October 2026 – A Timeline of Guitar History in 400+ Snippets: Part III

Prelude

HOT DIGGITY DOG! What the heck dude! Now wait jus’ a doggone minute! This article was not meant to exist but it does. How did that happen? Why zat den? All will be explained in good time. For now, bienvenidos queridos amigos. Willkommen, liebe freunde. Bienvenue chers amis. ‘Ello maties. What up dawg. Once again, you are genially granted admission to the bizarrely brilliant biosphere of CRAVE Guitars, as we begin the final run up to the end of 2026. Autumn is definitely now with us up here in the northern hemisphere. It’s usually at this point that I make some sort of wise‑ass comment. However, at the time of writing, I don’t have anything worthy of my regular wise‑ass‑ness. I’m not usually struck mute. I got nothin’!? I must be losing it (whatever ‘it’ is). Seems a good time to give y’all a break from my perpetually pretentious and pompous prattle (Ed: keeping the alliterative assonances going, though).

“I just go where the guitar takes me” – Angus Young (1955‑)


This Month at CRAVE Guitars…

Previously on… Part I of the guitar timeline covered the period 5300BCE‑1899 and Part II covered the much shorter but very intensive period, 1900‑1959. Part I had all the prefatory blurb, Part II was largely blurb‑less, and this Part III has all the concluding blurb, so there isn’t much need for any surplus blurb this month. Apart from the fact that there was never intended to be a Part III, it should be no surprise that, as there is one, it follows on from Part II. There is genuinely not a lot else to add at this point.

Follow the links below for the preceding two articles in this series should you wish to view/review the story so far (each link opens a new browser tab)…

August 2026 – A Timeline of Guitar History in 400+ Snippets: Part I
September 2026 – A Timeline of Guitar History in 400+ Snippets: Part II

As with Parts I & II, no AI was used in researching and writing this article; simply the author’s feeble neurons, synapses and shedloads of patience. ‘Quotes of wisdom’ continue the theme of insights into the guitar. Only a small number of hard‑earned images again this month.

“I’m just a guitarist in a kick‑ass rock and roll band. What more could I ask for?” – Eddie Van Halen (1955‑)


The Rationale for the Article

Why are we here? No, it is not some philosophical existential enquiry. Sorry. While that is unquestionably an important question to ask, it doesn’t really relate to vintage guitars (or does it?) More prosaically, why is there a Part III when it was originally planned to be a 2‑part saga? Well the draft Part II grew to such an extent that I felt it was too much for readers to absorb in one go, so I split it in two at the last moment (very Hollywood!). So here we are (again) with a revised supplemental conclusion.

As you might expect from the title, Part III is a direct continuation of the previous two articles. It is also the concluding episode. Genuinely this time. Honest. The three parts together set out the long and storied history of the guitar, so no further justification is really necessary.

The guitar had achieved a commanding status that really coalesced during the 1950s with the introduction of mass produced solid body electric guitars coinciding with the advent of rock & roll, reflecting progressive and permissive cultural and social change in America and the UK. The ‘swinging’ 1960s multiplied that trend manifold and the 1970s continued the astonishing profoundly reformist emancipation of society and the democratisation of popular music that mirrored it (NB. the 1970s were termed ‘the “me” decade’ by author Tom Wolfe in his book, ‘The “Me” Decade and the Third Great Awakening’ (1976), referring to move towards ‘atomized individualism’ after the communal counterculturalism of the 1960s).

The guitar’s pre‑eminence has continued well into the 21st Century. Its status, however, is now challenged strongly by digital music creation, production, distribution and sale. In 2026, AI is an additional major new factor, with which the industry is struggling to grapple. AI, though, has no idea whatsoever what a guitar is or how it is played or the delicate nuances nurtured by skilled musicians who spend decades honing their unique expertise. Guitars at the time of writing remain resolutely in the analogue domain. For now.

The guitar’s omnipresent domination may now be under threat, as it has been many times in the past (think of the disco boom of the 1970s and the pop‑synth boom of the 1980s, both of which boldly and dismally signalled ‘the death of guitar music’). The world’s favourite instrument must continue to adapt if it is to secure a relevant and prosperous future. That is a subject for further debate and this retrospective chronology is not the place for such a discussion.

“The guitar is the coolest instrument in the world” – Steve Vai (1960‑)


A Timeline of Guitar History: Part III – 1960‑2026

Here we go then, with the remainder of the 20th Century (1960-1999) and the 21st Century so far (2000‑2026), setting out in the final 200 entries covering the last 66 years of our extensive 5,500‑year historical journey.

As with the last two articles, for those with an attention deficit, the infographic below provides a significantly abbreviated alternative version.

