guitar has enabled me to post thousands of Tweets so far and there is no sign of this letting up. I have many guitar-related themes in reserve, all ready to use when it feels right to do so. Currently, the ones that have been used can only be uncovered by wading through the backlog of Tweets, which isn’t very user-friendly. Maybe, I’ll start expanding these themes into the other, currently under-utilised, social media channels when I can get around to it. For me, it means that I have plenty of diverse material already researched for months of daily Tweets and I still think of new themes regularly, ranging from the sublime to ridiculous. Planned themes don’t include topical events that come up as part of going about our daily lives. Still variety is supposedly the spice of life. It’s certainly keeping me on my creative toes. Hopefully, amongst it all, there is some idle amusement for spectators, including some loyal followers (who’d have thunk!). HUGE thanks to anyone who takes even the slightest interest in CRAVE’s frankly flippant social media output.
Now, it may be that by revealing this little ‘secret’ to the world that others will commandeer my ideas for their own purposes. Well, in the spirit of sharing, I’m not precious about what I do and the more that the online community participates the better. For instance, I’m only tapping into the vast Internet resources that are already out there and applying some structure to it for my own purposes, so there is no way that I could legitimately claim this as my territory. Having said that, CRAVE Guitars is growing a modest online reputation, so perhaps there is a latent mine of interest to be tapped.
Hopefully, sharing these tiny titbits of transient titillation entertain a few similarly minded souls out there on the global hinterwebthingummy. Sometimes, my Tweets are intended as an essential distraction from the evil ghastliness that seems to saturate our so‑called ‘civilised’ modern world. Using puerile humour when things look bleak and desperate may be seen as trivial. However, the intention is worthy and there is an undercurrent of hope for a better world (it’s the ‘hippy’ in me, I guess). Manipulative? Possibly. ”Peace begins with a smile”, as Mother Theresa once wisely pronounced; something we can all surely promulgate at no cost and very little effort. Go on, try it – we can make a difference. Or perhaps I’m just another guitar-obsessed weirdo, deluded at the thought that we should all try and co-exist in harmony! Buddha rightly observed, “Better than a thousand hollow words, is one word that brings peace”.
All these things in combination may go some way to justifying why the guitar has become the world’s favourite musical instrument and, getting back to the title of this article, why ‘Guitars Are Everywhere’. Like the influence it has bestowed, it doesn’t seem that guitars are going anywhere anytime soon. Let’s face it, guitars, or rather their distant progenitors, have been around in one form or another for thousands of years, albeit in varied and unrefined forms. Despite appearances of being quite conservative, guitars continuously adjust to trend; for example, see my article, ‘What Does the (Digital) Future Hold?’ (June 2016 ) for a glimpse of the (conceivable) future.
It is possibly worth remembering at this particular juncture that guitars are not just objects to be disseminated for purely fashionable purposes; they have a very real and crucially important purpose, which is to enable people to make music. Music is undoubtedly a powerful remedy for our emotional and spiritual well-being and its healing properties are often underestimated. Whether the music/noise we guitarists generate pleases others who (are forced to) listen to it is another matter. Playing and listening to music can definitely be therapeutic and cathartic in an increasingly mad, mad world. At any rate, it has to be better than brandishing lethal weapons on each other.
Anyway, I’ve got to go, I’ve just thought of a new guitar-related Twitter theme that needs exploring – you know where to look – or follow the links at the bottom of any CRAVE Guitars web page. Alternatively just search the popular Social Media sites for CRAVE Guitars and see what pops up.
Remember, ‘Guitars Are Everywhere’! Resistance is futile. Until next time…
CRAVE Guitars ‘Music Quote of the Month’: “Music affects us in a very basic way that we don’t fully understand. Thankfully!”