1960Gibson introduced the Hummingbird square‑shouldered dreadnought flat top steel strung acoustic guitar, with solid Sitka spruce top and solid mahogany back and sides. A stylised hummingbird was engraved on the pickguard
1960Fender introduced the ‘Blonde’ series of valve amplifiers, manufactured until the style was discontinued in 1964
1960Fender introduced the offset solid‑body Jazz Bass with a narrower neck to broaden appeal and to complement the existing Fender Precision bass
1961The original single‑cutaway Gibson Les Paul was discontinued and an all new Les Paul Standard was introduced by Gibson with a radical double‑cutaway design that would be renamed the SG in 1963. Les Paul did not approve of the new look, despite his name appearing on the headstock. The original single‑cutaway Gibson Les Paul design would be re‑introduced in 1968
1961Fender introduced the offset solid‑body 6‑string Bass VI (originally just VI). Unusually, it wasn’t a bass or a guitar and neither was it a baritone. The Bass VI had a scale length of 30”, between a bass and a guitar and was tuned an octave lower than a normal guitar’s standard EADGBE tuning. Like the Jazzmaster, the Bass VI had a vibrato. The model was discontinued in 1975
1961Gretsch updated the 6128 Duo Jet guitar with a double cutaway body, retaining the chambered body and giving the Jet a more modern aesthetic
1961Valco introduced the innovative National and Supro guitar lines with hollow resin‑bonded fibreglass (Res‑O‑Glas) bodies
1962Marshall Amplification was founded by English drummer and retailer Jim Marshall (1923‑2012) in London, England, UK
1962Fender introduced the upmarket Jaguar offset solid body short‑scale (24”) electric guitar to complement the Jazzmaster that had been launched in 1958
1962Following the Hummingbird, Gibson introduced the Dove square‑shouldered dreadnought flat top steel strung acoustic with solid Sitka spruce top and solid flame maple back and sides. It featured an engraved pickguard with mother‑of‑pearl dove inlays
1962Maestro (a Gibson brand) introduced the FZ‑1 Fuzz Tone effect pedal, the first widely available fuzz/distortion guitar effect pedal
1962Ernie Ball Inc. was founded by American musician and entrepreneur Roland Sherwood Ball (1930‑2004) in San Luis Obispo, California, USA initially to market guitar‑related products. The company is best known for its guitar and bass strings
1963Gibson hired legendary American Chrysler automotive designer Ray Dietrich (1894‑1980) to style and launch the company’s Firebird guitar and Thunderbird bass. The innovative ‘reverse’‑bodied instruments featured neck‑through body construction and new mini pickups. There were four Firebird models I, III, V and VII and two Thunderbird bass models II and IV
1963Following the end of an endorsement deal, Gibson officially re‑named the double cutaway Les Paul as the SG (Solid Guitar). There were four models, the Junior (single P90), Special (dual P90s), Standard (dual humbuckers) and Custom (triple humbuckers)
1963Guild introduced the S‑100 (SG‑like) and the curious S‑200 Thunderbird solid body electric guitars
1963Rickenbacker introduced the iconic 360 hollow body electric guitar. A 12‑string variant, the Rickenbacker 360/12, was made famous by The Beatles and The Byrds in the mid‑1960s
1963Marshall introduced the legendary JTM45 valve amplifier head, rated at 45W. Alongside the amp, Marshall also introduced the now‑legendary closed‑back 4×12” speaker cabinet. The JTM45 model was discontinued in 1966
1964Fender introduced the ‘blackface’ series of valve amplifiers, manufactured until the style was discontinued in 1967
1964Fender introduced the short scale (24”) dual pickup solid‑body electric Mustang ‘student’ guitar with a unique innovative vibrato mechanism
1964Larry and Joe Macari founded Sola Sound Ltd. in London. The company made guitar effect pedals and amplifiers that were sold through the Macari’s Musical Exchange shops. Sola Sound made effects for in‑house brand, Colorsound from 1967
1965Kustom Amplification was founded by Charles A. ‘Bud’ Ross (1940‑2018) in Chanute, Kansas, USA. The brand was notable for its distinctive ‘Naugahyde tuck‑n‑roll’ styling used until c.1975. Ross sold Kustom to Baldwin Piano Company in 1972, after which Ross went on to found ROSS effects in 1974
1965American innovator and entrepreneur, Hartley Peavey founded Peavey Electronics in Meridian, Mississippi, USA. Peavey started marketing electric guitars and basses from 1978. Peavey remains one of the largest global musical equipment and pro audio manufacturers
1965Fender Musical Instruments was sold to the giant media company, CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System) for $13m. The company’s founder, Leo Fender was barred from competing with his former business for 10 years, after which he was involved with the formation of Music Man in 1974
1965Fender introduced the offset solid body Bass V, the world’s first commercial 5‑string bass, by adding a high ‘C’ string. Unusually, it only had 15 frets despite its long 34” scale. The Bass V was discontinued in 1971
1965Fender introduced the offset Electric XII 12‑string solid‑body electric guitar, the final guitar designed by Leo Fender for the company that bore his name. The model was intended to compete with the popular Rickenbacker 360/12. The Electric XII was discontinued in 1969
1965Gibson introduced the ‘non‑reverse’‑bodied Firebird and Thunderbird bass to replace the ‘reverse’‑bodied models introduced in 1963. The new shape was simpler and cheaper to produce than its predecessor. Fender threatened Gibson with legal action over the Firebird’s body shape, citing Leo Fender’s 1958 US patent for offset body guitar design as used on the Fender Jazzmaster
1965Ovation was founded by aeronautical engineer and inventor Charles Kaman (1919‑2011), in Hartford, Connecticut, USA. Kaman used his technical background to develop the innovative Ovation ‘Lyrachord’ roundback electro‑acoustic guitar
1965British company Sola Sound introduced its most famous guitar effect pedal, the Tone Bender fuzz, based on the earlier American Maestro Fuzz Tone
1965Dunlop Manufacturing was founded by Scottish immigrant to the USA, entrepreneur and businessman Jim Dunlop (1936‑2019) in Benicia, California, USA to sell guitar‑related products
1965Maxon, an effect pedal brand name used by Nisshin Onpa, was established in Tokyo Japan. Maxon famously made effect pedals for Ibanez until 2002
1965Japan started to import significant numbers of cheap guitars into the US market, many of them flagrant clones of established American models. The competition ultimately led to the infamous ‘lawsuit era’ scandal of the 1970s
1966Fender introduced the short scale (30”) offset solid body ‘student’ Mustang Bass to complement the Mustang 6‑string guitar
1966Ted McCarty stepped down from his role as president of Gibson and acquired Bigsby. McCarty became president of the new company
1966The first wah‑wah effect pedal was created by Bradley J. Plunkett and Lester Kushner at Warwick Electronics Inc., distributed by Thomas Organ Company and named after trumpeter Clyde McCoy (1903‑1990). The effect was subsequently renamed the V846 VOX Wah‑Wah. A US patent was filed in 1967 and granted in 1970
1966Hiwatt (as Hylight) was founded by British audio engineer Dave Reeves in Surrey, England to build high power valve amplifiers. Reeves was also contracted to build amplifiers for Ivor Arbiter’s Sound City brand
1966Fender introduced their first solid‑state amplifiers based on existing successful valve amplifiers like the Twin Reverb and Bassman. Traditional vacuum tubes were replaced by silicon transistors. Fender’s transistor amps were not commercially successful and Fender discontinued solid‑state amplifier production by 1971
1966Danelectro was acquired by the giant media company MCA Inc. (Music Corporation of America). In addition to the main brand, a budget range of guitars was introduced under the Coral name. By 1969, Danelectro had ceased manufacturing
1966The iconic circular Fuzz Face guitar effect pedal was introduced by British entrepreneur Ivor Arbiter (1929‑2005). The Fuzz Face was another adaptation of the Maestro Fuzz Tone. In 1969, the Arbiter name was sold to rival Dallas and the merged company was re‑named Dallas‑Arbiter
1966Yamaha introduced their first made‑in‑Japan steel strung acoustic guitar, the FG180 as well as their first electric guitars, the SG‑2/3/7 and the SB‑2 electric bass. Yamaha’s first nylon strung classical guitars were introduced in 1967
1967Having pioneered humbucking guitar pickups at Gibson, American electronic engineer Seth Lover began working for rival company Fender
1967Fender introduced the ‘silverface’ series of valve amplifiers, manufactured until the style was discontinued in 1981
1967Gretsch was acquired by the Baldwin Piano Company. Production lasted until 1981 when Baldwin ceased manufacturing of Gretsch products
1967Fender introduced the short scale single‑pickup Bronco ‘student’ guitar with a unique innovative vibrato mechanism The Bronco was the final addition to Fender’s ‘student’ range that included the Musicmaster, Duo‑Sonic and Mustang
1967Danelectro, recently acquired by MCA, introduced the Coral Electric Sitar developed by session guitarist Vinnie Bell (1932‑2019) to capitalise on the Indian influence on Anglo‑American psychedelic rock and pop music in the late 1960s
1967Guitar manufacturing firms, Valco and Kay Musical Instrument Company merged, only for the resulting business to go bankrupt in 1968
1967Jean Larrivée Guitars Inc. was founded by Canadian luthier, Jean Larrivée (1944‑) in Toronto, Canada to make premium classical and acoustic guitars
1967Laney Amplification was founded by musician Lyndon Laney (1948‑2026) in Birmingham, England
1967Guitar effect brand Colorsound was established by brothers Larry and Joe Macari in London, England to supplement the existing Sola Sound business
1967Thomas Organ Company introduced the Cry Baby Wah effect pedal, basically a copy of the VOX V486 wah. Dunlop Manufacturing acquired the Cry Baby name in 1982 and released the GCB95 Cry Baby Standard Wah
1967Shergold Guitars was founded by former Burns of London employees Jack Golder and Norman Houlder in London, England
1967Swedish musical instrument manufacturer, Hagström introduced the world’s first 8‑string bass guitar (with 4 courses of paired strings), the H8. The short‑lived H8 was discontinued in 1969
1968Effect pedal manufacturer, Electro‑Harmonix was founded by Mike Matthews (c.1942‑) in New York City, USA, initially with the Muff fuzz and Linear Power Booster effects. The original company went out of business in 1984
1968Fender introduced the Telecaster Bass, a variant of the Precision bass, based on the original Precision bass design from 1951. It wasn’t technically a reissue as the model hadn’t previously been called the Telecaster bass
1968Following musician demand from the likes of English guitarist Eric Clapton, Gibson reintroduced the single cutaway Les Paul, which had been discontinued in 1961. The classic Gibson Les Paul model has been in continuous production since
1968Fender introduced the semi‑hollow Telecaster Thinline electric guitar, initially with standard Telecaster pickups and, from 1972, with ‘wide range’ humbucking pickups. The Telecaster Thinline was discontinued in 1980
1968Dan Armstrong (1934‑2004) designed the innovative clear Plexiglas (a.k.a. Acrylite, Lucite, Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)) guitar for Ampeg. The instrument featured innovative interchangeable pickups. The model was discontinued in 1971
1968HH Electronics was founded by Mike Harrison in Cambridgeshire, England to build solid‑state amplifiers, PAs, mixers and speaker systems. HH went bankrupt in 1984
1968British company, Orange Amps was founded by musician, electronics designer and retailer Clifford Cooper (1942‑) in London, England
1968American guitar manufacturer Mosrite filed for bankruptcy and was finally shut down in 1969
1969Gibson’s parent company, Chicago Musical Instruments Ltd (CMI), was acquired by South American conglomerate Ecuadorian Company Limited (ECL). ECL then changed its name in 1974 to Norlin Musical Instruments (a contraction of NORton Stevens of ECL and Arnold BerLIN of CMI)
1969Mesa Engineering was founded by musician and electronics repair man, Randall Smith (1946‑) in Petaluma, California, USA. The company was famous for introducing Mesa/Boogie Mark and Dual Rectifier valve amplifiers
1969Morley was a brand established by Tel‑Ray Electronics Inc., founded by American brothers Raymond and Marvin Lubow in Los Angeles, California, USA to make guitar effect pedals. Uniquely, Morley used photoelectric circuits rather than potentiometers to control the company’s effects. Chicago‑based Sound Enhancements Inc. acquired Morley in 1989
1969Alembic Inc. was founded by American/Australian sound engineer Owsley Stanley (1935‑2011) in Novato, California, USA to build high‑end electric basses, guitars and preamps
1972Although he had been building valve amplifiers for several years, reclusive Howard ‘Alexander’ Dumble (1944‑2022), based in Bakersfield, California, USA released his legendary amp model, the Dumble Overdrive Special. All Dumble amps were hand‑made personally by Dumble, largely to special order. Only about 300 Dumble amps were made during his lifetime
1969Gibson produced their first low impedance electric guitars, the Les Paul Personal and Professional models. They would evolve into the better‑known Les Paul Recording model in 1971. Low impedance pickups were favoured by guitarist Les Paul for use in the recording studio
1969Pignose Amplifiers was founded by Richard Edlund and Wayne Kimbell in Chicago, Illinois, USA. The diminutive Pignose guitar amplifier was a portable battery‑powered unit, rated at 5W with a single 5″ speaker
1969American effect pedal manufacturer Electro‑Harmonix introduced its most famous product, the Big Muff Pi (π) fuzz pedal
1969Willie Nelson acquired ‘Trigger’, named after Roy Rogers’ horse. The iconic guitar was a Martin N‑20 nylon strung classical acoustic guitar purchased after his previous Baldwin guitar had been accidentally damaged
1970American writer and businessman, George Gruhn (1945‑) opened the Gruhn Guitars shop in Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Gruhn was co‑author of the industry reference, ‘Gruhn’s Guide to Vintage Guitars’ (1990, revised 1999)
1970The Randall Amplifier Company was founded by Don Randall (1917‑2008) in Irvine, California, USA. Randall had been a manager at Fender in the company’s early years and was notable for naming the Telecaster and Stratocaster guitars
1970C.F. Martin & Company introduced the budget Sigma brand guitar range made in Japan to compete with cheap foreign imports into the USA. Production was moved to South Korea in the 1980s. Sigma guitars were discontinued in 2007
1971Seth Lover designed the ‘Wide Range’ humbucker pickup for Fender, using unique CuNiFe (copper/nickel/iron) magnets. The ‘Wide Range’ pickups were used on the Telecaster Custom, Deluxe and Thinline, as well as the upmarket offset semi‑acoustic Starcaster
1971Larry DiMarzio (1948‑) founded DiMarzio Inc. (incorporated in 1975) in Staten Island, New York, USA to produce after‑market guitar pickups
1972The multinational Roland Corporation was founded by Ikutaro Kakehashi (1930‑2017) in Osaka, Japan. Roland manufactured electronic musical instruments, as well as musical hardware and software. Roland contributed significantly to the development of the MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) standard for synchronising and controlling electronic instruments
1972Ovation introduced the Breadwinner 1251 electric guitar with ergonomic styling, innovative ‘lyracord’ finish, toroidal pickups and active electronics. The model was discontinued in 1979
1972MXR Innovations was founded in Rochester, New York, USA by Keith Barr and Terry Sherwood. The first effect pedals made were the MXR Dyna Comp, Phase 45, Phase 90 and Distortion+. The company closed down in 1984
1972The BOSS brand was formed as a separate division within the Roland Corporation to manufacture compact guitar and bass effect pedals
1972Musitronics Corporation (a.k.a. Mu‑Tron) was founded by former Guild employees, Mike Beigel and Aaron Newman in Rosemont, New Jersey, USA to manufacture effect pedals. The company ceased production in 1979
1972Godin Guitars was founded by Robert Godin in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Godin went on to become the largest guitar manufacturer in Canada
1972Fernandes Guitars was formed from its predecessor, Saito Musical Instruments, founded in 1969 in Niizo, Japan
1973Cort was founded by Jung‑gyu Park in partnership with American importer Jack Westheimer. Cort was based in Seoul, South Korea to mass produce guitars and basses. Production was expanded into Indonesia and China, making it one of the largest global guitar manufacturers. Cort manufactured guitars under its own name as well as for many other brands
1973Hamer Guitars was founded by Paul Hamer and Jol Dantzig in Wilmette, Illinois, USA. Hamer was widely regarded as one of the first ‘boutique’ guitar builders. Hamer is now part of Fender
1973Collings Guitars was founded by American luthier Bill Collings (1948‑2017) in Austin, Texas, USA to build high‑end acoustic, electric and archtop guitars as well as mandolins and ukuleles
1973Fylde Guitars was founded by English luthier Roger Bucknall (1950‑) in The Fylde, Lancashire, England to build handmade one-off custom acoustic guitars. Fylde relocated to Penrith, Cumbria, England in 1996
1973DOD Electronics was founded by David Oreste Di Francesco and John Johnson in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA to manufacture reliable low‑cost guitar and bass effect pedals. DOD and parent company DigiTech were acquired by Cort in 2022
1974Gibson’s newly renamed parent company, Norlin Musical Instruments, moved production of Gibson guitars from its traditional home in Kalamazoo, Michigan to Nashville, Tennessee, USA
1974Gibson introduced the Marauder solid body bolt‑on electric guitar with innovative pickups and electronics designed by musician and guitar pickup specialist, Bill Lawrence (1931‑2013). The related S‑1 was released in 1975
1974Music Man was founded by Forrest White and Tom Walker in partnership with Leo Fender, based in Fullerton, California, USA to make guitars, basses and amps. Music Man’s best known instrument was the Stingray Bass. Music Man was acquired by Ernie Ball in 1984
1974Travis Bean Guitars was founded by American luthier Travis Bean (1947‑2011) and business partner Gary Kramer in California, USA. The company was famous for its solid body guitars with through‑body aluminium necks. Travis Bean guitars were discontinued in 1979
1974Guitar manufacturer, B.C. Rich was founded by Bernardo Chavez Rico (1941‑1999) in Los Angeles, California, USA. Rico had been building guitars since 1969
1974The Charvel guitar company was founded by Wayne Charvel (1941‑2026) in Azusa, California, USA. Charvel is now owned by Fender
1974Gordon Smith Guitars was founded by Gordon Whitham and John Smith in Greater Manchester, England. Gordon Smith was acquired by Auden Guitars in 2015
1974After selling Kustom amps in 1972, Charles A. ‘Bud’ Ross founded ROSS effect pedals in Chanute, Kansas, USA. Early American ROSS pedals included the Compressor, Distortion and Phaser R1. Ross became defunct shortly after moving production to Taiwan in c.1980
1974Taylor Guitars was founded by American luthier and entrepreneur Bob Taylor (c.1954‑) and Kurt Listug in El Cajon, California, USA to make high‑quality acoustic and electro‑acoustic guitars
1974Lowden Guitars was founded by luthier, George Lowden (1952‑) in Bangor, County Down, Ireland to make premium acoustic guitars
1975The Harmony Guitar Co. ceased production. Stock was auctioned in 1977 and the brand name was sold off. The brand was resurrected by Singapore‑based Bandlab Technologies in 2018 and resumed making guitars in the USA
1975The ESP Company Ltd. was founded by Hisatake Shibuya (1937‑2024) in Tokyo, Japan to manufacture electric guitars and basses. ESP launched the budget LTD range in 1995
1975The Roland Corporation introduced the Jazz Chorus solid‑state combo guitar amplifier with a built‑in analogue Chorus effect. Models included the famous JC‑120, producing 120W into 2×12” speakers
1976The Santa Cruz Guitar Company was founded by Richard A. Hoover and investors in Santa Cruz, California, USA to make premium grade acoustic guitars
1976Dean Guitars was founded by American luthier Dean Zelinsky (1957‑) in Chicago, Illinois, USA to specialise making guitars favoured by heavy metal musicians. Dean Guitars and sister company Luna Guitars filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in the USA in mid‑2026 following legal action from Gibson
1976After leaving Travis Bean, Gary Kramer, with business partner Denis Barardi, founded Kramer Guitars with in Neptune, New Jersey, USA. Early Kramer guitars featured distinctive cast aluminium necks with wooden inserts. Kramer went bankrupt in 1989 and the brand name was subsequently acquired by Gibson in 1997
1976Music Man introduced the innovative solid body electric Stingray Bass alongside the Stingray guitar, both incorporating new humbucking pickups and ground‑breaking on‑board active electronics
1976Yamaha introduced the SG2000 solid body double cutaway electric guitar, designed in collaboration with Mexican/American guitarist, Carlos Santana. The SG2000 was effectively the first original‑design Japanese guitar to compete with the American Gibson Les Paul
1976Seymour Duncan was founded by Seymour W. Duncan (1951‑) and his wife Cathy Carter in Santa Barbara, California, USA to manufacture aftermarket guitar pickups
1976The innovative EBow (Electronic Bow) was introduced by Heet Sound at the NAMM Show in the USA. The battery‑powered hand held device used an electromagnetic field to induce string vibrations, creating a bowed string‑like effect
1976The Floyd Rose Locking Tremolo System (actually a vibrato) was designed by American musician and engineer, Floyd D. Rose (1948‑). The invention was granted a US patent in 1979
1976Schecter Guitar Research was founded by David Schecter in Van Nuys, California, USA initially to make guitar parts and then electric guitars from 1979. Schecter is now owned by Hisatake Shibuya who also owns ESP/LTD
1976TC Electronic was founded by Kim and John Rishøj in Denmark to produce a wide range of professional music audio equipment including guitar effect pedals and studio effects. TC Electronic is now owned by the holding company Music Tribe
1977Gibson introduced the innovative RD (Research & Development) series of guitars and basses featuring complex on‑board active electronics designed by synthesizer pioneer Robert Moog (1934‑2005) while he worked for Norlin. The RD line was discontinued in 1982
1977American guitarist Eddie Van Halen created his famous ‘Frankenstrat’ guitar made from a wide range of sources including Schecter, Fender, Floyd Rose, Gibson and others. The guitar, with its distinctive striped finish influenced subsequent ‘superstrat’ guitar designs. The EVH brand was formed in 2007 as a subsidiary of Fender to sell electric guitars and amps
1978EMG Inc. was founded by Rob Turner in Long Beach, California, USA, to manufacture innovative active guitar pickups. EMG is now based in Santa Rosa, California
1979Ibanez introduced the legendary TS‑808 Tube Screamer Overdrive Pro effect pedal, with its distinctive green enclosure and square footswitch. The iconic original model was superseded by the TS9 in 1981
1979Trace Elliot was founded by retailer Fred Friedlein in Romford, Essex, England to make bass amplifiers and speaker cabinets. Trace Elliott is now owned by Peavey Electronics
1979Steinberger was founded by Ned Steinberger (1948‑) in Brooklyn, New York, USA to make innovative headless guitars and basses. Gibson acquired Steinberger in 1987
1979Kahler International, Inc. introduced the Kahler Tremolo System (actually a vibrato), invented by Gary Kahler and Dave Storey in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
1980G&L Musical Instruments was founded by George Fullerton (1923‑2009), Leo Fender and Dale Hyatt in Fullerton, California, USA to make electric guitars and basses. G&L were the initials of George and Leo. G&L ceased production in 2025 and Fender (the company) acquired the rights to the brand name
1980After leaving Charvel, American luthier Grover Jackson (1949‑) founded Jackson Guitars in Glendora, California, USA. Fender acquired both Jackson and Charvel from the Japanese Akai Musical Instruments Corporation in 2002
1980Vigier Guitars was founded by French luthier Patrice Vigier (1957‑) in Grigny, Essonne, France. Vigier is famous for its unique Excalibur Surfreter Supra Fretless Guitar
1981Baldwin Piano Company ceased production of Gretsch instruments. In 1985, Fred W. Gretsch, the original founder’s great grandson and nephew of Fred Gretsch Jr, acquired the Gretsch brand name and offshore production resumed in Japan in 1989
1981Fishman Transducers Inc. was founded by Larry Fishman (1948‑) in Andover, Massachusetts, USA to make pickups, primarily for acoustic guitars
1982Fender introduced the budget Bullet series of guitars and basses, designed by luthier John Page (1957‑), head of Fender’s R&D department. The Bullet series replaced Fender’s Musicmaster, Mustang and Bronco ‘student’ guitars
1982Fender resurrected the Squier brand for its lower‑priced models of Fender guitars and basses manufactured in the Far East
1982Warwick GmbH & Co. Music Equipment was founded by Hans‑Peter Wilfer (1946‑) in Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany to manufacture bass guitars
1983Fender introduced the innovative Fender Elite Stratocaster, Telecaster and Precision models featuring ‘noiseless’ pickups and active electronics
1983The not‑for‑profit Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was established. The organisation began inducting artists in 1986. The physical Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum building subsequently opened in 1995
1983While Gibson had produced one‑off and custom guitars since the 1920s, Gibson introduced its Custom Shop facility within its main Nashville factory. Gibson formally created a separate Custom Shop facility in 1993
1984Hughes & Kettner was founded by Hans and Lothar Stamer in Neunkirchen, Germany to build high gain valve amplifiers and, latterly, solid state amps
1984Jackson introduced the archetype for heavy metal ‘superstrat’ guitars, the Jackson Soloist, generally based on a modified Fender Stratocaster design. The Soloist was originally designed by American luthier Grover Jackson while he was at Charvel
1984Tom Anderson Guitarworks was founded by American luthier Tom Anderson in Newbury Park, California, USA to make high‑end electric guitars
1984Faltering American guitar, bass and amp manufacturer, Music Man was acquired by Ernie Ball Inc. and renamed Ernie Ball Music Man (EBMM)
1985CBS sold Fender to an investor group led by William Schultz (then president of Fender) for $12.5m. Fender’s Fullerton factory was not part of the sale, so Fender had to open a new flagship factory a few miles away in Corona, Riverside County, California, USA
1985Paul Reed Smith Guitars (shortened to PRS) was founded by American luthier Paul Reed Smith (1956‑) in Annapolis, Maryland, USA. PRS guitars were strategically positioned between Fender and Gibson instruments
1985Heritage Guitar Inc. was founded by three former Gibson employees in Gibson’s original manufacturing facilities in Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
1986Soldano Custom Amplification was founded by American Michael Soldano (1960‑) in Los Angeles, California, USA to build high gain valve amplifiers. Soldano is now based in Seattle, Washington State
1986To save the company from bankruptcy, Gibson was sold to guitar enthusiasts Henry Juszkiewicz and David Berryman. Juszkiewicz ran Gibson until 2018
1987Fender opened a major manufacturing facility south of the US border in Ensenada, Mexico. Mexican Fender guitars and basses were strategically positioned between the Far Eastern Squier and Made‑in‑USA Fender models
1987The Fender Custom Shop was established as a division within the company’s Corona factory by ‘master builders’, guitar designer John Page and luthier Michael Stevens to make high‑end one‑off and special order guitars
1987Ibanez introduced the Jem solid body electric guitar, typical of the heavy metal ‘superstrat’ style of guitars that were popular in the 1980s. The Jem was co‑designed with American virtuoso guitarist Steve Vai (1960‑) and included artist signature models. Jem guitars featured the distinctive ‘Monkey Grip’ cut‑out handle on the bass side of the body
1987G&L Musical Instruments introduced the Stratocaster‑like Comanche guitar model with three innovative Magnetic Field Design Z‑Coil pickups. The Comanche represented a significant evolution of Leo Fender’s original Stratocaster
1989National Reso‑Phonic was formed by Don Young and McGregor Gaines in San Luis Obispo, California, USA to build high quality resonator guitars based on original National and Dobro instruments
1989Bogner Amplification was founded by German immigrant Reinhold Bogner in Los Angeles, California, USA to make high‑end boutique valve amplifiers
1990Yamaha introduced its Pacifica range of solid body electric guitars generally styled on the Fender Stratocaster. The hugely successful Pacifica range was designed in the USA by Rich Lasner and Leo Knapp
1990PRS started using CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines to increase production volumes and improve consistency standards. In the same year, Taylor became the first major company to use CNC machines as part of its acoustic guitar production
1992AER (Audio Electric Research) Music GmbH was founded by Udo Rösner, Michael Eisenmann and Susanne Janz in Velbert, Germany to manufacture high quality professional acoustic guitar amplifiers
1992Breedlove Guitars was founded by Larry Breedlove and Steve Henderson in Bend, Oregon, USA to manufacture high quality acoustic guitars, combining traditional and modern construction techniques
1991Fender Musical Instruments Corporation (FMIC) moved its headquarters from Corona, California to Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
1991Industry legend, Leo Fender died of complications from Parkinson’s disease in Fullerton, California, USA at the age of 81
1991DigiTech introduced the innovative Whammy WH‑1 effect pedal that used a foot treadle to manipulate the pitch of a guitar signal
1992Mesa Engineering introduced the classic Mesa/Boogie Dual Rectifier high gain valve amplifier. The Dual Rectifier has become a definitive milestone in heavy rock music
1993Parker Guitars was founded by American luthier Ken Parker (1952‑2025) with input from pickup pioneer Larry Fishman, based in Chicago, Illinois to manufacture the unique Parker Fly guitars. In 2003, Parker sold the company to the US Music Corporation. Parker ceased production in 2016
1993The German PLEK was introduced by A+D Gitarrentechnologie GmbH. PLEK was a specialised CNC machine used to setup guitars and basses to consistent and exacting standards
1994Reclusive boutique effect pedal builder, Bill Finnegan, from Boston, Massachusetts, USA launched the legendary Klon Centaur guitar overdrive effect pedal. The original model was discontinued in 2008. In 2026, Finnegan took legal action against Behringer for copyright infringement involving the latter’s cloning of the original Klon design
1994Paul Reed Smith introduced the PRS McCarty guitar model in recognition of the former Gibson and Bigsby president who had mentored luthier Paul Reed Smith in later years
1995Fender exhibited the first relic guitars at the NAMM Show. The divisive and controversial concept of using ‘relic’ processes was intended to reproduce, the appearance of ageing and play wear. The faking method had been in development since 1989 and continues to be popular to the current day
1995The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, designed by Chinese/American architect Ieoh Ming Pei (1917‑2019), based in Cleveland, Ohio, USA, opened its doors to the public
1996American guitarist, luthier and inventor Howard ‘Buzz’ Feiten II (1948‑) filed a US patent for the Buzz Feiten Tuning System (BFTS). The system was a means of minimising inherent tuning problems associated with traditional fretted guitars. The patent was granted in 1998
1996Paul Reed Smith moved PRS manufacturing from Annapolis to a new, larger factory in Stevensville, Kent Island, Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA
1996Line 6 was founded by Susan Wolf, Marcus Ryle and Michel Doidic in Calabasas, California, USA to pioneer digital guitar amplifier, speaker cabinet and effect modelling. Line 6 was acquired by Yamaha in 2013
1997Ashdown Engineering was founded by Mark Gooday in Heybridge, Essex, England, formerly chief engineer and MD of Trace Elliott, to build amplifiers, speaker cabinets and effects
1997Gibson Music Corp. acquired the bankrupt Kramer brand that had gone out of business in 1989. Modern Kramer guitars are now built by Gibson subsidiary, Epiphone
1997Suhr Guitars was founded by luthier John Suhr and Steve Smith after Suhr left his job as Senior Master Builder at the Fender Custom Shop. Suhr Guitars, based in Lake Elsinore, California, USA set out to make premium quality electric guitars
1998Line 6 introduced their breakthrough product, the POD guitar amp modeller famed for its red, kidney bean‑shaped unit, which featured numerous digital renditions of classic amplifier models, speaker cabinets and effects
1998C.F. Martin & Company introduced the X‑Series DXM acoustic guitars, manufactured in Mexico and making extensive use of composite materials rather than traditional tone woods
1999Gretsch expanded production with affordable Electromatic and Synchromatic guitars manufactured in Korea. A limited number of premium ‘made‑in‑USA custom shop’ guitars were made available to wealthy musicians and collectors. Gretsch Enterprises acquired Bigsby from Ted McCarty in the same year
1999Taylor Guitars developed and patented the innovative NT (New Technology) neck joint for the company’s acoustic guitars
2000The Experience Music Project (EMP) was established by Microsoft co‑founder, Paul Allen (1953‑2018) in Seattle, Washington, USA to celebrate musical culture and history. It was renamed the Museum of Pop Culture (MOPOP) in 2016 when it broadened its appeal to include science fiction and fantasy
2001Paul Reed Smith introduced the PRS Single Cut guitar model intended to compete head‑to‑head with the Gibson Les Paul
2001Ted McCarty, former Gibson president, owner of Bigsby and mentor to luthier Paul Reed Smith died in Twin Falls, Idaho at the age of 91
2001Keeley Electronics was formed by Robert Keeley in Edmond, Oklahoma, USA to build guitar effect pedals. Keeley had built a strong reputation for modifying BOSS and Ibanez effect pedals before developing effects under his own name
2002Fender entered into an agreement with the Gretsch family to produce, market and distribute new Gretsch guitars. Fender also acquired guitar manufacturer Jackson and its subsidiary guitar brand Charvel in the same year
2005Gibson Music Corp. started a copyright infringement law suit against Paul Reed Smith over the PRS Single Cut guitar model. The litigation failed and PRS subsequently reintroduced the Single Cut guitar
2006Fender introduced the Jaguar Bass guitar. It represented a new take on an old design, as there was no ‘original’ Jaguar Bass to reissue
2006Fractal Audio Systems was founded by Cliff Chase in New Hampshire, USA to pioneer high‑end digital guitar amplifier modelling. Fractal introduced the digital Axe‑Fx rack‑mounted modelling pre‑amp and effects processor targeted directly at professional working musicians
2007Fender Musical Instruments Corporation acquired Ovation’s parent company, Kaman Music Corporation (KMC), as well as the Hamer Guitars brand. Fender also secured global distribution rights for Takamine Guitars and established the EVH (Eddie Van Halen) guitar and amp brand in the same year
2007Gibson introduced the innovative but divisive Robot Guitar automatic tuning system, displeasing many concerned traditionalists and conservatives
2007C.F. Martin & Company discontinued the Far Eastern‑built Sigma Guitar line to focus its resources on the main American acoustic guitar brand
2007JHS Pedals, a range of successful guitar effect pedals, was launched by British manufacturer and retailer John Hornby Skewes
2007Blackstar Amplification was founded by former Marshall employees Ian Robinson and Bruce Keir in Northampton, England to build amplifiers and effects
2009Legendary American jazz guitarist, songwriter, luthier, inventor and Gibson endorsee, Les Paul died of complications from pneumonia in White Plains, New York, at the age of 94
2010The Cumberland River overflowed its banks and caused the Nashville Flood, which resulted in significant damage to Gibson’s manufacturing facility and inventory in Nashville, Tennessee, USA
2011German company Kemper GmbH debuted the Kemper Profiler digital processor/amplifier at the NAMM Show, designed by inventor Christoph Kemper to recreate faithfully the sounds of numerous classic amps and speaker cabinets
2011Gibson’s guitar manufacturing facilities were raided numerous times by the US Department of Justice (DoJ) after alleged violations of the Lacey Act (1900) for the illegal importation of protected woods into the country
2012Industry legend, Jim Marshall OBE, the pioneer of British Marshall guitar amplifiers, died in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England, at the age of 88
2013The international online marketplace for selling and buying musical equipment, Reverb.com was founded by David Kalt (1967‑) in Chicago, Illinois, USA
2013Line 6 digital amp and effects modelling company was acquired by the giant Japanese Yamaha Corporation
2014Fender sold Kaman Music Corporation (and its main brand, Ovation) to Drum Workshop. German company GEWA Music acquired KMC in 2020
2017Line 6, famous for its POD products, introduced the innovative next‑generation Helix amp modelling and effects processor
2018The Songbirds Guitar Museum opened in Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA. It was re‑opened in 2021 as a non‑profit organisation and was renamed the Songbirds Guitar & Pop Culture Museum
2018Taylor Guitars introduced the innovative V‑Class bracing for the sound boards of its acoustic guitars. V‑Class bracing was perhaps the first major change to acoustic guitar construction in a century
2018After ongoing financial difficulties, Gibson filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the US. Gibson entered into a ‘restructuring support agreement’ with lenders, resulting in $135m of funding for Gibson to re‑focus on its core businesses. Henry Juszkiewicz stood down from his role as Gibson’s president
2019Fender Musical Instruments Corporation acquired the Bigsby brand from Fred Gretsch Enterprises
2019Gibson filed a multi‑million dollar lawsuit in the US against Dean and Luna Guitars for alleged trademark infringement, ultimately forcing the targeted companies into liquidation in 2026
2021Gibson Music Corp. acquired amplifier manufacturer, Mesa Engineering from Mesa’s founder Randall Smith
2023  Yamaha Guitar Group, a subsidiary of the giant Japanese conglomerate, Yamaha Corporation acquired Córdoba Music Group (CMG), which included Cordoba Guitars, Guild Guitars, DeArmond pickups and other related brands
2024Gibson issued a Cease and Desist Order for trademark infringement against the US President and Donald Trump Guitars for their blatant copies of the Gibson Les Paul
2024After 100 years in business, major American guitar retailer Sam Ash filed for bankruptcy in the USA resulting in the closure of all its retail stores. The company continued as an online retailer
2025Leo Fender’s final commercial venture, the American guitar manufacturer G&L, founded in 1980, ceased production after parent company BBE Sound Inc. closed. Fender acquired the intellectual property rights of both G&L and BBE but none of the assets or inventory, effectively winding up G&L
2025Fender Musical Instruments Corporation applied to the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) for Leo Fender’s name and his likeness to be formally trademarked by the company
2025German manufacturer of musical instruments since 1887, Höfner GmbH filed for bankruptcy. In 2026, the company was acquired by long‑standing German business, GEWA Music, which had also owned Ovation since 2014
2026Following a German legal court’s decision in its favour, Fender launched a series of aggressive legal campaigns against competitors for copyright infringement, trademark enforcement and legal protection regarding Fender’s Stratocaster guitar body design

For those who prefer a purely visual interpretation of guitars as a counterpoint to either the infographic or the linear listing, here is a purely pictorial illustration of 16 key milestones in guitar evolution from 1960 to 2026.

“I’m only myself when I have a guitar in my hands” – George Harrison (1943‑2001)


Influence and Impact of the Guitar

Understanding how guitar innovation, evolution and development occurred over the last 5,000+ years helps one to appreciate the vast impact of the guitar and its numerous variants/derivatives on mankind. While its roots may lie in local folklore, peripatetic storytelling and religious rituals, often performed by itinerant performers, the guitar has risen from humble origins to achieve global contemporary significance for its primary role in creative music. As its influence spread globally, the guitar became a regular cultural symbol of regional and national identity, for instance European classical, Spanish flamenco, Mexican mariachi, Argentinian tango, Brazilian Bossa Nova/Samba, American folk and British pop/rock.

“I’ve always loved the electric guitar: to hold it and work it and hear what it does is unreal” – David Lynch (1946‑2025)

The guitar has long been associated with shifts in societal, economic, technological and political paradigms, reflecting change through popular entertainment, youthful rebellion, societal commentary, fierce protest and an abundance of emotional stories about interpersonal relationships. Musical genres reflected these shifts in the zeitgeist including rock & roll, folk revival, heavy metal, punk rock, new wave, grunge, indie, among many others.

Guitar music has long resonated with people’s basic need for individual identity and collective cohesion. It has become an integral part of ever‑changing fashionable trends for adolescence angst, liberal freedoms and conscious social justice. During the 20th Century, guitar music supported civilian lives through tough economic depressions, two deadly (and unnecessary) world wars, lethal health pandemics, rapid expansion of scientific exploration, the geopolitical cold war and a multitude of other challenges to humanity’s very existence. It looks like the 21st Century may be re‑running the turmoil of the previous 100 years without learning much along the way.

The guitar has been ever‑present, heavily influencing the post‑classical ‘three pillars’ underpinning western contemporary music, blues, jazz and country, from which today’s diverse genre landscape was actively propagated. The guitar is a consistent and pervasive image not only in music but also familiar in art, TV & film, theatre, live performance, literature, advertising and popular media, as well as more recently across the Internet.

“The guitar saved my life. It gave me something to hold onto when everything else was falling apart” – Eric Clapton (1945‑)

The electric guitar sparked an unprecedented revolution in musical genres in the 1960s and 1970s, creating world famous role models such as Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton, Jimmy Page, Jeff Beck and Eddie Van Halen, among many others. An explosion of creativity led to consumers’ relentless passion for new musical experiences. Guitar music in the 21st Century continues to evoke intense memories and sentiments seamlessly spanning generations and geographical boundaries. The instrument has genuinely become an emblem for the positive power of music that goes way beyond the modest twelve notes that underpin western musical tradition.

“I never stop being amazed by all the different ways of playing the guitar and making it deliver a message” – Les Paul (1915‑2009)

For many musicians, playing the guitar provides educational opportunities, skills development, cathartic mindful escapism and supports affirmative mental health & wellbeing. The industry supports a global multi‑billion dollar contribution to many economies. For many working musicians, guitar playing provides a lifelong profession and income. For a few, global fame and celebrity were attained and occasionally perpetuated. For others, guitar playing provided brief popular exposure followed by subsequent anonymity. For some, sadly, the fire of fame flamed bright only to lead to tragic ends. Playing the guitar becomes an extension of the individual, providing a symbolic gateway for musical expression, emotional release and creative freedom. For audiences, attending live performances is an important collective experience. We should also recognise that playing a guitar is also tremendous fun, regardless of technical skill, a joyful (and sometimes frustrating) activity that cannot be underestimated. The guitar has been notable for not requiring musical technical literacy as a prerequisite for creating credible music.

Over the centuries, the guitar has transcended its basic function as just a humble 6‑stringed musical instrument. It has become an icon of singular and shared identity, fashion, lifestyle, artistic inspiration and profound communal unanimity. The guitar’s global reach, accessibility, portability, popularity, adaptability and broad‑ranging versatility have made it a unifying foundation of human mien. Guitars can also be beautiful objects in their own right. The resulting obsession brings together a like‑minded community of interest as well as a community of place. Guitar music provides a universal language that anyone can understand regardless of race, religion, political stance, gender, language or nationality. The humble guitar has contributed to infinitely diverse musical genres, enough to cater for any taste.

It is no understatement to say that the guitar has become deeply embedded in human cultural heritage spanning both time and place. It is perhaps no surprise that the guitar has become so beloved with an enviable primacy and longevity.

“I had no aspirations to be a musician, but I picked up a guitar for two seconds and haven’t put it down since” – Slash (1965‑)


Final Thoughts on ‘A Timeline of Guitar History in 400+ Snippets: Parts I‑III’

I have to say that this exercise, as a necessary companion piece to ‘An A‑Z of Vintage Guitar Gear’, became a mammoth search, identification, compilation, corroboration and consistency‑checking exercise that took many weeks in the making. I declare that I actually learned a lot during the arduous process, so it was far more than simply completing a laborious abstract administrative activity.

There are some entries in the ‘A‑Z…’ that aren’t included in the timeline and vice versa. The eventual web site feature page of the timeline will unite all three parts. It will also include some items that aren’t in the articles (including some key entries that arguably should have been included above). Likewise the infographics and pictorial interpretations will also differ. All these differences are purely for practical reasons.

There are undoubtedly a lot of familiar names that readers might remember that aren’t specifically listed including, Akai, Analog Man, Bad Cat, Behringer, Binson, Chapman Stick, Columbus, CSL, Echoplex, Eko, Fret‑King, Greco, Gus, Jen, JHS, Kawai, Korg, Leslie, Magnatone, Mayones, Orville, Pro Co, Roger Mayer, Shin‑ei, Vintage®, Wilkinson, etc. Ultimately, not everything could make the cut or I’d be doing this forever. There were literally hundreds and thousands of potential entries to consider. When selecting what made the grade, some were easy, others vague, some were borderline, others arbitrary and many, many had to be excluded. A simple fact of life. What remains, I hope, are entries that represent a significant contribution the whole.

“When we started I wasn’t the singer. I was the drunk rhythm guitarist who wrote all these weird songs” – Robert Smith (1959‑)

The outcome of this project may not seem that difficult to the reader but, believe me, it took some doing. However, I think it has proved to be a very useful exercise and hopefully one that others will find both interesting and informative. While I am sure that a lot of it will be familiar, I hope that there is something new herein for people to discover. Quite a bit of the information is relevant to the topic of vintage guitar gear.

One factor that became obvious to me is the ‘incestuous’ nature of the guitar industry. Many of the key people and businesses operated within relatively small circles on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. The same names kept coming up over and over again in different permutations. Perhaps that interconnected and interdependent web of entities isn’t surprising and is possibly not an uncommon in other industries. Just sayin’.

One of the things ‘missing’ from this entire timeline is a record of the social and cultural context within which the guitar’s advancement occurred. Adding the wider milieu would have made this article far too large and way too heavy‑going. It doesn’t mean that I haven’t covered the ‘bigger picture’, though. The broader world view covering the ‘Historical Context 1650-2020’ was an integral part of CRAVE Guitars’ fourteen part, ‘The Story of Modern Music in 1,500+ Facts’ articles published between March 2019 and May 2020 (barring December 2019). That series of articles presented the broad social and cultural environment that paralleled the evolution of music over the same period. ‘The Story of Modern Music’ was considered too tangential to justify a discrete web site feature. As a result these ‘events in global civilisation’ are too ultra vires to be published separately, so the only relevant source at the time of writing remains in the articles mentioned above. Sadly, that series of articles also had to have images sourced from Google Images removed post facto due to legal, pecuniary and credibility risk.

“I don’t find the songs; they find me. I just strum my guitar and wait for a lyric to come” – James Taylor (1948‑)

While this exercise is not a rigorous academic work, maybe others will be able to use it as a valuable resource to share forward. After all, while this timeline is entirely a result of my own hard work, I had to extract the relevant information from sources that were already in existence (including CRAVE Guitars’ own), I cannot therefore claim full ownership of anything herein. A huge thank you to all those who preceded me and who helped to make these articles possible. Mucho gracias.

As previously mentioned, there will inevitably be errors and omissions. However, I hope these should be relatively minor and therefore forgivable. I also don’t claim it to be comprehensive – the proverbial ‘tip of the iceberg’ and all that. Maybe it can be a starting point for others to expand upon. After all, as the nine part ‘Potted History of the Guitar…’ showed, there is a much bigger story behind each of the 400+ entries in the ‘Timeline…’ as well as the 150 entries in the ‘A‑Z…’. In total, there is way more than enough to keep one going for one lifetime spent down the metaphorical rabbit hole. Sadly, there is no miraculous Wonderland at the end of said bunny pit!

Lastly, I know that I bang on endlessly about not using AI for my research and writing. I remain agnostic about AI as it is in 2026. So… just out of curiosity, this seemed an ideal opportunity to test AI’s abilities against solid human research methodology. I asked AI to find me information that I knew for a fact already. On the majority of enquiries, AI FAILED completely to provide accurate information. However, on every occasion AI did produce a result, even if it was incorrect. This is very worrying because wrong information is worse than no information. There is nothing wrong in saying “I don’t know”, especially if there is no definitive source information available. Not good. This doesn’t bother me because I try very hard to be diligent and I know the relevance of the information I was seeking, so it was relatively easy to spot the errors. What bothers me more is that other, less meticulous data consumers, will undoubtedly not only accept erroneous information without thinking critically and checking validity, but also that they will then promulgate those falsities to such an extent that it ultimately appears to become ‘the truth’. That, I believe, is a very serious issue and a significant case of metaphorical caveat emptor. Be careful about what you read and cautious about what you believe, even here.

“Technically, I’m not a guitar player, all I play is truth and emotion” – Jimi Hendrix (1942‑1970)


CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Album of the Month’

In Part I, I applauded Spanish classical guitarist, Andrés Segovia. In Part II, I celebrated delta blues guitarist, Robert Johnson. So Part III deserves a guitarist with an equally prominent reputation. This time, though, the featured album isn’t a compilation. Of all the guitar players in all the world since the dawn of rock & roll, one stands head and shoulders above all others. While I am not one to put anyone on a pedestal, this one guitarist has been repeatedly acknowledged for his remarkable influence on contemporary music. For once, perhaps surprisingly, I’m going to go with the flow. Drum roll please… this month’s accolade goes to…

The Jimi Hendrix Experience – Are You Experienced (1967): ‘Are You Experienced’ was the debut studio album by the The Jimi Hendrix Experience. The album was released in May 1967 on Polydor in the UK and in August 1967 on Reprise Records in the US. The album’s track list was largely different for the UK and US markets. Despite different track listings, both original albums comprised 11 tracks covering around 39 minutes. More recent re‑releases have combined the tracks (usually totalling 17), including many famous tracks such as Foxy Lady, Manic Depression, Red House, 3rd Stone From The Sun, Are You Experienced, Purple Haze, Hey Joe and The Wind Cries Mary.

‘Are You Experienced’ (why does the title not end with a question mark?) has been widely recognised as one of the greatest debut rock studio albums of all time. It was also commercially successful, selling over one million copies in the few months following its release. Whether you like or dislike Jimi Hendrix and whatever you think of this album, there is no doubt that it was a ground‑breaking milestone in rock music history. The Experience comprised the classic line up of Jimi Hendrix on guitar and vocals, Noel Redding on bass and Mitch Mitchell on drums. This album’s status is matched only by its equally prestigious follow‑up, ‘Electric Ladyland’ (1968).

A bit of trivia; Jimi Hendrix apparently didn’t like the UK album cover of ‘Are You Experienced’. The alternative cover art used by Reprise Records for the American market is more psychedelic, more Jimi and more ‘1960s’. For what it’s worth, I agree with Jimi. The UK cover could be from any period, unlike the US version.

Jimi Hendrix (1942‑1970) released only three studio albums, one live album and one compilation album during his lifetime, which together defined his status as an all‑time guitar hero for many. Everything that has been released since Hendrix’s death has further cemented his reputation. As with legendary American delta blues guitarist Robert Johnson who occupied this slot in the last article, Hendrix died in mysterious circumstances at the age of 27, thereby becoming another unfortunate inductee into the infamous ’27 club’. Other peer members from the same period include Janis Joplin and Jim Morrison. Hendrix has become one of the most inventive, celebrated and influential electric guitarists of all time. Arguably, without James Marshall Hendrix (NB. actually born Johnny Allen Hendrix), we wouldn’t have much of the diverse and wonderful guitar music we enjoy today.

BELIEVE IN MUSIC!

“I’m the one that’s got to die when it’s time for me to die, so let me live my life the way I want to” – Jimi Hendrix (1942‑1970)


Tailpiece

Well, this three‑part epic extravaganza is pretty thorough, if I say so myself. A good job done, even if it is not 100% perfect. Sometimes, good enough is, well, good enough. I hope that the time travelling trip from 3500BCE to 2026CE has proved worthwhile and, perhaps, ephemerally entertaining.

Changing a 2‑part series into a 3‑part series has meant a re‑organisation of the forward plan of CRAVE Guitars article topics. The November article was intended to be significantly lighter in tone but that particular tome has now had to be cancelled, rather than just postponed. Please come back and join me for a new CVG adventure next month, whatever it might be.

As we are at the end of October, it may be apt to celebrate Allhallowtide (NB. deriving from at least the 15th Century and stemming from earlier religious origins) comprising All Hallow’s Eve, All Saint’s Day and All Soul’s Day from 31 October to 2 November inclusive. The Halloween that many of us are most familiar with in many western countries (corresponding to All Hallow’s Eve) has become a largely secular tradition based in pagan origins including the Celtic festival of Samhain. The season also celebrates the Mexican Día de los Muertos (Day of the Dead), which is celebrated annually on 1and 2 November. Shpooky. Disfruta y adiós por ahora, compadres.

“When the power of love overcomes the love of power, the world will know peace” – Jimi Hendrix (1942‑1970)

Finally, as Warner Brothers’ closing caption for Looney Tunes’ animations in the early 1930s (NB. credited to Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising) stated, “That’s All Folks!” A suitable sign‑off for this ambitious temporal performance, methinks. If you got this far, thank you for joining me along the way and patiently bearing with me throughout.

Truth, peace, love, and guitar music be with you always. The CRAVEman, signing off for now. Until next time…

CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Quote of the Month’: “Everything. Ends. Eventually”

© 2026 CRAVE Guitars – Love Vintage Guitars.


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April 2025 – An A‑Z of Vintage Guitar Gear: in 150 Snippets

Prelude

ALL PRESENT AND CORRECT, SIR, YES SIR! Here we are once again dear friends, acquaintances and anyone else who wishes to explore the Any‑Zany world of vintage gear. Spring is here folks and time to enjoy the freshness of rejuvenated nature accompanied by a suitable musical backdrop. It is a wonderful time of the year, in the northern hemisphere at least. I’ll get my monthly plea for a civilised society in our far too uncivilised world out of the way now. Even the notion of armed (or economic or social) conflict of any kind is futile and archaic in the 21st Century. Harmony, not discord, is the key to a flourishing future and it is achievable should we care enough and value it enough. What’s wrong with a bit of peace & love? Goodness knows we need it.

After the last three articles referencing Far Eastern influences, you may be relieved to know that that is not the focus of this month’s masterpiece (Ed: conceited or what?). I started out on this article thinking that it would be fairly straightforward. By the end, I was in the ‘what on Earth was I thinking?’ frame of mind. If I want to make space and time for writing ‘The Distortion Diaries’, this really is NOT the way to go about it. When will I learn? Well, it’s done now and time to move onto the next ‘big’ thang.


A CRAVE Guitars A‑Z of Vintage Guitar Gear

Looking back over the 90‑odd monthly articles so far, I was quite surprised I haven’t tried this particular exercise or something like it before now. This month is definitely one for the list‑o‑philes out there. For all you list‑o‑phobes, you might want to sit this one out.

The following narrative is an A‑Z that covers guitar gear including guitars, basses, amps, effects, accessories, etc. In order to give enough credence to many notable names, the A‑Z comprises subjects now associated with the vintage market and the main focus is on names with a clear historical component. There could have been many more but a line had to be drawn somewhere and it ended up a conveniently rounded 150.

For the author’s fragile sanity, the exercise is specifically about guitar‑related stuff. If I had gone for a looser definition or a wider scope for musical industry, instruments, equipment and accessories, it would have proved to be unmanageably massive.

Some of these names will be familiar household names while others are going to be somewhat esoteric. Some are companies, while others are products – it’s a bit mix and match but the rationale will hopefully become clear. It is not intended to be exhaustively comprehensive and I will undoubtedly have missed some important names that readers will pick up on and no doubt berate me for not including them. However, it is MY list and I’m sticking to it, although I apologise to anyone I may have omitted or misrepresented (easy to do with such a large number of précis).

There are plenty of notable industry names not included below, such as Ashdown, Blackstar, Eastman, Eastwood, Faith, Fractal, Kemper, Line 6, Luna, Manson Guitarworks, Matamp and Suhr among many, many, many more. The focus here is primarily on producers and products. Distributors and retailers are generally not listed, including names like Chandler Music, Gruhn Guitars, Macari, Rose Morris, Sam Ash, Guitar Center, PMT, Sweetwater, Thomann, Gear4Music, etc. Some key people are included as contributors to guitar gear, rather than in their own right, such as Robert Moog and Larry Fishman. Also pro studio gear tends not make the cut here. Not everything can make the list!

The volume of available information means that the descriptions here have to be very (and sometimes overly) brief, resulting in a lot of detail being left out skewing balance. However, the A‑Z may provide an interesting launching pad for further exploration and/or investigation should you so desire. Hey, I’m not going to do everything for you!

One thing I discovered (or rather became increasingly aware of, having understood it intuitively beforehand) during the research for this article is that the global music industry has been markedly incestuous and inbred over the last 150 years or so. The industry’s relationship status could probably best be described as, ‘it’s complicated’. There has been a great deal of to‑ing and fro‑ing, buyouts, mergers, sell‑offs, liquidations, shake outs, bankruptcies, relaunches, revivals and complex interdependencies between the various players. Trying to make sense of the numerous combinations and permutations in a consistent and coherent way made my head hurt. A lot.

Due to the nature of the subject matter and the work involved, there aren’t any words‑of‑wisdom quotes/idioms or many illustrative images this month. Horses for courses and all that. I apologise that this isn’t a very ‘pretty’ blog article.

Wherever possible, I have relied on my own resources built up over many years. While I have not plagiarised content from online sources, I have relied on generalised sources such as Wikipedia, specific sources such as company/brand web sites, as well as details from various books and other publications to inform the A‑Z. I would not have been able to achieve the significant amount of information herein without seeking corroborative cross‑references as part of the research. My thanks go out to those sources, which have been of significant assistance. It probably goes without saying that there is no end of ‘information’ on all of this should you wish to delve into the endless rabbit warren that is the hinternet thingummyjig.

There was, however, a great deal of unreliable, conflicting and/or inaccurate information making collation challenging. There is, therefore, despite best endeavours, a risk that the lack of definitive facts, especially relating to dates and individuals, may have made its way into the narrative. If that is the case, I apologise pre‑emptively. For that reason alone, I do not recommend using this as a source of irrefutable factual information. It is, as always, only for entertainment and broad information. The following is pretty heavy going and may stray into nerdy nirvana. Are you sitting comfortably?

Without further ado, it’s time to get analytically and amazingly alphabetic. Following convention, we start with…


A – A Stands for…

AERAER (Audio Electric Research) was founded in 1992 by Udo Rösner, Michael Eisenmann and Susanne Janz in the the Ruhr area of Germany. As a relative newcomer, AER has specialised in developing and manufacturing amplifiers for acoustic instruments, an under‑represented field at the time. Their slogan is, ‘the acoustic people’.
AirlineAirline Guitars was a brand used by American mail order company Montgomery Ward on a range of electric and acoustic guitars between 1958 and 1968. Like their competitor, Sears, Montgomery Ward sourced instruments from the likes of Valco, Kay and Harmony. The Airline name was also used on a range of amplifiers manufactured by Valco and Danelectro during the same period. Eastwood Guitars purchased rights to the Airline brand in the early 2000s and is still used for retro designed guitars as of 2025.
AkaiAkai Electric Company Ltd. was founded by Masukichi and Saburo Akai in Tokyo in 1946. Akai was a Japanese electronics manufacturer for many years. In the 1980s, Akai Professional focused on studio production and recording equipment and stage audio gear. The original Akai business ceased production in 2000, although Akai Professional continued manufacturing a wide range of equipment, including synthesisers.
AlembicAlembic was founded in 1969 by Owsley Stanley (1935‑2011) in Novato, California. Alembic was, and still is, an American manufacturer of high‑end basses and guitars, Alembic was an innovator in premium bass instruments including 5‑string and graphite necks. Alembic basses have been favoured by artists such as Jack Casady, Stanley Clarke and Mark King.
AlvarezThe American Alvarez guitar brand was created in 1965 by retailer Gene Kornblum and luthier Kazuo Yairi, based in St. Louis, Missouri. The firm focused on steel‑string acoustic guitars manufactured in Japan and imported into the US. Alvarez is a private company under the ownership of St. Louis Music as of 2025.
AmpegThe American company that became Ampeg was founded in 1946 by Everett Hull and Stanley Michaels in Linden, New Jersey. Ampeg is an abbreviation of ‘AMplified PEG’, a transducer pickup for upright acoustic basses. Ampeg’s main focus over decades has been to specialise in bass amplifiers, although it has diversified into guitar amps as well. Like many other American manufacturers, it was sold in the mid‑1960s in order to survive. Ampeg is now a brand owned by Japanese giant, Yamaha.
AriaAria Guitars Co. was founded in 1956 by Shiro Arai (1930‑2019) in Nagoya, Japan. Initially, Aria was a musical instrument retailer. In 1964, Aria started manufacturing acoustic guitars and, from 1966, electric guitars and basses. Aria made its name during the 1970s and changed its name to Aria Pro II in 1975. Aria currently also owns Pignose amps (see below).
AudiovoxThe original Audiovox Manufacturing Co. was founded by musician and inventor, Paul Tutmarc (1896‑1972). Tutmarc was famous for the introduction of the Audiovox Model 736 Bass Fiddle – the precursor to the fretted bass guitar – in 1936. Not to be confused with another consumer electronics company bearing the same name, founded in 1960, based in Orlando, Florida.

 B – B Stands for…

B.C. RichB.C. Rich was founded by Bernardo Chavez Rico (1941‑1999) in 1974 in LA, California. The American company is famous for manufacturing acoustic and electric guitars, and basses. B.C. Rich guitars became known for radical guitar designs that became popular with heavy metal bands, particularly during the 1980s. Budget B.C. Rich guitars are made in Asia, while high‑end boutique instruments are made in small numbers in the US. After the founder’s death in 1999, the brand changed ownership several times before returning to private ownership in 2019.
BigsbyBigsby was the brainchild of innovator Paul Bigsby (1899‑1968) who started building bespoke guitars for professional artists like Merle Travis and Chet Atkins in Scottsdale, Arizona from 1946. Bigsby is best known for its worldwide industry standard vibrato tailpieces used by many other brands often under licensing agreements. Bigsby sold the company to Gibson president, Ted McCarty in 1966 and it was sold again to Fender in 2019.
BinsonThe Binson Amplifier HiFi Company was founded by engineer, Bonfiglio Bini in Milan in the mid‑1940s. The company is best known for its legendary portable echo and reverberation effect, the Binson Echorec introduced in 1953/1954. Uniquely, the Echorec used a magnetic disc, rather than tape loop, to record and replay the original signal. The company ceased production in 1986. The Binson Echorec name has since been revived by guitar effect company T‑Rex.
BognerBogner Amplification was founded in 1989 by Reinhold Bogner in LA, California. Bogner is an American manufacturer of guitar amps, speaker cabinets and effect pedals. The company started out making boutique amps based on modified Fender and Marshall amps before moving into mainstream production with three discrete amp lines.
BOSSBOSS is a division of the Roland Corporation that was formed in 1972 in Osaka, Japan. BOSS focuses mainly on the manufacture of compact guitar and bass effect pedals, as well as modern multi‑effect units and amplifiers. The company started making its familiar compact BOSS effect pedals in 1977, first in Japan until c.1990 and then in Taiwan and latterly Malaysia. BOSS has become one of the biggest names in guitar and bass effects.
BurnsBurns Guitars London is a manufacturer of electric guitars and basses, founded in 1959 by Alice Farrell and Jim Burns (1925‑1998) in London, England. After a period of success during the 1960s, the Baldwin Piano Company acquired the business and the original Burns guitar line ceased production in 1970, although Jim Burns continued to make guitars independently. A range of Burns‑branded guitars re‑appeared in 1992 with guitars made in the Far East.
Buzz FeitenHoward ‘Buzz’ Feiten II (1948‑) is a musician and luthier notable for patenting a unique tuning system for guitars in 1992. The Buzz Feiten Tuning System (BFTS) for fretted instruments is intended to correct inherent intonation issues by replacing a guitar’s standard fingerboard nut with a specialised compensated version. In 2012, Buzz Feiten Guitars was formed, renamed Buzz Feiten Guitar Research in 2018.

C – C Stands for…

CarlsboroCarlsbro is a guitar amplifier company, founded in 1959 by Stuart and Sheila Mercer in Nottingham, England. It is one of the oldest British guitar amp makers. In 2002, production was shifted overseas and in 2010 the company was acquired by the Chinese Soundking Group.
Carvin (Kiesel)The American Carvin Corporation was founded in 1946 by Lowell Kiesel (1915‑2009) based in San Diego, California. Carvin guitars and basses were popular with rock and metal guitarists during the 1970s and 1980s. After Kiesel’s death, the company was split into Kiesel Guitars and Carvin Corporation, the latter mainly covering audio equipment.
CharvelCharvel is an American guitar company founded in 1974 by Wayne Charvel in Azusa, California. Charvel sold the company to Grover Jackson (of Jackson Guitars) in 1978. Charvel guitars were popular with rock and metal guitarists during the 1980s. After several changes, both Charvel and Jackson brands were acquired by Fender in 2002.
CollingsThe American Collings Guitars company was founded in 1973 by Bill Collings (1948‑2017) in Austin, Texas. Collings manufacture a wide range of high quality acoustic, arch top and electric guitars, as well as other fretted instruments including production of quality mandolins and ukuleles.
ColorsoundGuitar effect brand Colorsound was formed in 1967 by brothers Larry and Joe Macari in London, England. Colorsound pedals were manufactured by another Macari‑owned company, Sola Sound. Colorsound is probably best known for the iconic Tone Bender fuzz pedal, made famous by rock guitarists in the 1960s and 1970s.
ColumbusColumbus was a brand name used by the American importer Elger Guitars on entry level copies of Gibson, Fender and Rickenbacker guitars. The flagrant copies were made in the Far East by the Japanese manufacturer, Hoshino Gakki Gen. Elger used the Ibanez name in the US and Columbus in the UK.
CoralIn 1967, the giant MCA company acquired guitar manufacturer Danelectro (see below) and introduced the short‑lived Coral brand with instruments produced in Danelectro’s Neptune City, New Jersey facility between 1967 and 1969. The brand is best remembered for its distinctive instruments like the Coral Bellzouki and the Coral Sitar.
CSLThe CSL brand name was used by Charles Summerfield Limited, based in Gateshead, England. During the 1970s, CSL distributed guitars in the UK that were manufactured by FujiGen Gakki in Matsumoto, Japan. At the time, FujiGen was known for supplying guitars for other brands including Ibanez, Fender, Yamaha and Greco. CSL guitars were mainly blatant ‘lawsuit era’ copies of Fender, Gibson and Rickenbacker models. CSL ceased trading in 1993.

D – D Stands for…

D’Angelico

D’Angelico was founded by master luthier John D’Angelico (1905‑1964) in 1932, in Manhattan, New York. D’Angelico built a strong reputation for hand built archtop guitars created in small numbers during the 1930s. Original instruments are now highly sought after. After D’Angelico’s death, the business (but not the name) was bought by former apprentice Jimmy D’Aquisto (see below). The D’Angelico brand was re‑launched in 1999 and continues as of 2025 with a range of American and Far Eastern models.

D’Aquisto

James L. D’Aquisto (1935‑1995) was an American luthier who served as an apprentice to John D’Angelico from 1952 until the latter’s death in 1964. D’Aquisto concentrated on building and repairing archtop guitars under his own name. As he predicted, he died at the same age as his mentor (59). Fender currently manufactures a range of guitars using the D’Aquisto name.

Dallas Arbiter

John E. Dallas & Sons was formed in 1875 in London, England making and selling musical instruments. Dallas imported musical instruments from Europe and the USA, including brands such as Kay, Harmony and Vega. Separately, Sound City was formed in London by Ivor Arbiter, another industry bigwig, which specialised in guitars and amplifiers. Around 1965, Dallas Music acquired the Arbiter‑Western company thereby creating Dallas Arbiter, which produced drums, guitars and basses under the Hayman brand. Dallas Arbiter is, though, best known for the iconic Fuzz Face effect pedal, manufactured from c.1966 to 1975 (and which has been reissued many times since). Dallas Arbiter went out of business in 1975.

Dan Armstrong

Dan Kent Armstrong (1934‑2004) was an American guitarist and luthier born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. After opening his own business in 1965, Armstrong designed an innovative range of guitars for Ampeg in 1968 using bodies made from clear Plexiglas (a.k.a. Lucite), a synthetic polymer. The instruments also used interchangeable pickups designed by colleague Bill Lawrence. In the 1970s, Armstrong moved to England and designed a new range of traditional guitars, basses, effects and amps. In 1998, a Plexiglas Dan Armstrong guitar was reissued, made in Japan.

Danelectro

American company Danelectro was founded in 1947 by Nathan Daniel (1912‑1994) in Neptune City, New Jersey. ‘Dano’ made distinctive semi‑hollow guitar and bass bodies made from poplar or plywood frames faced with Masonite front and back and with vinyl tape binding. The instruments also used characteristic ‘lipstick’ single coil pickups and ‘coke bottle’ headstocks. MCA bought Danelectro in 1966 and ceased guitar production in 1969. The brand was revived in the 1990s focusing intermittently on guitars/basses, effect pedals and amps. Danelectro is currently owned by Evets Corporation.

DeArmond

Harold DeArmond (1906‑1999) was an American electrical designer who founded DeArmond Research in Toledo, Ohio to develop a magnetic guitar pickup in 1935, working with Bud Rowe, owner of Fox Electrical and Manufacturing. The first acoustic guitar pickups were manufactured in 1939. In 1940, production was consolidated as Rowe Industries. Although best known for guitar pickups, Rowe introduced a tremolo effect pedal in 1941, the first of its kind. By the time Harry DeArmond retired in 1976, his company had made over 170 different types of pickup, as well as many amplifiers and effect pedals. In c.1998, Fender acquired the rights to use the DeArmond name.

Dean

Dean Guitars was founded in 1976 by Dean Zelinsky in Chicago, Illinois. Dean originally made a variety of guitars for many famous artists. Zelinsky sold Dean in 1986, which continued in business but with little connection to the original company. Professional musician Elliott Rubinson of Armadillo Enterprises bought the business in 1997 and successfully rejuvenated the Dean Guitars brand with a range of products from Far Eastern budget models to US‑built custom shop instruments. The late guitarist Dimebag Darrell was a key endorsee.

DiMarzio

Larry DiMarzio started making guitar pickups in Staten Island, New York in the 1960s. DiMarzio became famous for manufacturing after‑market guitar pickups and stock pickups for a number of brands. DiMarzio also produces a range of accessories and merchandise. DiMarzio Inc. continues to make a wide range of products including around 200 types of guitar and bass pickups.

Dobro

Dobro Manufacturing Company was originally founded in 1928 by four Dopyera Brothers (Dobro is a conflation of DOpyera and BROthers). Dobro produced single cone acoustic resonator guitars to compete with National’s tricone resonator guitars. In 1932 Dobro merged with National to form the National‑Dobro Company. In the 1940s the business was sold to Valco (see below). In 1964, the Dopyera Brothers re‑introduced the Dobro name, which was eventually acquired by Gibson 1993 with guitars manufactured by Gibson subsidiary, Epiphone from 2012.

DOD (DigiTech)

DOD Electronics, deriving from the initials of founder David Oreste DiFrancesco, was formed in Salt Lake City, Utah in 1973. DOD, and its brand DigiTech, manufactures a wide range of popular guitar effect pedals. DOD/DigiTech was sold to Harman International around 1991 and then sold again to South Korean giant Cortek (owner of Cort Guitars) in 2018.

Dumble

Dumble Amplifiers was a one‑man‑band enterprise founded by reclusive Alexander Dumble (1944‑2022) to build no‑compromise hand‑made guitar amplifiers in very small numbers, often for wealthy celebrity artists. Dumble amplifiers have acquired legendary status amongst guitarists, particularly for his Dumble Overdrive Special. Commercially, the brand died along with its founder in 2022.

Dunlop

Dunlop Manufacturing was founded in 1965 by Scottish immigrant to the USA, entrepreneur Jim Dunlop (1936‑2019) in Benicia, California. Dunlop built the business from a humble start in his living room and garage to become one of the largest manufacturers of musical accessories and guitar effect pedals. Dunlop remains a private company as of 2025.


E – E Stands for…

EBow

The EBow is an innovative guitar accessory manufactured by Heet Sound Products in LA, California. The battery‑powered EBow (short for ‘electronic bow’) uses battery‑powered electromagnetism to vibrate a guitar string producing a sustained sound like a bowed violin or cello string. The sound contrasts with the rapid attack and decay of a plucked guitar string. Greg Heet invented the EBow in 1969, launched it commercially in 1976 and patented it in 1978. The EBow remains in production as of 2025.

Echoplex

Engineer Mike Battle designed the Echoplex tape delay effect unit in 1959, based on an earlier design by Ray Butts from the 1950s. The Echoplex was sold through Chicago Musical Instruments (CMI) and then Maestro, a distributor owned by Norlin (which also owned Gibson). The effect rapidly became an industry standard. In 1970, a solid‑state Echoplex superseded the valve‑driven unit, developed by Maestro. The Echoplex brand was purchased by Gibson in the 1990s and the Echoplex name was used on a line of digital looping delays. In 2019, Echoplex became a trademark of Dunlop Manufacturing.

EKO

EKO Guitars was founded in 1959 by Oliviero Pigini in Recanati, Italy. EKO manufactures classical guitars, 12‑string guitars, archtop guitars, electric guitars and acoustic bass guitars. During the 1960s, EKO became the largest guitar exporter in Europe and made guitars and effect pedals for other brands such as VOX. EKO remains a private company that continues to manufacture guitars as of 2025.

Electro-Harmonix

Electro-Harmonix (a.k.a. EHX) was founded in 1968 by musician Mike Matthews in New York City. EHX makes effect pedals and sells rebranded amplifier valves. During the 1970s, EHX manufactured a wide range of innovative affordable state-of-the art guitar effect pedals for guitarists and bass players. In the 1980s EHX stopped making effect pedals and focused on valves in the 1990s. At that time, EHX started producing a few effect pedals in Russia before returning to its roots from 2002 and continues to excel in the manufacture of guitar effect pedals.

Epiphone

What would become Epiphone in 1928 was founded by the family of Greek/Turkish immigrant luthier Anastasios Stathopoulo (1863‑1915) in 1873 in the Ottoman Empire. Initially a fiddle and lute maker, Epiphone became a major competitor to Gibson during the 1930s, especially in the manufacture of high quality archtop guitars. A struggling Epiphone was finally acquired by Gibson in 1957. Epiphone is best known for the Casino hollow body electric guitar because of an association with The Beatles. From the 1970s, Epiphone became a low cost offshore manufacturer of Epiphone‑branded copies of Gibson models.

Ernie Ball

Ernie Ball Inc. was founded in 1962 by American musician and entrepreneur Roland Sherwood Ball (1930‑2004) in San Luis Obispo, California. Ernie Ball is an instrument and accessory company, particularly known for its guitar strings. In 1972, Ernie Ball also started producing guitars. Guitars and basses are also manufactured by Music Man, which Ernie Ball bought in 1984 and now called Ernie Ball Music Man (EBMM). Ernie Ball’s son, Sterling Ball (1955‑) is the current CEO of the company, keeping it a private family business.

ESP/LTD

ESP Company Ltd was founded in 1975 by Hisatake Shibuya (1937‑2024) in Tokyo, Japan. ESP’s main business is manufacturing electric guitars and basses, as well as an OEM supplier of parts for other companies. ESP is also parent to subsidiary brand LTD amongst others. ESP and LTD guitars have been favoured by heavy metal guitarists in particular. ESP also has had an American headquarters based in LA, California since 1993. ESP’s primary competitor is rival Japanese brand, Ibanez.

Eventide

The American Eventide Inc. was founded in 1971 by recording engineer Stephen Katz, inventor Richard Factor, and businessman Orville Greene in New York City. Eventide is best known for its extensive range of premium quality studio and guitar effect pedals using digital effect processors and Digital Signal Processor (DSP) software. Eventide is now based in Little Ferry, New Jersey.


F – F Stands for…

Fender

Fender, one of the world’s most famous and important names in guitars, basses and amplifiers was founded in 1946 by Clarence Leonidas ‘Leo’ Fender (1909­‑1991) in Fullerton, California. Leo Fender sold his business to CBS in 1965. Following a management buyout in 1985, Fender Musical Instrument Company (FMIC) once again became a private company. Fender is home to iconic instruments like the Telecaster, Stratocaster, Precision, Jazz Bass, Jaguar, Jazzmaster and amplifiers like the Twin, Deluxe, Bassman and Princeton. Fender also produces accessories and merchandise.

Fernandes

Fernandes Guitars was formed in 1972 from its predecessor, Saito Musical Instruments, founded in 1969 in Niizo, Japan. Fernandes is a Japanese company that produces electric and bass guitars, amplifiers and accessories. Fernandes has become one of the biggest guitar producers in Japan. Fernandes, though, is possibly best known for its Sustainer pickups that use electromagnetism to vibrate the guitar’s strings in a similar way to the eBow (see above). Fernandes also owns the Burny brand, known for making copies of Gibson guitars.

Floyd Rose

The Floyd Rose locking vibrato system (erroneously called a tremolo) was designed by Floyd D. Rose in 1976 and patented in 1979. The vibrato was intended to return the strings to accurate tuning despite extreme ‘dive bombing’ of a guitar bridge to change the pitch of strings. The system relies on firmly clamping the strings at both the nut and bridge. Floyd Rose vibratos became phenomenally popular, particularly with rock and heavy metal guitarists and the approach has been widely imitated and officially licensed.

Framus

Framus was founded in 1946 by Fred Wilfer in Luby, Czechoslovakia to make stringed instruments and to resettle German Bohemians expelled from Bohemia after WWII. Framus is a conflation of FRAnconian MUSical instruments. Framus became the largest guitar producer in Europe during the 1950s. Despite success, Framus went bankrupt in 1975. The brand was re‑introduced in 1995 by founder Fred Wilfer’s son as part of the German bass guitar manufacturer Warwick (see below).


G – G Stands for…

G&L

G&L Musical Instruments was founded in 1980 by George Fullerton (1923‑2009)(G), Leo Fender (L) and Dale Hyatt in Fullerton, California. G&L was the venture Leo Fender pursued after he left Music Man in 1979 and before Music Man was sold to Ernie Ball in 1984. G&L focused on continuing to innovate and evolve Leo Fender’s guitar and bass designs in a way that Fender (the company) couldn’t. After Leo Fender died in 1991, BBE Sound, Inc. took over the business.

Gibson

Gibson, one of the oldest, most famous and most important names in guitars was founded in 1894 by Orville Gibson (1856‑1918), in Kalamazoo, Michigan. Orville started off making labour‑intensive carved top guitars and mandolins. Lloyd Loar (1886‑1943) designed key jazz archtops like the L5 for Gibson in the 1920s. The ES‑150 was the first production ‘electric’ guitar in 1936. Collaborating with professional musician Les Paul (1915‑2009), Gibson introduced the Les Paul Model guitar in 1952. Company president Ted McCarty (1909‑2001), followed the Les Paul with the Explorer, Flying V, ES‑335, SG and many others. Gibson was sold by parent company CMI to Norlin in 1974 and was subsequently subject to a management buy‑out in 1986. Despite financial difficulties, Gibson remains a private company as of 2025.

Godin

Godin Guitars was founded by Robert Godin in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in 1972. Godin currently manufactures electric and acoustic guitars and basses under its own name, built in Canada, as well as other subsidiary brands like Seagull. Godin is Canada’s largest guitar business.

Gordon Smith

Gordon Smith Guitars was founded in 1974, named after its founders, Gordon Whitham and John Smith in Greater Manchester, England. Gordon Smith is a manufacturer of hand‑crafted electric guitars. The company is also Britain’s longest‑running electric guitar manufacturer. In April 2015 Gordon Smith Guitars was acquired by British firm, Auden Guitars, based in Northamptonshire, England.

Goya

Goya guitars (named after the Spanish artist) were manufactured by Levin, a company founded in 1900 by Herman Carlson Levin in Gothenburg, Sweden. In 1952, Goya introduced nylon‑strung acoustic guitars followed by steel‑string acoustic guitars in the 1960s. In 1976, the Goya brand was sold to CF Martin (see below). Production of Goya guitars suffered and Martin stopped selling Goya‑branded guitars during the 1990s.

Greco

Greco is a brand name used by the wholesaler Kanda Shokai Corporation, formed in 1948 in Japan. The company started selling Greco guitars in the mid‑1960s. In the 1970s, although not specifically targeted by Gibson, Greco became embroiled in the ‘lawsuit-era’ copy scandal. In 1982, Kanda Shokai was part of a joint venture with Fender Japan, making acoustic and electric guitars for the Japanese market. Various guitar models have used the Greco name on and off since the 1990s.

Gretsch

Gretsch was originally founded by German immigrant Friedrich Gretsch (c.1856‑1895) in 1883, located in Brooklyn, New York, USA. Gretsch focused primarily on guitars as a core business in the 1930s and the company hit their peak era from the mid‑1950s to mid‑1960s during the rock & roll boom. Gretsch was sold to Baldwin Pianos in 1967 and the family business has worked in partnership with Fender since 2002. Gretsch is probably best known for the iconic 6120 Chet Atkins hollow body guitar.

Guild

The Guild Guitar Company was founded in 1952 by professional guitarist and music retailer Avram ‘Al’ Dronge (1911‑1972) in Manhattan, New York. Guild intended to compete primarily with rivals Epiphone and Gretsch. Following expansion, Guild was sold to the Avnet Corporation in 1966, which moved production to Westerly, Rhode Island. Guild was sold again to Fender Musical Instrument Corporation (FMIC) in 1995. In 2014, Guild was acquired by Cordoba Music Group and moved yet again to Oxnard, California.

Guyatone

Guyatone was founded in 1933 by Mitsuo Matsuki in Yamanashi, Japan. Matsuki Manufacturing produced guitars under the Guya brand until 1940. In 1951 the Guyatone name was established for electric guitars and, in 1955, the first Guyatone solid-body electric guitar was introduced. In Japan, Guyatone guitars were sold using the Ibanez name. In the UK, Matsuki used the Antoria name and in the US, they used the Kent name. The Guyatone name is now owned by DeMont Guitars LLC.


H – H Stands for…

Hagström

Hagström was founded in 1925 by Albin Hagström in Älvdalen, Dalecarlia, Sweden. Hagström’s main business was accordions before they started making electric guitars in 1958 and subsequently amps. Hagström pioneered with the innovative H8 8‑string bass and also began to experiment with guitar synths. Hagström ceased production in 1983 in the face of stiff competition. The brand was revived in 2004 and now produces guitars in both Europe and the Far East.

Hamer

Hamer Guitars was founded in 1973 by Paul Hamer and Jol Dantzig in Wilmette, Illinois. Hamer became well‑known for building guitars and basses based on Gibson’s designs. In 1988, Hamer was acquired by Kaman Music Corporation (KMC), which owned Ovation guitars. In 2008, Fender bought KMC including the Ovation and Hamer brands. Fender closed down Hamer production in 2012. In 2015, Fender sold KMC again. In 2017, KMC revived the Hamer name with products imported into the US.

Harmony

The Harmony Company was founded in 1892 by Wilhelm Schultz. Sears, Roebuck & Co. purchased Harmony in 1916 for the latter’s ukulele business. By the 1950s, Harmony produced a wide range of instruments, peaking in the mid‑1960s. In 1975, the production of Harmony guitars ceased and the brand name was sold. In 2018, BandLab Technologies of Singapore revived the Harmony brand, producing guitars and amps made by Heritage (see below).

Heritage

Heritage Guitar Inc. was founded in 1985 by three former Gibson employees in Kalamazoo, Michigan. Heritage set up business in the old Gibson factory after Gibson had moved to Nashville, Tennessee in 1974. As of 2025, Heritage is a small‑scale manufacturer of guitars heavily based on Gibson’s traditional designs.

HH Electronics

HH Electronics was founded in 1968 by Mike Harrison, Malcolm Green and Graham Lowes in Harston near Cambridge, England. It was a manufacturer of distinctive solid state guitar, bass and PA amps, as well as speaker cabinets. In the 1990s, HH was acquired by Laney Amplification (see below).

Hiwatt

Hylight Electronics, better known as Hiwatt, was founded in 1966 by Dave Reeves in Surrey, England. Hiwatt are best known for their guitar and bass amps. As part of the 1960s and 1970s boom in high powered amps, Hiwatt (including Sound City, see below) along with its main competitors Marshall, Orange and VOX helped to cement the ‘British sound’ of rock music, contrasting with the ‘American sound’ of Fender (and its derivatives) amps.

Höfner

Karl Höfner GmbH & Co. KG was founded in 1887 by German luthier Karl Höfner (1864‑1955) in Schönbach, Austria-Hungary (now Luby in the Czech Republic). One part of the company manufactured classical string instruments while another produced guitars and basses. After WWII, Höfner moved to West Germany, where the company thrived. Höfner became closely associated with The Beatles who were seen to use Höfner guitars and basses. In 1994, Höfner was sold to British music publisher, Boosey & Hawkes. After financial difficulties, the Höfner brand was sold to a former Höfner employee in 2004.

Hohner

Hohner Musikinstrumente GmbH & Co. KG was founded in 1857 by clock maker Matthias Hohner (1833‑1902) in Trossingen, Baden‑Württemberg, Germany. While Hohner is best known for its harmonicas, the company manufactured a wide range of musical instruments, including guitars from the 1950s until c.2015. Hohner has since returned to its roots and currently produces harmonicas, melodicas, accordions and recorder flutes.

Hondo

The Hondo guitar company was founded in 1969 by Jerry Freed and Tommy Moore. Hondo was a joint venture with the Samick Company of South Korea to manufacture entry‑level acoustic and electric guitars and basses, importing them into the USA using the Hondo name. Many of Hondo’s guitars were based on, or copies of, classic American guitar designs. The Hondo name had largely disappeared by 1989 but was revived by what is now Musicorp in 1995.

Hughes & Kettner

Hughes & Kettner was founded in 1984 by brothers Hans and Lothar Stamer in in Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany. The company focuses on manufacturing premium level amps and innovative effect pedals. H&K as built a strong reputation with a particular focus on high‑gain amplifier technology for heavy metal and hard rock.


I – I Stands for…

Ibanez

Ibanez is a guitar brand created in 1957 in Nagoya, Aichi, Japan. Ibanez is owned by Hoshino Gakki a musical instrument manufacturer founded in 1908. Ibanez began production of guitars in 1957 and were known for copies of American guitars during the 1960s. Ibanez in particular was the target for litigation by Gibson because of trademark infringements during the 1970s. Ibanez (and other) brand guitars of the period became known as ‘lawsuit‑era’ instruments. Also in the 1970s, Hoshino Gakki licensed Maxon effect pedals for sale under the Ibanez brand.


J – J Stands for…

Jackson

Jackson Guitars was founded in 1980 by American luthier Grover Jackson in Glendora, California to manufacture electric guitars and basses. Grover Jackson had worked closely with Wayne Charvel until the latter sold the Charvel name to Jackson in 1978. During the 1980s, Jackson manufactured high-quality, US‑made, custom instruments, primarily for heavy metal guitarists including Randy Rhoads. Fender acquired both Jackson Guitars and Charvel in 2002. Low budget Jackson guitars are manufactured in the Far East. Grover Jackson is now co‑owner of independent GJ2 Guitars, based in Orange County, California.

Jen

JEN Elettronica was founded in c.1969 in Pescara, Italy. Jen’s focus was to become Europe’s biggest music OEM manufacturer including guitar effect pedals. Jen was notable for manufacturing products for VOX and Gretsch among others, as well as a line of guitar effect pedals under the JEN name. Jen is best known for making the iconic wah‑wah pedal, the ‘Cry Baby’ in the 1960s. Jen failed to trademark the Cry Baby name, so any manufacturer could use it at the time.

John Hornby Skewes (JHS)

John Hornby Skewes (JHS for short) was founded in 1965 by John & Madge Hornby Skewes in Garforth near Leeds, England. Over the years, JHS has become an international company offering thousands of products including a number of JHS proprietary brands including Fret‑King, Vintage, Encore and JHS‑branded guitar effect pedals.


K – K Stands for…

Kahler

Kahler Systems International was formed in the late 1970s by Gary Kahler. The company started out making parts for other companies such as Fender and DiMarzio. The cam‑operated Kahler vibrato (not tremolo!) was introduced in 1981, just in time for the rock and metal boom of the 1980s with its associated ‘shredding’ and ‘dive‑bombing’ guitar playing styles. Kahler’s main competitor was Floyd Rose (see above). Like Floyd Rose, the focus was on maintaining tuning stability. Unusually, Kahler also produces a bass vibrato version. When demand for vibrato systems declined in the 1990s, Kahler switched to making golf clubs but returned to manufacturing guitar hardware including the classic Kahler vibrato in 2005.

Kalamazoo

Gibson was based in Kalamazoo, Michigan until 1974. Kalamazoo was also a brand name used by Gibson for archtop and flattop acoustic guitars, lap steels, banjos, and mandolins. Kalamazoo was a low cost option that many musicians needed during the Great Depression (1929‑1939). The original short‑lived Kalamazoo brand was used between 1933 and 1942. During the 1960s, Gibson temporarily resurrected the Kalamazoo name for low-cost, beginner guitars until Gibson positioned Epiphone into that market to compete with Far Eastern competition.

Kawai

Kawai Musical Instruments Manufacturing Co Ltd was founded in 1927 by Koichi Kawai (1886‑1955) in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan. The company is best known for its pianos, electronic keyboards and synthesisers. Kawai worked for Nippon Gakki (Yamaha) before setting up his own business. Koichi’s son, Shigeru took over control of Kawai until his death in 2006. Shigeru’s son, Hirotaka Kawai now runs the family business. Kawaii also bought the Teisco brand, which manufactured a range of distinctive guitars and basses.

Kay

Kay Musical Instrument Company was founded in 1931 by Henry ‘Kay’ Kuhrmeyer in Chicago, Illinois, although previous incarnations date back to 1890. Kay produced budget and pro‑level guitars, mandolins, banjos and ukuleles from 1936. Kay migrated to electric guitars and basses from c.1955. Kay was sold in 1965 and again in 1967, this time to Valco (see below) who went bust in 1968, and then sold again in 1969. The Kay name has been used intermittently over the years, often attached to instruments imported from China.

Korg

Korg Inc. (previously Keio Electronic Laboratories) was founded in 1962 by Tsutomu Kato (1926‑2011) and Tadashi Osanai in Tokyo, Japan. Korg was and is best known for their keyboards and synthesisers from the late 1960s to the 1980s. In 1987, Yamaha took temporary control of Korg until 1992. In 1992, Korg acquired British amp maker VOX (see below).

Kramer

Kramer Guitars was founded in 1976 by Gary Kramer in Neptune, New Jersey. Gary Kramer and Travis Bean had formed the Travis Bean guitar company in 1974 shortly before Kramer formed his own company. Initially, Kramer continued to use aluminium necks on guitars and basses, improving on Travis Bean’s designs. Kramer reverted to traditional wood necks from 1981. Kramer guitars and basses became associated with the rock and metal boom of the 1980s. Kramer filed for bankruptcy in 1989. Eventually, Gibson acquired the rights to Kramer in 1997 and guitars are now manufactured by Epiphone using the Kramer name. In 2005, Gary Kramer founded the independent Gary Kramer Guitars (GKG).

Kustom

Kustom Amplification was founded in 1964 by Charles ‘Bud’ Ross in Chanute, Kansas. Kustom is a manufacturer of guitar and bass amplifiers, PA systems and accessories. Uniquely, speaker cabinets were wrapped in a sparkling car upholstery material called Naugahyde, giving them a particularly standout image. Baldwin Pianos bought Kustom in 1972 and is now owned by Hanser Music Group who keep the style and spirit of the original Kustom designs going. Founder Charles Ross went on to form effect pedal company Ross Musical (see below) in c.1972.


L – L Stands for…

Laney

Laney Amplification was founded in 1967 by musician Lyndon Laney in Birmingham, England. The British Laney brand manufactured guitar and bass amplifiers, speaker cabinets and PA systems. Laney developed from its humble beginnings in Laney’s father’s garage into a major player in the global amp market. Laney remains in business as a private company, as of 2025.

Larrivée

Jean Larrivée Guitars Inc. was founded in 1967 by Jean Larrivée in Toronto, Canada. The company moved to Vancouver in 1982 then to California in 2001. Since 1977, Larrivée has manufactured a range of premium acoustic guitars, often featuring ornate inlays. Larrivée Guitars is still in production as a family business as of 2025.

Leslie

The Leslie speaker was the invention of electronic engineer Donald Leslie. Development began in the 1930s as a means for a Hammond organ to emulate the sound of a pipe organ. Production began in 1941. The speaker comprises a variable speed rotating baffle in front of the loudspeaker(s) which modulates the sound exploiting the Doppler Effect. Leslie speakers have been used by guitarists keen to obtain the signature Leslie sound. In contemporary times, many attempts have been made to imitate the sound effect, first through analogue circuits and then by Digital Signal Processing (DSP). In 1965, Leslie sold his business to CBS who, in turn sold it to Hammond in 1980. In 1992, the Japanese Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation bought both the Hammond and Leslie brands.

Lowden

George Lowden (1952‑) is an Irish luthier based in Bangor, County Down. He founded the eponymous company, George Lowden Guitars in 1974. Lowden’s main output comprises premium nylon and steel‑string acoustic guitars although he has also dabbled in making electric solid body guitars. In an unusual move, Lowden licenses other luthiers to build guitars using the Lowden name, especially in Japan. In 2002, Lowden introduced a more affordable range of guitars, called Avalon.


M – M Stands for…

Maccaferri

Henri Selmer Paris was a company founded in 1885 in Mantes‑la‑Ville near Paris. In 1932, Selmer worked with Italian luthier Mario Maccaferri (1900‑1995) to design what are known as ‘gypsy jazz’ acoustic guitars, famously used by virtuoso Belgian/French jazz guitarist Django Reinhardt. Maccaferri guitars have a large body with thin ladder‑braced top and squared off bouts. Early sound holes were D‑shaped while later ones were oval, with a rounded cutaway on the upper treble bout. Selmer made less than 1,000 of these guitars until production ceased in 1952.

Maestro

Gibson’s parent company, Chicago Musical Exchange (CMI) had used the Maestro name on products like the legendary Echoplex tape loop echo effect (see above). From 1962, CMI was one of the first companies to move into effect pedals using the Maestro name. They launched a number of effect pedals starting with the FZ‑1 Fuzz Tone. In 1974, Norlin acquired Gibson from CMI and the company put synthesiser pioneer, Robert Moog in charge of Maestro effects. By 1979, Norlin was struggling and ceased production of all Maestro products. In 2022, Gibson revived the Maestro name and re‑launched a new range of effect pedals.

Magnatone

The origins of Magnatone date back to the late 1930s and a company called Dickerson Musical Instrument Company in California. The business was bought by Art Duhamell in c.1946, when the name was changed to Magna Electronics Company, using the brand name Magnatone. Magna manufactured a range of electric guitars and vibrato (actually tremolo!) amplifiers produced between 1937 and the mid‑1970s. In 2013, Ted Kornblum reintroduced the Magnatone brand on a range of reissued amps.

Marshall

Marshall Amplification was founded in 1962 by drummer and retailer Jim Marshall (1923‑2012) in London, England. The British company built its formidable reputation manufacturing Marshall guitar and bass amps, and speaker cabinets, starting with the classic JTM45 amp head in 1963. The Marhsall ‘stack’ became a familiar icon of rock music from the 1970s onward. Other guitarists preferred combo amps like the Bluesbreaker. In 1965, Marshall launched a sister brand, Park which made amps until 1982. Facing stiff competition from American companies like Mesa and Soldano, Marshall explored the use of solid state, rather than valve‑based amp circuits, including hybrid versions. In 2007, some former employees of Marshall left and founded Blackstar Amplification. In 2023, Marshall was sold to Swedish company Zound Industries, majority owned by the Chinese HongShan Capital Group. Marshall was nicknamed, ‘The Father of Loud’.

Martin

C.F. Martin & Company was founded in 1833 by German immigrant Christian Frederick Martin in New York City before relocating to Nazareth, Pennsylvania in 1838. C.F. Martin was an apprentice for Johann Georg Stauffer, a famous luthier from Vienna, Austria. Following consumer demand, Martin refocused its manufacturing toward steel‑strung acoustic guitars around 1921 using many key innovations to improve the company’s already strong reputation. In 1931, Martin launched its dreadnought acoustic guitar with X‑bracing, which became a best seller and industry standard, particularly the D‑18 and D‑28 models. Pre‑WWII Martin guitars are highly sought after today. Martin has also dipped its toes into solid body electric guitars and basses, as well as strings. Martin continued to innovate including the use of composite materials from the 1990s onward. The company has been family‑owned and run throughout its entire history with the great‑great‑great‑grandson of the founder, C.F. ‘Chris’ Martin IV as current president as of 2025.

Maxon

The Japanese company, Nisshin Onpa was formed in 1965 in Tokyo Japan. Maxon was a brand name used by the company for its range of guitar effect pedals from 1969. Maxon became an OEM provider for Ibanez, producing stomp boxes using the Ibanez name, including the iconic TS‑808 Tube Screamer Pro. Nisshin Onpa also marketed pedals under its own Maxon name. Maxon stopped working with Ibanez in 2002 and Maxon continues to manufacture and market its own effect pedals.

Mesa/Boogie

Mesa Engineering was founded in 1969 by Randall Smith (1946‑) in Petaluma, California. Randall started out by hot‑rodding Fender amps in his home workshop. The Mesa/Boogie nickname derived from a comment made by Carlos Santana when demoing a Mesa‑modified Fender Princeton. The Boogie amps went through a number of generations (Marks) and in the 1990s the Boogie was supplemented by high‑gain Rectifier models. Gibson acquired Mesa Engineering from Smith in 2021.

Morley

Morley Pedals was founded in 1969 by American brothers Raymond and Marvin Lubow in LA, California superseding their previous enterprise, Tel‑Ray Electronics. The distinctively rugged Morley guitar effect pedals, particularly their wah‑wah and volume pedals using electro-optical circuitry, grew in popularity during the 1970s. Chicago‑based firm, Sound Enhancements, Inc. acquired Morley in 1989.

Mosrite

Mosrite guitars was founded in 1956 as Mosrite of California by Semie and Andy Moseley in LA, California. Semie Moseley (1935‑1992) had been an apprentice at Rickenbacker and Bigsby where he learnt his craft. Mosrite guitars were known for their radical designs and innovative features, as well as the brand’s association with surf pop/rock band The Ventures. The original Mosrite company went bankrupt in 1968. Several attempts were made to resurrect the brand over intervening decades, although without much success. Semie’s daughter, Dana Moseley is keeping the name alive.

Mu‑Tron

Musitronics Corporation (a.k.a. Mu‑Tron) was founded in 1972 by former Guild employees, Mike Beigel and Aaron Newman in Rosemont, New Jersey. Musitronics was known for manufacturing a number of high-quality guitar effect pedals including their most famous effect unit, the Mu‑Tron III envelope filter in 1972, which produced an electronic wah‑wah type sound beloved by funk guitarists. Musitronics ran into financial trouble in the late 1970s and production wasn’t resumed until 2014 when Mike Beigel founded Mu‑FX.

MXR

MXR Innovations was founded in 1972 by Keith Barr and Terry Sherwood in Rochester, New York. MXR is famous for its range of guitar effect pedals, starting with the iconic Phase 90, followed by the Distortion +, Dyna Comp and Blue Box. MXR was acquired by Dunlop Manufacturing in 1987 and continues to manufacture effect pedals using the MXR name as of 2025.

Music Man

Music Man (a.k.a. MM) was the company formed in 1974 by Leo Fender and partners 10 years after Leo sold the firm that bore his name to CBS in 1965. MM made its name with the Stingray Bass introduced in 1976. Leo Fender left Music Man in 1979 and went on to found G&L in 1980 (see above). Music Man was sold to Ernie Ball Inc. in 1984.


N – N Stands for…

National

The National String Instrument Corporation was an American guitar company founded in 1927 by entertainer George Beauchamp and luthier John Dopyera in LA, California. The company started by manufacturing banjos and then acoustic resonator guitars, an innovative instrument intended to be loud enough to be heard in a big band environment. In 1932, National merged with Dobro (see above) to form the National Dobro Company. It later came under the control of Valco (see below) until the latter went bankrupt in 1968. The spirit of National resonator guitars was rejuvenated by independent company, National Reso‑Phonic Guitars founded in 1989 in San Luis Obispo, California.


O – O Stands for…

Orange

Orange Amps was founded in 1968 by musician, electronics designer and retailer Clifford Cooper in London, England. The bright orange covering on their amp heads and speaker cabinets was a distinctive aesthetic, making them instantly recognisable. It helped that the sounds were also what many guitarists and bass players were listening out for at the time. Orange partnered with Radiocraft owned by Mat Mathias, which led to the Orange Matamp amps. After a 4‑year period in which Gibson reissued amps using the Orange name, Cooper regained the brand in 1997 and production was resumed in 1998. Orange is still flourishing as of 2025.

Orville

Orville by Gibson guitars and basses were part of the Gibson Guitar Corporation, destined for the Japanese market from 1988. Japanese distributor Yamano Gakki and Gibson decided not to use the Epiphone brand name and chose Orville – after Gibson founder Orville Gibson – despite the fact that Gibson was selling both Gibson and Epiphone in Japan. Production of Orville by Gibson guitars ceased in 1998 with Gibson’s focus on promoting Epiphone Japan models.

Ovation

Ovation was founded in 1965 by aeronautical engineer Charles Kaman (1919‑2011), in Hartford, Connecticut, USA. Kaman Music Corporation (KMC) used the founder’s technical background to manufacture guitars employing composite materials, predominantly bowl‑back acoustic guitars using a synthetic material called Lyracord. Fender briefly owned Ovation from 2008 to 2014 and the business is now owned by German company GEWA Music as of 2025.


P – P Stands for…

Parker

Parker Guitars was founded in 1993 by American luthier Ken Parker with input from pickup pioneer Larry Fishman in Chicago, Illinois. Parker guitars, particularly the Fly model, used innovative composite construction including a wood core covered with a carbon fibre/resin exoskeleton to reduce weight and increase rigidity. Pickups were traditional magnetic coil split humbuckers supplemented by piezo pickups to provide acoustic‑like tones. Fingerboards comprised composite materials with stainless steel frets. The US Music Corporation acquired Parker in 2003, moving production overseas before selling the brand again to Jam Industries. Parker Guitars has been defunct since 2016, despite several efforts to revive the brand.

Patrick James Eggle

Patrick Eggle Guitars was founded in the 1990s by British luthier Patrick James Eggle in Coventry, England. He left his own company in 1994 and, after several side projects in the US and UK, he formed Patrick James Eggle Guitars producing high‑end acoustic guitars. Eggle also helped to design Faith Guitars. In 2016, Eggle switched production from acoustic to electric guitars and in 2017. Eggle has also designed guitars for the revived Shergold Guitars brand (see below).

Paul Reed Smith (PRS)

PRS, a relatively new kid on the block, was founded in 1985 by American luthier Paul Reed Smith (1956‑) in Annapolis, Maryland. PRS guitars were cleverly positioned strategically between Fender and Gibson often using flamboyant designs and highly figured tone woods, often selling for premium prices. In 2003, PRS created the highly successful SE (Student Edition) range manufactured in the Far East. PRS remains a private company as of 2025.

Peavey

American innovator, Hartley Peavey (1941‑) founded Peavey Electronics in 1965, based in Meridian, Mississippi. Peavey has grown to become one of the largest music audio equipment manufacturers in the world. Peavey is mainly known for its amps and speaker cabinets, Peavey has also manufactured acoustic and electric guitars as well as basses. As of 2025, Peavey remains a privately owned company.

Pignose

Pignose was founded in 1969 by Richard Edlund and Wayne Kimbell in Chicago, Illinois. The company focuses on the manufacture of battery‑powered guitar amps, mains‑powered practice amps and innovative travel guitars incorporating an integrated amp and speaker. The iconic Pignose 7‑100 was considered to be the first portable electric guitar amp. Since 2023, Pignose has been under the ownership of Japanese company Aria (see above).

Pro Co

Pro Co Sound is based in Kalamazoo, Michigan and is best known for a single product, the Pro Co Rat distortion effect pedal (and multiple variations thereof). The Rat – allegedly named after the rodent‑infested basement in which the pedal was designed – was the brainchild of Pro Co engineer Scott Burnham in 1974, entering full production in 1979. The Rat has become one of best‑selling distortion stomp boxes of all time.


Q – Q Stands for…

I got nothin’


R – R Stands for…

Ramírez

Ramírez Guitars was founded in 1882 by José Ramírez in Madrid, Spain. The company has been manufacturing hand‑built professional, concert‑grade classical and flamenco acoustic guitars. Ramírez has been in business for over 140 years and has remained a private family business for five generations (to‑date).

Randall

Randall Amplifier Company was founded in 1970 by Don Randall in Irvine, California. Before setting up his own business focusing on guitar amps, Randall was vice president and general manager of Fender and then the Fender Sales divisions of CBS. After Randall sold his business in 1987, it was acquired by US Music Corporation, a subsidiary of Canadian corporate group Exertis.

Regal

What would become the Regal Musical Instrument Manufacturing Company from 1901 was founded in 1896 by Emil Wulschner in Indianapolis, Indiana. Regal started out making ukuleles and tenor guitars. Regal later made resonator guitar components for National and Dobro as well as making instruments under their own brand. Regal ceased production of guitars in 1941 and closed business in 1954, Fender owned the brand for a while before it was sold again to Saga Musical Instruments in 1987, who reintroduced a range of resonator instruments using the Regal name.

Rickenbacker

Swiss immigrant Adolph Rickenbacher (1886‑1976) founded Rickenbacker Manufacturing Company in 1925 to make metal bodies for National Guitars before setting up the Ro‑Pat‑In Corporation in 1931 along with performer and inventor George Beauchamp in LA, California. In 1932, Rickenbacker became the first company to make a production solid bodied electric guitar and by 1934, the company was using the Rickenbacker name. Rickenbacker really hit its stride in the 1950s after Rickenbacker sold his company to businessman F.C. Hall. Rickenbacker International Corporation (RIC) is famous for its 300 series guitars and 4000 series basses. Rickenbacker remains a private company, with its headquarters in Santa Ana, California.

Roger Mayer

Electrical engineer Roger Mayer is a name closely associated with Jimi Hendrix among others in the 1960s. In particular, Mayer’s fame resulted from the Octavia guitar effect pedal that integrated an octave (up) generator with a fuzz distortion effect. The classic Octavia remains in production still using the Mayer name. Mayer was also involved with modifying Maestro Fuzz Tone pedals and influencing the Sola Sound/Coloursound Tone Bender fuzz pedals.

Roland

The Roland Corporation was founded in 1972 by Ikutaro Kakehashi (1930‑2017) in Osaka, Japan. Roland is a multinational company manufacturing electronic organs, synthesisers, drum machines, amps and effect pedals with many iconic models, too many to mention here. Roland was also a key player in the development, introduction and promotion of the MIDI communication protocol for electronic music equipment. Roland also owns famous subsidiaries, including BOSS, Drum Workshop, Edirol and Rhodes.

Ross

Kustom Amps was founded in 1964 by Charles ‘Bud’ Ross in Chanute Kansas. After Kustom achieved considerable success, Ross sold his company to Baldwin Pianos in 1972. At that point, Ross launched Ross Musical and released the first Ross guitar effect pedals in c.1974. While Ross manufactured a wide range of effects, three Ross pedals are noteworthy, the tan‑hued Distortion, the orange Phaser and the now legendary grey Compressor. Ross pedals were revived in c.2020 by JHS Pedals (see above under John Hornby Skewes) with reissues of the classic Ross stomp boxes from the 1970s.


S – S Stands for…

Sadowsky

Sadowsky Guitars Limited was founded in 1979 by American luthier Roger Sadowsky in Long Island, New York. Roger Sadowsky has a strong reputation for building high‑end boutique guitars and basses. From 2019, Sadowsky has remained a private company while instruments are produced by German bass manufacturer Warwick (see below).

Santa Cruz

The Santa Cruz Guitar Company was founded in 1976 by American luthier Richard Hoover in Santa Cruz, California. Santa Cruz manufactures a limited number of high‑end steel‑string acoustic and acoustic bass guitars along with baritone guitars and ukuleles. Santa Cruz remains a private company as of 2025.

Schaller

Schaller GmBH was founded in in 1945 by Helmut Schaller (1923‑1999) near Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany. Schaller manufactures a wide range of guitar parts and accessories. Initially, Schaller focused on the development of amps and speakers before moving into manufacturing metal guitar aftermarket and OEM components used by a wide variety of companies. Schaller tuners and bridges have achieved recognition for build quality. After the deaths of founding family members by 2006, Schaller was restructured as a limited liability company (GmbH).

Schecter

Schecter Guitar Research was founded in 1976 by David Schecter in Van Nuys, California. Initially, Schecter manufactured a wide range of replacement guitar parts and accessories. In 1979, Schecter started producing its own custom made guitars based on Fender designs. By 1983, Schecter was bought out by investors and, after legal action from Fender, the company was bought again by Japanese businessman Shibuya Hisatake, owner of ESP Guitars (see above), to make high‑end custom guitars. In addition to American manufacturing, Schecter imported South Korean‑built guitars from the late 1990s. In 2012, Schecter resumed American custom shop production.

Selmer

Henri Selmer Paris was founded in 1885 by Henri Selmer in Mantes la Ville near Paris, France. Selmer started off by manufacturing professional woodwind and brass instruments. In 1928, a UK branch of Selmer was formed under the leadership of brothers, Ben and Lew Davis. In the 1930s, Selmer partnered with luthier Mario Maccaferri to produce gypsy jazz guitars (see above). They also moved into PA systems during the 1930s. In the 1950s, Selmer also went into manufacturing organs as well as importing guitars from Europe. Selmer began producing a range of guitar and bass amps prompted by the rise of rock & roll. In the 1970s, Gibson owner CMI acquired Selmer UK. From 1976, CMI’s successor Norlin started running down Selmer UK until it was shut down in the early 1980s. In 2018, the family‑owned Henri Selmer Paris was sold to European equity group, Argos Wityu.

Seymour Duncan

Seymour Duncan was founded in 1976 by Seymour Duncan (1951‑) and his wife Cathy Carter in Santa Barbara, California. Seymour Duncan is best known for manufacturing a wide range of aftermarket guitar and bass pickups, as well as effect pedals. Most pickups are American‑made although the low‑cost OEM ‘Duncan‑designed’ pickups are manufactured in South Korea. Seymour Duncan’s main competitor is DiMarzio (see above).

Shergold

Shergold Guitars was founded in 1967 by former Burns London employees Jack Golder and Norman Houlder in London, England. After producing products for other companies, Shergold started making and selling guitars under the Shergold name in 1975. Shergold ceased manufacturing guitars in 1982 and there were several subsequent failed attempts to revive the brand. Barnes & Mullins acquired Shergold in 2015 and, in 2016, British luthier Patrick James Eggle (see above) became a shareholder and helped to design a range of new Shergold models.

Shin-ei

Little known outside of Japan, Shin‑ei was a major manufacturer of guitar effect pedals from the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s. In 1968, Shin‑ei created the legendary Uni‑Vibe modulation effect made famous by Jimi Hendrix. The Uni‑Vibe’s unique tones have been much imitated since. Shin‑ei manufactured products for different companies as well as under its own name. The rejuvenated company is Honey Shin-ei LLC, based in Austin, Texas.

Silvertone

Silvertone was a brand name used by the American Sears, Roebuck & Company mail order and department store for its line of consumer electronics and musical instruments from 1916. Silvertone instruments and amplifiers were manufactured by a wide variety of companies including Danelectro, Harmony, Kay, National, Supro, Teisco and Valco. Sears stopped using the Silvertone brand in 1972. In 2001, South Korean company, Samick Music acquired the rights to Silvertone and reissued a number of instruments under the revived Silvertone brand. Samick sold Silvertone to current owners, RBI Music in 2021.

Sola Sound

Sola Sound was a British guitar effect pedal brand best known for making the iconic Tone Bender fuzz pedals. The Tone Bender first appeared in 1965, designed and built in London by electronic technician Gary Hurst. The Tone Bender derived from Maestro’s Fuzz Tone and inspired Dallas Arbiter’s Fuzz face. From 1970, Sola Sound produced Colorsound‑branded pedals. Sola Sound also made pedals for other companies, such as VOX, Marshall, Carlsboro, Rotosound, CSL and many others. Both Sola Sound and Colorsound were owned by brothers Larry and Joe Macari of London, England, known for their eponymous London retail store.

Soldano

Soldano Custom Amplification was founded in 1986 by American Michael Soldano in LA, Calirfornia. Soldano designed and manufactured high‑gain guitar amps after modifying Fender and Mesa/Boogie amps. Michael Soldano, latterly based in Seattle, Washington, sold his company to Boutique Amps Distribution in 2019.

Sound City

British amp manufacturer Hiwatt (see above) was formed in 1966. Hiwatt’s founder Dave Reeves contacted Ivor Arbiter to produce guitar amplifiers re‑badged using Arbiter’s Sound City music store name. Sound City amps became associated particularly with The Who and Jimi Hendrix.

Steinberger

Steinberger was founded in 1979 by Ned Steinberger (1948‑) in Brooklyn, New York. The company manufactured a range of electric guitars and basses designed by the founder. Steinberger was eventually sold to Gibson in 1987, which stopped selling Steinberger guitars in the mid‑1990s. The most distinctive Steinberger instruments have downsized synthetic construction bodies and necks devoid of a traditional headstock, giving the instruments a minimalistic look. Steinberger (under Gibson) licensed the design to other companies including Hohner and Cort, accounting for new models.

Stick

Stick Enterprises is the company behind the innovative Chapman Stick, an unorthodox electric musical instrument devised by jazz musician Emmett Chapman (1936‑2021), which started production in 1974. The Chapman Stick commonly comprises 8, 10 or 12 strings on an enlarged fretboard and is usually played by a ‘two handed tapping’ technique, rather than by plucking the strings. While based on a guitar, it is classified as a composite chordophone.

Stromberg

Stromberg Guitars was founded in 1906 by Swedish immigrant Charles Stromberg in Boston, Massachusetts. Stromberg started out by making banjos and mandolins until 1927 when they produced their first archtop jazz guitar. Stromberg only made around 640 guitars during the big band era, during which their guitars’ large size gave them sufficient volume to compete with loud horn sections. Production stopped in in 1955 with the death of the founder.

Supro

Supro guitars date back to 1935, made as a low‑cost brand by the National Dobro Corporation (see above). From the 1950s, Supro produced electric guitars, basses, amps and effects. National Dobro was acquired by Valco, which went out of business in 1968, at which time the Supro name was discontinued. The Supro name was revived in 2013 making guitars, amps and effects. In 2020, Supro was bought by Bond Audio.


T – T Stands for…

Takamine

Takamine Musical Instruments Manufacturing Co., Ltd. was founded in 1959 by Ozhone in Sakashita, Gifu, Japan. In 1962, the company was named after Mount Takamine in Japan. Takamine focuses on manufacturing steel‑string acoustic guitars and it has become one of the leading companies of its kind. In 1978, Takamine was one of the first firms to make acoustic/electric guitars using innovative transducers, particularly suited to live performance, as they reduced feedback. For a short period, Takamine also produced solid body electric guitars and basses. Takamine remains a private company as of 2025.

Taylor

Taylor Guitars was founded in 1974 by Bob Taylor and Kurt Listug in El Cajon, California. Taylor manufactures premium acoustic, classical and semi‑hollow electric guitars in the USA and Mexico. Taylor has become famous for its innovative manufacturing technologies, use of exotic tone woods and sustainable production processes. In 2021, Taylor Guitars became owned by its employees and in 2022, Luthier and guitarist Andy Powers became Taylor’s Chief Executive, President, and Chief Guitar Designer.

TC Electronic

TC Electronic was founded in 1976 by brothers Kim and John Rishøj in Denmark. The company specialises in a wide range of innovative music audio products and is most famous for its guitar effect products. TC Electronic is only one of several companies under the ownership of TC Group holding company. In 2015, TC Electronic was purchased by Music Group (now Music Tribe).

Teisco

Teisco was founded in 1946 by guitarist Atswo Kaneko and electrical engineer Doryo Matsuda in Tokyo, Japan. The company produced a range of esoterically designed guitars, basses and baritone guitars as well as other musical equipment including amps, synthesisers and drums. In the US, guitars were re‑badged Teisco Del Rey. In 1967, the Teisco name was acquired by Japanese company Kawai Gakki Seisakusho which ceased using the Teisco name outside Japan in 1969. In 2018, the Teisco name, along with Harmony Guitars (see above), was relaunched by BandLab Technologies of Singapore.

Thomas Organ

The Thomas Organ Company was founded in 1875 by Edward Thomas in Woodstock, Ontario, Canada. The company’s early focus was on pipe and pump organs. In the 1950s, the company invented the Thomas electronic organ. Thomas became US importer of VOX products, exemplified by the Thomas Organ Cry Baby (the Cry Baby name wasn’t trademarked). Thomas also acquired rights to make Moog synthesisers. In 1979, Thomas Organ ceased business, although the name was revived 1996 to manufacture electronic organs once again.

Tobias

Tobias Bass Guitars was founded in 1977 by Michael Tobias in Orlando, Florida. The majority of Tobias basses were cost‑effective neck‑through models. Tobias was acquired by Gibson in 1990 and production was moved to Nashville, Tennessee. In 1992, Michael Tobias left Gibson to found Michael Tobias Design making boutique bass guitars. Tobias bass guitars are manufactured by Gibson’s Epiphone division and the brand has been rejuvenated in 2025.

Tokai

Tōkai Gakki was founded in 1947 by Tadayouki Adachi in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan. Initially, Tokai focused on harmonicas and pianos as well as other instruments. In 1968, Tokai started manufacturing electric guitars alongside acoustics and, later, basses and amps. In 1972, Tokai worked with C.F. Martin to build Martin’s Sigma electric guitars. In the early 1980s, Tokai got caught up in the ‘lawsuit era’, a period during which American brands threatened Japanese businesses over design copyright infringements. Tokai was a family business until it was sold in 2021 to Grace Company Ltd.

Tom Anderson

Tom Anderson Guitarworks was founded in 1984 by American luthier Tom Anderson in Newbury Park, California. Anderson started out working for Schecter before branching out on his own making limited numbers of highly‑regarded premium boutique and custom guitars. By 1990, Anderson moved from manufacturing parts to building whole guitars. Tom Anderson remains in business as of 2025.

Trace Elliot

Trace Elliot was founded in 1979 by retailer Fred Friedlein in Romford, Essex, England. The company specialised in bass amps and speaker cabinets, and from 1989, acoustic guitar amps. In 1992, KMC (who owned Ovation) acquired Trace Elliott to focus on the US market. In 1998, the company was sold again to Gibson. Then, in 2005, Peavey acquired Trace Elliott.

Travis Bean

Travis Bean Guitars was founded in 1974 by American luthier Travis Bean (1947‑2011) and business partner Gary Kramer in California to manufacture high‑end guitars using necks made from machined aluminium. Kramer left the company in 1975 to found Kramer Guitars (see above). Bean once again toyed with guitar manufacture in the late 1990s but the potential from his innovative construction techniques was largely unrealised.

Traynor

Traynor Amplifiers was a brand founded in 1963 by electronics designer Peter Traynor in Toronto, Canada under parent company Yorkville Sound. Traynor focused on manufacturing bass and guitar amps. In 1976, Peter Traynor left due to poor health and the brand diminished over a period of years until it was revived by Yorkville in 2000, still manufacturing bass, guitar, acoustic and keyboard amps.


U – U Stands for…

Univox

Univox was a musical instrument brand founded in 1960 by Thomas Walter Jennings in Westbury New York. The company marketed Univox guitar amplifiers, guitars, keyboards and drum machines. Univox’s main claims to fame were the legendary Uni‑Vibe and Uni‑Fuzz pedals. They also distributed Matsumoku guitars, Shin‑Ei effect pedals and Korg synthesisers. In 1985, the parent company Unicord was sold to Japanese company Korg, after which the Univox brand was phased out.


V – V Stands for…

Valco

Valco was formed in 1940 by a stakeholder restructuring of the National Dobro Company. Valco manufactured a range of guitars, basses and amplifiers using a variety of brand names including National, Airline and Supro, as well as making guitars for other companies such as Sears and Montgomery Ward. However, they didn’t retail any products using the Valco name. Valco merged with Kay in 1967 before going bankrupt in 1968.

Vega

The American Vega Company was formed in 1881 by Julius and Carl Nelson in Boston, Massachusetts. At the start of the 20th Century, the firm concentrated on banjos, mandolins and brass instruments. Vega started building guitars in the 1930s and was later acquired by C.F. Martin in 1970, primarily for its banjo expertise. In 1989 the Vega name was sold to the Deering Banjo Company who continue to make banjos using the Vega brand.

Vigier

Vigier Guitars was founded in 1980 by luthier Patrice Vigier in Grigny, Essonne, France. Vigier manufactures premium grade electric guitars, basses and strings. Vigier guitars has introduced many innovations and became particularly noteworthy for its Surfreter fretless variation on the Excalibur 6‑string guitar model.

VOX

VOX was founded in 1957 by Thomas Walter Jennings in Dartford, Kent, England. The company is mostly associated with guitar amplifiers such as the iconic AC30. From 1962, VOX also manufactured a range of electric guitars and effect pedals, often using Italian production facilities. VOX was sold to Rose Morris in 1978 and then again to the giant Japanese corporation Korg in 1992. Korg still own the VOX name as of 2025.


W – W Stands for…

Wal

Wal is a British brand of bass guitars founded in 1974 by electronic innovator Ian Waller and luthier Pete Stevens in London, England. Starting out making custom‑made bass guitars for professional players, the first production Pro Series basses started appearing in 1978 and the Custom Series in 1983. After Ian Waller died in 1988, Pete Stevens kept the business going at a low level. The company was revived under the leadership of luthier and former Wal employee Paul Herman in 2008.

Wandre

Wandre Guitars was founded in c.1957 by Antonio Vandrè Pioli in in Cavriago, Italy. Wandre manufactured a very small number of electric guitars and basses using some esoteric radical design elements until production ceased in 1968. To‑date, the Wandre brand has not been revived. Examples of Wandre instruments are highly sought after on the vintage guitar market.

Warwick

Warwick was founded in 1982 by Hans‑Peter Wilfer in Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany. Hans‑Peter was the son of Fred Wilfer, who had founded Framus (see above) back in 1946. Warwick is famous for manufacturing premium bass guitars, as well as more affordable bass models, amps and bass strings.

Washburn

Washburn Guitars was originally founded in 1883 by American businessman George W. Lyon and Patrick J. Healy in Chicago, Illinois. Washburn initially focused on guitars, mandolins, banjos, ukuleles and zithers. Washburn’s early years were particularly volatile and hard to document accurately. After bankruptcy, Regal (see above) tried to rejuvenate the brand without success. After many further changes, Washburn International was formed in 1987. Washburn bought the US Music Corporation in 2002 and was then sold on to Jam Industries in 2009. Washburn‑branded instruments are currently sourced from Indonesia and China.

Watkins (WEM)

Watkins Electric Music (WEM) was founded in 1949 by Charlie and Reg Watkins in London, England. WEM was one of the first British makers of guitar and PA amplifiers from 1954. In 1958, WEM introduced one of the first portable tape loop echo effects, the iconic Copicat. WEM amps and speaker cabinets were adopted by a wide range of British rock bands in the 1960s and early 1970s. Watkins sill manufactures small numbers of Copicat tape echo units.

Westone

The official Westone brand was formed in 1975 when Japanese company Matsumoku purchased the rights to the Westone name. Westone began by producing affordable acoustic and electric guitars, and basses. St. Louis Music registered the Westone brand in the US to import Japanese Westone guitars. The Westone name was superseded by Alvarez (see above) in 1991. Since then, a number of firms have used (or tried to use) the Westone name.


X

I got nothin’


Y – Y Stands for…

Yamaha

The massive Japanese Yamaha Corporation is the world’s largest manufacturer of music and audio equipment. Yamaha was founded as the Nippon Gakki Co. in 1887 by Torakusu Yamaha (1851‑1916) in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan. The company began as a reed organ manufacturer. In 1987, Nippon Gakki was renamed Yamaha Corporation in honour of its founder, still based in Hamamatsu. Yamaha also owns some other famous brands such as Ampeg and Line 6.


Z – Z Stands for…

Zemaitis

Zemaitis was founded in 1955 by luthier Tony Zemaitis (1935‑2002) in London, England. He hand built guitars, renowned for their engraved metal tops (created by Danny O’Brien) and later pearl inlaid tops. Zemaitis gained an enviable reputation among many famous artists. After his death, the tradition was continued by Zemaitis Guitars of Tokyo, Japan, led by the founder’s son, Tony Zemaitis Jr. and still using the metal engraving skills of O’Brien. Original Zemaitis guitars are now highly sought after.


Links to CRAVE Guitars’ Brand Features

The CRAVE Guitars’ web site currently has feature pages on 15 guitar brands. These provide a bit more detail than the above, should you wish to explore further (each link opens in a new browser tab):

Danelectro
Epiphone
Fender
Gibson
Gretsch
Guild
Harmony
Kramer
Music Man
National (Dobro/Valco)
Ovation
Paul Reed Smith (PRS)
Peavey
Rickenbacker
Silvertone


Final Thoughts on ‘An Alternative A‑Z of Vintage Guitar Gear’

Well, that was a bit of a slog (at least for me). For once, there is not a great deal to add, so this will be very brief. That’s it. There you go. No point in wasting words on waffle. So, let’s move on with aplomb.


CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Album(s) of the Month’

It seems appropriate this month to applaud the accomplishments of not one but two bands and their classic studio albums, both with an alphabetic emphasis from A(BC) to Z(Z Top). See what I did there? These two albums should prove beyond doubt that there was some great music – and MTV‑friendly pop music videos to boot – to be had in the 1980s. Without further ado, let’s dig in for some upbeat joyful musical exuberance…

ABC – The Lexicon of Love (1982): ‘The Lexicon of Love’ was the chart‑topping debut studio album by English new wave/new romantic/pop band ABC. It was released in June 1982 on Neutron Records. The astounding popularity and commercial success of the album led it to be ranked as ‘one of the greatest albums of the 1980s’. It sounds both of its time and also timeless, if you get my drift. ABC were not able to capitalise on their success and the slick 10 tracks (38 minutes) of ‘The Lexicon of Love’ remains the pinnacle of their career (to‑date).

ZZ Top – Eliminator (1983): ‘Eliminator’ was the 8th studio album by American blues/rock band ZZ Top. It was released in March 1983 on Warner Brothers Records. Despite only reaching #3 in the UK album chart and #9 in the US Billboard 200, it proved phenomenally popular and commercially successful. Whether you remember the iconic pop music videos, the customised 1933 Ford Coupe hot rod or the spinning sheepskin‑covered guitars, the striking images and fresh sounds of the 11 tracks (45 mins) on ‘Eliminator’ couldn’t be ignored. It may not be their best but it is certainly their biggest. There is no doubt that ‘Eliminator’ launched the power trio into superstardom.

There you have it – from ABC-ZZ Top. Love or loathe these albums epitomising the excesses of the 1980s, they have both become landmarks in music history and represent the cultural zeitgeist at the time. Perhaps it is now time for a re‑appraisal of their merit within the broader historical context. Are they ‘essential listening’? I think so but, when it comes down to it, it’s up to everyone to make up their own minds. All I can do is put it out there for consideration.

BELIEVE IN MUSIC!


Tailpiece

Well, that was a lot, and I mean A LOT, of work and, for what I ask? Was it worth it? Well, for the author’s own sanity and personal development, yes. For everyone out there, that’s for you to judge. I hope it has been both informative and entertaining. Given the huge amount of work involved in compiling this A‑Z article, I intend to use a lot of it in modified form as a permanent part of the ‘Resources’ section of the CRAVE Guitars web site.

Next month, the author will face a conundrum, a dilemma, a challenge, a quandary, a predicament, a pickle and, most of all, an enigma, a paradox and a bit of a mystery (at least for now). Typically trailing trendy tantalising tantra. Intrigued? Be sure to check in, same time, same place, next month. Bye for now, y’all.

Truth, peace, love, and guitar music be with you always. Until next time…

CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Quote of the Month’: “A picture can tell a thousand lies”

© 2025 CRAVE Guitars – Love Vintage Guitars.


 

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January 2024 – A Brief History of the Bass Guitar

Prelude

WELCOME FAIR MUSIC‑MINDED PATRONS to the first CRAVE Guitars’ monthly article of the New Year. While we may be less than a full month into the year Two Thousand and Twenty Four of the Common Era, one hopes it is off to a good start despite global uncertainty (and insanity). Let us hope that those intent on geopolitical conflict come to their senses, unlikely as it may seem, rather than escalate tensions further. I don’t know about you but I don’t want to be part of the doomsday generation. Scary.

“Bellum omnium contra omnes (the war of all against all)” – Thomas Hobbes (1588‑1679)

Getting back to the musical point, ask pretty much anyone with a slight interest in modern music culture, the question, “Who invented the first bass guitar?” and I’m sure a lot of people would say, “Leo Fender, of course”. Well yes… and no. In the world of vintage guitars, things are rarely quite as straightforward as one may at first think.

With the recent addition of CRAVE Basses to the CRAVE Guitars, Amps and Effects family, this month seems perfectly apt to take a quick look at how the electric bass guitar as we know it came into being and how it has become such an integral component of contemporary music.

Primarily as a guitarist, my dalliances with bass guitars up to now have, I admit, been spawned out of curiosity and exploration, rather than a serious preoccupation. Those dalliances, though, span well over four decades, so the bass encounter isn’t a single, short or recent ‘event’.

We do not start the story, as many might imagine in the 1950s. We’ll come back to that in a little while. Before we get there, though, we should go back quite a few years. Many, many years in fact, starting with the classical orchestral double bass, originating from the 15th Century or thereabouts. Then we’ll explore the modern‑day innovations starting in the 1920s and 1930s before the ‘big bang’ that really exploded in the 1950s and 1960s. Finally we’ll come up‑to‑date, with a look at the instruments, equipment, artists and sounds that have helped to shape the modern musical landscape. Finally, we’ll take a wee peak into the near future of bass instruments.


The fretless acoustic double bass

Before the solid body fretted electric bass guitar, popular music relied almost totally on the acoustic upright double bass for low frequency impact. The instrument’s origins date approximately to the 15th‑16th Century in Venice, Italy. Venetian musician, Silvestro Ganassi developed a ‘bass viola da gamba’ in 1542, widely regarded as the forerunner of today’s double bass. It wasn’t until around 1700, though, that the double bass became part of the opera orchestra. The double bass as we now know it is the largest and lowest‑pitched chordophone in the classical music orchestra.

As a quick recap, defined by the Hornbostel‑Sachs system of musical instrument classification, a chordophone is a musical instrument that makes sound from vibrating one or more taught strings by bowing, plucking or striking the strings. Examples of chordophone types include violins, guitars, and pianos respectively. The word chordophone stems from the Greek words for string (chordē) and sound (phonē).

For more on the historical origins of musical instrument classification (to provide a context for the development of the guitar), see CRAVE Guitars’ March 2018 article.

A Potted History of the Guitar Part I (The ancient world up to the early Renaissance):
March 2018 – A Potted History of the Guitar Part I (craveguitars.co.uk)

The traditional 4‑string double bass is usually played in one of two ways, either by rubbing the strings with a bow (arco) or by plucking the strings with fingers (pizzicato). Some modern double bass players, for instance in rock & roll and rockabilly, also use a distinctive ‘slap’ technique. This percussive sound derived from the ‘Bartók pizzicato’ (‘snap’ pizzicato) named after the Hungarian composer and pianist Béla Bartók.

Double Bass (courtesy of Roxanne Minnish)

Depending on the style of music, the double bass is also known by a number of other names, all of which refer to the same instrument. Some of these alternative monikers include bass, upright bass, string bass, acoustic bass, acoustic string bass, contrabass, contrabass viol, bass viol, bass violin, stand‑up bass, bull fiddle, doghouse bass and bass fiddle.

The traditional double bass is a large acoustic fretless instrument of the violin family that is played upright. The deep, resonant, woody tone of the double bass endows it with a very different sound when compared to the modern solid body fretted electric bass guitar. The tuning of the double bass is different from other members of the orchestral sting instruments, in that it is tuned in fourths (E‑A‑D‑G) rather than a violin’s fifths (G‑D‑A‑E). The double bass, then, is tuned the same as a modern bass guitar, an octave below the bottom four strings of a 6‑string guitar in standard tuning. This particular characteristic aided the bass’s transition from classical to modern day musical styles.

Originally, double basses were more likely to have three strings until four strings became commonplace by the 19th Century, by which time the standard format and construction of the double bass had become established. There are, however, 5 and 6 (or more) string variants and there are also various alternative tunings.

The double bass has been the mainstay of orchestral string sections and chamber music for several centuries in one form or another. It was predictable that, with the emergence and evolution of the major modern popular music genres, such as jazz, blues and country & western that the double bass would become the go‑to bass instrument, at least up until the 1960s when the solid body fretted electric bass guitar became predominant. However, the double bass hasn’t disappeared from contemporary music completely. Plenty of present‑day artists still use or revert back to the double bass for authenticity and/or effect.

The main drawback experienced by many players is that the double bass is a substantial piece of equipment. The full‑size double bass is almost 75 inches (190cm) tall, weighing in at c.20‑25lbs (9‑11½kg), without its hefty case. The scale length is set at around 42” (107cm), much longer than most modern bass guitars. Given these dimensions, the double bass is sizeable, cumbersome, unwieldy and plain heavy, making it far from the easiest of instruments to move around or play. There are smaller double basses including ¾, ½ and ¼ size, mainly aimed at younger players. Even so, the double bass not for the faint hearted, as the smallest ¼ size instrument is still over 61” (156cm) tall.

Another drawback is the double bass’s acoustic construction. Like the acoustic guitar, in the first half of the 20th Century, the acoustic double bass’s lack of volume made it hard to be heard in a jazz‑era big band mix unless there was some form of electrification through either a magnetic pickup or a microphone connected to an amplifier and, even then, acoustic instruments can be prone to feedback in high sound pressure level environments.

Traditional double basses are not only large but, because of their construction, they are also quite expensive, making them a major investment and therefore difficult for novices or younger players to access and learn.

Even so, despite its limitations, during the 20th Century the double bass became widely used in a diverse range of modern music genres, including jazz, blues, swing, rock & roll, rockabilly, country & western, bluegrass, folk, funk, reggae, metal, rock, pop, tango and visual media soundtracks.

Trivia: Believe it or not, there is an even larger bass, first built c.1850 by the French luthier Jean‑Baptiste Vuillaume (1798‑1875) in Paris. The octobass, as it is called, has three strings and is basically a larger version of the double bass tuned a further octave down. The octobass is a truly gargantuan beast, approximately 137” high (348cm).


The electric upright bass

To enable modern players to experience the spirit of the acoustic double bass in a more convenient and amplified form, there is the modern Electric Upright Bass (EUB), which is also played, as its name suggests, upright, like a traditional double bass.

EUBs allow for greater portability while retaining the playing style and general sound of its forebear. As the EUB doesn’t require the substantial acoustic resonating chamber of a double bass, they often feature a ‘skeleton’ body, making it much smaller, lighter and cheaper to produce. The minimal structure may have either a solid body or a small acoustic body.

A magnetic, piezo or condenser bass pickup provides the means to route the signal via a bass amplifier to loudspeakers. Like a double bass, the EUB’s strings can be bowed or plucked, although that is dependent on fingerboard and bridge radius. While evoking its acoustic origins, the structural and electric characteristics of the EUB endow it with a unique sound all of its own.

As the EUB’s construction isn’t bound by convention like its orchestral sibling, the flexible format allows for a range of scale lengths to be employed from around 30” (76cm), through 34” (86cm) like a long scale bass guitar to the full 42” (107cm) of a double bass, making it much more accessible to a range of players. Almost all EUB necks allow for a full two‑octave range and most but not all are fretless. Compared to the double bass or the electric bass guitar, the electric upright bass tends to be a modern, notable but relatively niche instrument. There are EUB models at all price points, making it easier for novices and experienced players alike.

The first production electric upright basses were developed independently in the mid‑1930s by Regal (Electrified Double Bass), Vega (Electric Bass Viol), Rickenbacker (Electro Bass‑Viol) and Audiovox (bull fiddle – see below). Gibson introduced their special order Electric Bass Guitar in 1938, which was still an upright fretless instrument with a hollow body and a magnetic pickup.

Manufacturers of electric upright basses include Framus, Ampeg, Warwick, Ibanez, Yamaha, Palatino, NS Design (Ned Steinberger), and Harley Benton.

Electric Upright Bass

The first solid‑body fretted electric bass guitar

As hinted at above, while Leo Fender was the major innovator associated with the solid‑body fretted electric bass guitar, he wasn’t the first. He was beaten to the starting post by at least some 15 years. Hardly a photo finish!

The first indication of the possible future of a bass guitar was in 1924 when the legendary Gibson designer, Lloyd Loar came up with a prototype electric bass. The Loar concept focused on the body, pickup and strings but with little additional detail. Loar’s radical design was rejected by Gibson management at the time. Loar left Gibson shortly thereafter in 1924, so his visionary ideas for an electric bass guitar went no further.

Nearly a decade later, around 1933, American musician and inventor Paul H. ‘Bud’ Tutmarc (1896‑1972), based in Seattle, Washington, began experimenting with reducing the size of the double bass to a more manageable instrument. Tutmarc originally devised an electrified fretless double bass‑style instrument described as an electric 4‑string upright ‘bull fiddle’, slightly smaller than a cello.

It’s worth a quick diversion to go back in time to take in an original report from the ‘Seattle Post‑Intelligencer’ newspaper, which published the story on 17 February 1935. The headline read, “Pity Him No More – New Type Bull Fiddle Devised.”

The article went on to state that, “People have always pitied the poor bass-fiddler… who has to lug his big bull-fiddle home through the dark streets after the theatre closes. But he doesn’t have to do it anymore. Because Paul Tutmarc, Seattle music teacher and KOMO radio artist, has invented an electric bull-fiddle. One you can carry under your arm. And it doesn’t even need a bow, either. You pluck a string – and out of the electric amplifier comes a rich, deep tone, sustained as if five or six bass violinists were bowing five or six bass‑violins with masterly artistry. The tone is sustained as long as you want it, too, without a bow.” The instrument described in the article was a cello‑like upright fretless instrument with an electromagnetic pickup.

Tutmarc was, however, about to do something far more radical. By 1935-1936, Tutmarc, had changed direction and developed the first solid body fretted electric bass guitar, pretty much recognisable in its modern form. It was this version of Tutmarc’s bass that was intended to be played horizontally, rather than upright, in a similar way to the modern bass guitar. The 1935 sales catalogue for Tutmarc’s company Audiovox featured his ‘Model 736 Bass Fiddle’, a solid‑bodied electric bass guitar with four strings, a fretted neck, with a 30½” (775mm) scale length, an ebony (or purpleheart) fingerboard with 16 frets, a black walnut body, a hidden single Tutmarc‑Stimpson horseshoe pickup below a mirror-steel faceplate, and a single volume control.

Tutmarc AudioVox Model 736

In addition, as an electric bass guitar would be pretty much useless without the means to amplify the sound, Audiovox also sold an accompanying ‘Model 936’ bass amplifier with 18 watts of power and a 12” Jensen Concert speaker.

Around 100 of the Model 736 Audiovox bass guitars were made in the mid‑1930s. However, there are only thought to be three Model 736 Tutmarc bass guitars still in existence today, making them remarkably rare. One belongs to the Experience Music Project (EMP), now known as The Museum of Pop Culture (MoPOP), a non‑profit enterprise founded by Microsoft co‑founder Paul Allen in 2000 and based in Seattle, Washington state, USA. In 2018, a 1936 Audiovox Model 736 bass guitar was reportedly sold by Tutmarc’s grandson on eBay for $23,850.

Sadly, for Tutmarc, the Audiovox 736 was not a commercial success. The price tag was high for the mid‑1930s, in a country still severely affected by The Great Depression (1929‑1939). The 736 bass fiddle originally cost $65 and the matching 936 bass amplifier cost $75, placing it well out of reach for many musicians. The high price and the radical concept didn’t attract enough musicians at the time and it wasn’t long before it was discontinued and was subsequently forlornly forgotten to history. Tutmarc’s company, Audiovox folded in 1950.

It can well be argued that Tutmarc was ahead of his time. Perhaps it is a case of supply looking for a demand that consumers didn’t know they needed. Maybe it was bad timing and/or bad luck. The Model 736 also arrived shortly before the outbreak of World War II when the guitar manufacturing industry was deemed ‘non‑essential’ and resources were diverted to the American war effort. Furthermore, a bass guitar didn’t seem to fit seamlessly into any of the prevailing musical styles at that time.

It is surprising, though, that such a significant innovation in guitar history isn’t more widely known about. Perhaps it is time, nay overdue, for Tutmarc’s milestone achievements to be deservedly recognised.

One company, Luthiery Laboratories, makes modern‑day replicas of the Audiovox 736, keeping the spirit of the original instrument alive.

Audiovox 736 Bass (1/4) ~ Luthiery Laboratories (luthierylabs.com)


The first commercially successful mass produced solid body fretted electric bass guitar

And so it was that the scene was set for someone else to step in and make the bass guitar ‘a thing’. That someone else was Clarence Leonidas Fender (1909‑1991). Unlike poor old Paul H. Tutmarc, you may just have heard of him.

“I wonder if I could make an electric bass” – Leo Fender (1909‑1991)

For more on the history and development of Fender guitars and musical equipment, see CRAVE Guitars’ August 2018 article for the context behind Fender solid body electric guitars.

A Potted History of the Guitar Part VI (1950s and 1960s):
August 2018 – A Potted History of the Guitar Part VI (craveguitars.co.uk)

Once the proverbial ball started rolling, the bass guitar had a phenomenal, transformative and relatively rapid impact on modern music that cannot be underestimated or understated. It is also very easy to take the electric bass guitar’s presence on stages, in studios and bedrooms all around the world for granted. Back in 1950, though, no‑one other than a select few in Fullerton, California had any idea of what was to come.

So… what are we actually talking about? The answer, after the lengthy preamble (apologies for keeping you on tenterhooks for so long), is the mighty Fender Precision Bass. Three little words. Game changing, era defining and well‑deserving of all the hyperbole attached to it over the past seven‑plus decades. So much has been written about the Precision that there is little need to dredge up the detail again, so what follows is a brief overview.

Leo Fender was working on a prototype back in 1950, bringing the world’s first commercially successful mass‑produced electric bass guitar to market in 1951. Fender designed the Precision Bass (often shortened these days to P‑Bass) to overcome the many drawbacks of the acoustic double bass alluded to earlier in this article. Even the name, Precision, referred to the fretted neck to enable musicians to play in tune far more precisely than on the double bass’s fretless neck. Conservative double bass players may well have looked at the Precision Bass in the same way that conservative guitarists looked at the Fender Telecaster, which had been introduced a year earlier in 1950. Consternation and indignation were probably natural initial reactions from the ‘old‑school’.

At its most basic, the Fender Precision Bass is a solid body, 4‑string bass guitar equipped with a single pickup and a one‑piece 20‑fret maple neck with rosewood or maple fingerboard. It all sounds so very straightforward and unremarkable nowadays doesn’t it?

The Precision Bass didn’t, however, appear fully formed. The original design of the Precision borrowed several design features from the Telecaster guitar, other than the double cutaway body. Initial models carried one single coil pickup, a slab body, large scratchplate and a Tele‑like headstock.

After Fender introduced the Stratocaster guitar in 1954, some of its design features were brought over to the Precision including a contoured body and a Strat‑like headstock. The original pickup was replaced with a single split coil hum cancelling staggered design and a sleeker redesigned scratchplate. It is this version of the Precision from 1957 that has stayed in production largely unchanged to the current day. There have been many, many variants with numerous changes in specification over the years, including a fretless version (ironically, given the origin and intention of the Precision’s name). 5‑string versions, 22‑fret necks, active electronics, multiple pickups, etc. followed.

The original pre‑1957 Precision design has been re-issued by Fender at times over the years, often called the Telecaster Bass to differentiate it from the post‑1957 Precision specification.

The popularity of the Fender Precision Bass grew significantly throughout the 1950s especially with rock & roll and country fraternities, as well as with session musicians. During the 1960s the solid body fretted electric bass guitar became dominant in most modern musical genres. During the early days, there wasn’t a great deal of choice in terms of alternatives to the Precision but that was to change later on.

1977 Fender Precision Fretless Bass

Fender capitalised on their supremacy by introducing the solid body fretted electric Fender Jazz Bass in 1960 (originally called the ‘Deluxe Model’). The svelte Fender Jazz Bass (often now shortened to J‑Bass) was designed to appeal to a different customer base. Like the offset bodied Fender Jazzmaster guitar, it was aimed squarely at the dyed‑in‑the‑wool jazz community. However, like the Jazzmaster, the Jazz Bass’s appeal spread far wider than jazz musicians. Like the Precision, the Jazz Bass has rightly become an iconic industry standard solid body electric bass guitar.

Throughout the years, both the Precision and Jazz Bass have featured sizeable chrome covers over the pickup and the bridge, despite these items limiting playing techniques such as palm muting the strings. As the covers are purely aesthetic, rather than functional components, it is fair to say that the vast majority of musicians removed these covers permanently.

Without doubt, the Fender Precision Bass and its younger sibling the Jazz Bass are icons of contemporary music and remain hugely popular today. Consumers can purchase genuine P‑Bass and J‑Bass models from the budget Fender‑owned offshore‑produced Squier brand, through Mexican and American‑made Fender models, to the high‑end Fender Custom Shop versions. Throughout the decades, the Precision and Jazz Bass models have oft been imitated and/or blatantly copied by other manufacturers, eager to cash in on Fender’s industry‑dominant status.

Understandably, over the years, the Precision and Jazz Bass have become highly collectable, especially the earliest models. The highest vintage market prices undoubtedly belong to the models from 1951 (Precision) and 1960 (Jazz Bass) to 1965, when Leo Fender sold his company to industry giant CBS. Fender equipment from this period is known as ‘pre‑CBS’.

For more information on the Fender Precision and Jazz Bass, just complete any Internet browser search and, alongside a great deal of drivel, there is a massive volume of fact and opinion available, often described in forensic detail.

1989 Fender Jazz Bass American Standard Longhorn

Evolution of the electric bass guitar

It is probably fair to say that, since 1951 and the introduction of the Fender Precision Bass, other brands were in the position of having to play catch up. In particular, Fender’s biggest competitor, Gibson, was wrong‑footed and they have never been able to compete on a level playing field. In 1953, Gibson released the EB‑1, which was a violin‑shaped solid mahogany body bass with a set neck. The EB‑1 didn’t catch on and was replaced by the semi‑acoustic ES‑335‑shaped EB‑2 in 1958, the SG‑shaped Gibson EB‑0 in 1959 and the EB‑3 (made famous by Jack Bruce of Cream) in 1961. While the semi‑acoustic EB‑2 proved popular, its Epiphone‑branded counterpart, the Epiphone Rivoli proved more successful. All these early Gibson basses used a shorter 30½” scale. In 1959, Gibson also released a hollow body EB‑6 6‑string bass.

Possibly Gibson’s best contender for an iconic bass guitar is the Gibson Thunderbird, originally introduced in 1963. The Thunderbird was based on Gibson’s Firebird guitar, designed by legendary American car designer Raymond Dietrich (1894‑1980). The Thunderbird was the first Gibson solid body bass to use the 34” scale made popular by Fender. Like the Firebird, the Thunderbird was redesigned in a simpler ‘non‑reverse’ form for 1966 and the original ‘reverse’ shape wasn’t reissued until the mid‑1970s. During the 1970s, Gibson also released the Ripper and Grabber basses but neither really captured bass players’ imaginations (or their precious dollars!). Later additions like the Gibson Triumph, Victory and RD basses didn’t fare much better as viable competition for Fender’s stalwarts. Epiphone have Thunderbird and EB basses in their line‑up alongside Epiphone‑specific basses such as the Newport and the Embassy.

Over at Danelectro in Neptune, New Jersey, Nathan Daniel launched the world’s first 6‑string bass, the UB‑2 in 1956 comprising a single cutaway semi‑hollow bass with a 30” scale, 24 frets and dual single coil pickups, earning its nickname the ‘Tic Tac bass’. In 1958, Danelectro replaced the UB‑2 with two new 6‑string bass models. The first was the Long Horn 4623 bass with a radical new lyre‑like design 24 frets, and a short 25” scale. The other was the Short Horn 3612 with stubby double cutaways, 29½”scale and only 15 frets. All Danelectro models substantially undercut the retail prices of both Fender and Gibson’s basses. The 6‑string models seemed to attract guitarists rather than bass players to their designs, providing a novel bridge between guitar and bass camps.

It should be noted at this point that older 6‑string basses are generally tuned an octave below a guitar in standard tuning, to E-E, while the baritone guitars that were appearing at the time were tuned either to B‑B or A‑A. On the other hand, modern 5‑string basses simply add a lower B string while modern 6‑string basses tend to add lower B and higher C strings compared to an equivalent 4‑string bass. Confused?

Meanwhile, back in the 1960s, Fender weren’t resting on their laurels. Following the popularity of the ‘student’ Mustang guitar, Fender introduced the short scale Mustang Bass in 1966. The Mustang Bass spawned two later variants, the Bronco Bass (introduced in 1967) and the Musicmaster Bass (introduced in 1971). Fender also released two esoteric ‘bass’ guitars, the Fender Bass V (introduced in 1965), which was the world’s first 5‑string bass guitar and the 6‑string Bass VI (introduced in 1961). The latter was strongly influenced by the Fender Jaguar guitar design. The Bass VI was Fender’s upmarket response to the Danelectro 6‑string bass introduced 5 years earlier. The Bass VI is unique in having 3 pickups, 6 lighter gauge strings, a short 30” scale, a floating bridge and a mechanical vibrato as used on the Jazzmaster/Jaguar guitars, as well as a removable string mute. To compete with the Gibson EB‑2 and Epiphone Rivoli thinline semi‑acoustic basses, Fender introduced the hollow Coronado Bass in 1966.

In addition, the ‘other’ Californian company, Rickenbacker, run by F.C. Hall at the time, also wasn’t going to be left on the side‑lines in the bass department. Rickenbacker had hired Roger Rossmeisl (1927‑1979) who designed the brand’s key guitars and the 4000 series basses. The Rickenbacker 4000 bass with its distinctive cresting wave body outline and thru‑neck construction was launched in 1957. Subsequent models were named 4001, 4002, 4003, 4004, all being variants of the same basic instrument. There isn’t enough space to go into the specification differences here.

Rickenbacker 4001

A decade after Leo Fender left the company that still carries his name today, Music Man was formed in California and released Leo Fender’s vision for the next evolution of his era defining bass guitars. The Music Man Stingray Bass was released in 1976 with a single large bridge humbucker, distinctive 3+1 headstock, innovative on‑board active electronics and an integral string mute. While Music Man’s guitars never caught on at the time, the Stingray Bass has joined Fender and Rickenbacker as an iconic design for many bass musicians. The Stingray Bass was especially popular for funk slap‑style bass technique for the likes of Louis Johnson of the Brothers Johnson.

1978 Music Man Stingray Bass

There are a few other notable basses, such as the German Höfner ‘violin bass’, the 500/1, made famous by Paul McCartney of The Beatles. This model, introduced in 1955, with its carved solid spruce top and humbucking pickups, is often nicknamed the ‘Beatle Bass’. Beyond the Beatles connection, though, the 500/1 remains a relatively minor entry in the bass stakes, while the company’s only other notable entry being the Höfner Club and Verythin basses.

Another oddity to mention at this point is the Swedish Hagström H8, unique for being the world’s first mass‑produced 8‑string bass, with four pairs of strings on a short 30” scale. The H8 was only produced briefly from 1967‑1969.

Throughout the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s a plethora of other companies jumped on the bandwagon, eager to make the most of the massive increase in demand as rock, pop and other genres proliferated. Many of the basses produced during this time were flagrant facsimiles of the best‑selling American brand models, often by Japanese companies (now termed ‘lawsuit‑era’ copies). Other companies like Warwick in Germany were making their own headway with their successful original‑design Thumb and Streamer basses.

Today (2024), Fender arguably still rules the roost with basses covering all bases (sic!) from budget to elite models. All other brands stand firmly in Fender’s enviable shadow. While Fender may dominate, there are now plenty of alternative options. There are some incredible bass guitars out there, some of which are listed later in this article for those that want to diverge from the predictable industry standard ‘Fender sound’. There are numerous ways to deviate from the common path, with different brands, string/pickup configurations, electronics, scale lengths, body construction, etc. The quality of budget instruments is vastly superior to anything available in the past and provides a strong basis (again, sic!) for players seeking to learn and develop their skills.


The acoustic bass guitar

While the solid body electric bass guitar finally took the world by storm from the 1950s and 1960s, the acoustic bass guitar has proved to be another modern, notable and niche instrument. The first (largely unsuccessful) attempts at acoustic bass guitars began to appear in the 1950s as a logical extension to its electric counterpart.

Historically, one of the earliest acoustic bass‑like instruments was the Mexican guitarrón, which has its roots in the 16th Century and is widely used in Mexican Mariachi bands. While looking similar to a guitar, these huge instruments were either 6‑string or 12‑string acoustic instruments, tuned in A‑D‑G‑C‑E‑A.

In 1972, Ernie Ball introduced the Earthwood acoustic bass guitar, stating that “…if there were electric bass guitars to go with electric guitars then you ought to have acoustic basses to go with acoustic guitars.” A simple yet ‘blindingly obvious’ observation, given the benefit of hindsight. Ernie Ball took a guitarrón, being the nearest thing to an existing acoustic bass guitar, and created a more practical instrument for guitar‑centric American consumers. The Earthwood was relatively short‑lived but the foundation of the acoustic bass guitar was established. American company Washburn took the concept and created more successful instruments that coincided neatly with MTV’s Unplugged concert series (1989‑1999). Interestingly, despite starting it all, Ernie Ball does not have an acoustic bass guitar available to buy at the time of writing.

Acoustic bass guitar construction is essentially similar to the steel‑strung flat top acoustic folk guitar, with a larger hollow wooden body and a longer scale neck. Most acoustic basses have four strings, tuned in the same way as an electric bass, E‑A‑D‑G, an octave below a standard guitar. The majority of acoustic basses have fretted fingerboards, although some are fretless.

Acoustic Bass Guitar

Like many modern day acoustic guitars, many acoustic bass models have pickups to enable them to be amplified for stage use or DI’d for recording purposes. Some instruments are thinline electric semi‑acoustic basses while others are full‑depth electro‑acoustic basses. These are designed primarily as acoustic basses with an on‑board pickup for additional amplification when needed.

Today, there are any number of acoustic bass guitars on the market for every level of player and every price point from many key manufacturers including, amongst others; Martin, Taylor, Guild, Fender, Takamine, Ovation, Tanglewood, Epiphone, Warwick, Epiphone, Washburn, Godin, ESP, Breedlove, Larivée, Framus, Hohner, Ozark, Dean, D’Angelico, Ibanez, Sigma, Alvarez and Cort.


Bass guitar amplification

In the early days of bass guitars, brands released bass amplifiers to accompany their instruments, often sold as a package (see Tutmarc’s Audiovox above, for example). Other brands like Rickenbacker did the same in the early days. The main difference between guitar amps and bass amps is that the latter are tuned specifically to reproduce bass frequencies accurately. A standard 4‑string bass guitar produces low frequencies in the range 41Hz to 100Hz with overtones extending up to 4‑5kHz (not dissimilar to an acoustic double bass in fact).

In terms of sound pressure levels, bass frequencies need more power to be heard by the human ear/brain at the same volume as higher frequencies, so bass amps tend to have higher power ratings than guitar amps. In the past, speakers for bass also tended to be larger with 12”, 15” or even 18” to shift the amount of air needed at lower frequencies. In contrast, guitar speakers tended to be 10”or 12”. Bass speaker cabinets, especially those with multiple speakers, normally had sealed or ported enclosures to increase volume. For all these reasons bass amplifiers and speaker cabinets tend to be different to their guitar equivalents.

Probably the most famous brand associated specifically for its bass amplification is the American company Ampeg, founded in 1946 and now under the ownership of Japanese giant, Yamaha. Ampeg started out attempting to amplify the acoustic double bass in 1949 by using a microphone/pickup in the instrument’s stand. The ‘Amplified Peg’ as it was called was then shortened to ‘Ampeg’ and the rest, as they say, is history. Their most famous range of amps was the 300W Ampeg SVT from 1969 and their bass combo amps, the B‑15 from 1960, as used by the likes of Motown session bass player James Jamerson.

It was no surprise that Fender, the leader in the world of bass guitars from the 1950s should also produce bass amps/cabs. Perhaps the most famous Fender bass amp was the Bassman from 1952 onwards, first introduced as a combo valve amp with a 15” speaker. The most desirable though, was the Dual Rectifier Bassman valve combo with 4×10” speakers. From 1960. Fender also released a ‘piggy back’ amp head and speaker cabinet design to cope with higher power levels and to provide flexibility. From 2000, Fender released a solid state version of the legendary Bassman amp. The original valve Bassman also became beloved by many guitar players for its tone, for instance by the late blues rock guitarist, Stevie Ray Vaughan (SRV).

Student bass players also needed a bass amp. So Fender introduced the Musicmaster Bass amplifier in 1970, as a companion to the Fender Musicmaster Bass guitar. The Musicmaster Bass combo amp was a very simple affair with one channel, 12W of power, volume and tone controls and a single 12″ Fender speaker. Like the Bassman, it has latterly been enjoying a bit of a revival as a budget vintage amp for guitarists. The Musicmaster Bass amp was discontinued in 1982 after the introduction of the Fender Studio Bass combo and Japanese Fender Sidekick Bass 30. Nowadays, the extensive Fender Rumble series has proved very popular with bass players.

Legendary British amplifier company Marshall was not going to be left behind. Marshall’s first 100‑watt bass head was the JTM 45/100 / JTM 45 Super 100 model. Another, also dating from the second half of the 1960s, is the JMP #1992 Super Bass 100 (100W) and JMP #1986 Bass (50W). Like the Fender Bassman, the Marshall Super Bass 100W also proved popular with guitarists. Bass players were also known to use the Marshall #1963 Super PA (50W) and Marshall #1968 Super PA (100W) amps.

Another legendary British amplifier company, VOX produced bass versions of its AC‑15 and AC‑30 combo amps. These were followed in 1963 by the VOX T‑60 and Foundation amps, the latter promoted by Bill Wyman of the Rolling Stones.

German acoustic amp company AER also produce a range of bass amps, particularly well‑suited to amplifying acoustic and electro‑acoustic bass guitars.

Bass guitarists turn out to be a little less conservative than their guitarist counterparts, especially when it comes to amplification and speaker cabinets. For instance there are plenty of modern‑day bass amps that use efficient solid state D‑class amplification (a type of amplifier that uses digital switching technology to amplify audio signals efficiently), with very high power ratings – 500W and 600W or more being not uncommon. Bass amps often also make wide use of sophisticated on‑board EQ. Speaker cabinet configurations also tend to be more versatile with reflex ports, horns, tweeters and combining multiple speaker types being common.

There are many other valve, solid state or hybrid bass amplifier manufacturers not mentioned above, including Trace Elliot, Ashdown Engineering, Mesa/Boogie, Peavey, Music Man, Hiwatt, Laney, Sound City, H/H, WEM, Hartke and Orange.


Bass guitar effects

Things have changed a great deal over the decades since 1951. In the early days of the solid body electric bass guitar, most players plugged straight into their amps without much in the way of tone augmentation.

By the 1970s and 1980s bass players had a paucity of effects specially designed for their instruments, so they generally adopted guitar effects with just a few bass‑specific pedals to choose from. Since the industry started to migrate to digital technology from the 1980s onwards, the major effect companies began to produce pedals designed primarily for use with bass guitars. Now, in the 2020s, there is plenty of choice with most of the big players in the effect industry now making bass‑specific effect pedals, including Electro‑Harmonix, MXR, BOSS, Ibanez, Fender, Laney and Ampeg.

In addition, from around the start of the new millennium, a number of manufacturers turned their ideas for integrated multi‑effect units into practical musicians’ tools that became popular for both guitar and bass, including BOSS, VOX, Zoom, Tech 21, Behringer and Valeton.

In 1998, Line 6 introduced a ground‑breaking innovation called the POD, which put many guitar effects, amps and cabinet emulations into a single portable unit. While the little red kidney shaped POD was initially directed at guitarists, the rack mounted Line 6 POD Pro models came in both guitar and bass versions. Since then, Line 6 and other manufacturers now combine guitar and bass amp/effect/cabinet emulations into a single unit. These units are constantly improving and are gradually replacing stage backlines with direct input (DI) into PAs/monitors, as well as into studio desks/DAWs. Along with the POD, Line 6, also now part of Yamaha, is still in the same business with their extensive Helix range.

Alternatives to the Line 6 POD and Helix units include the Axe-Fx III from Fractal Audio, which is a pro‑level amplification/effects processor suitable for both guitar and bass. Meanwhile, Kemper Amps took a slightly different route with their Profiler, which has all‑in‑one effects, amplifier and speaker cabinet profiles designed for both guitar and bass.

Just to finish off, there are numerous boutique effect pedal manufacturers that produce stomp boxes, often to very high degrees of quality, including brands such as Way Huge, TC Electronic, EarthQuaker Devices, Darkglass, Aguilar, Origin Effects, Free The Tone, Providence, Source Audio, Walrus Audio, ZVEX, Mooer Audio, Sansamp, Digitech, Eventide, Strymon, JHS, Keeley and Empress Effects.


Iconic (and other) bass guitars

The next sentence is likely to be highly provocative and intentionally so. While there are innumerable bass guitar models out there from 1951 to the current day, there are probably only four bass guitar models that can truly be called iconic (i.e. something that is widely considered to epitomize an era, culture, community or place). The four key instruments – none of which are based on guitar equivalents – that stand head and shoulders above the rest are:

Truly iconic bass guitars:
Fender Precision Bass (1951‑date)
Fender Jazz Bass (1960‑date)
Rickenbacker 4000 series (1957‑date)
Music Man Stingray Bass (1976‑date)

In addition, below are listed just a very few of the other great electric bass guitars manufactured from 1951 onwards. This is far from a comprehensive list and is intended only to be broadly indicative of the type.

Fender bass guitars:
Fender Bass V
Fender Bass VI
Fender Coronado Bass
Fender Mustang Bass
Fender Musicmaster Bass
Fender Performer
Fender Telecaster Bass
Squier Bronco Bass

Gibson bass guitars:
Gibson EB series
Gibson Thunderbird
Gibson Explorer Bass
Gibson Melody Maker Bass
Gibson Grabber/Ripper/G3
Gibson RD series
Gibson Triumph
Gibson Victory
Gibson 20/20 Bass

Epiphone bass guitars (not including Epiphone versions of Gibson basses):
Epiphone Embassy
Epiphone Newport
Epiphone Rivoli
Epiphone Viola

Other American brand bass guitars:
Alembic Series 1/2
Ampeg Dan Armstrong Lucite
Ampeg AEB-1
BC Rich Eagle
BC Rich Mockingbird
BC Rich Warlock
Danelectro Longhorn 4623
Danelectro Shorthorn 3612
G&L JB2
G&L L1000/L2000
Gretsch 6071/6072
Gretsch G2220 Junior Jet
Gretsch 5440 Electromatic
Guild B-301/B-302
Guild Starfire
Harmony H22
Harmony H27
Jackson JS
Kramer 450-B/650-B
Kramer DMZ
Lakland Skyline
Music Man Sabre
Music Man Sterling
National Val Pro Model 85
Ovation Magnum
Peavey T-40
Peavey Millennium/Milestone
PRS SE Kestrel/Kingfisher
Schecter Omen
Schecter Stilletto
Silvertone 1440 series
Steinberger Spirit XT
Steinberger Synapse
Supro Pocket
Travis Bean TB2000
Washburn Taurus

European bass guitars:
Burns Sonic
Hagström H8
Höfner Club
Höfner HCT-500/1
Höfner President
Hohner B2
Hohner The Jack
VOX Clubman
VOX Cougar
VOX Phantom 4
VOX Sidewinder
VOX VBW Teardrop Bass
Wal Mk1/Mk2
Warwick Thumb/Streamer/Infinity/Corvette
Warwick Rockbass

Japanese bass guitars:
Other than perhaps the Yamaha BB and TRBX series, and the Ibanez SR and TMB series, Japanese bass guitars do not have the same level of brand/model heritage when compared to those produced by American and European companies. There are, however, many Japanese basses produced by companies such as Ibanez, Tokai, Greco, Jedson, Westone, Teisco, ESP/LTD, Fernandes and Aria.

“Without the Fender bass, there’d be no rock n’ roll or no Motown. The electric guitar had been waiting ’round since 1939 for a nice partner to come along. It became an electric rhythm section, and that changed everything.” – Quincy Jones (1933‑)


Famous bass players

Below are listed seventy of the world’s most famous and influential bass players – alive and departed – including upright double bass and electric solid body bass guitar players. There are, of course, many, many more but this is an indicative list for those interested in exploring some of the music created by these diverse musicians (in alphabetical order):

Aston ‘Family Man’ Barrett (Bob Marley & The Wailers)
Walter Becker (Steely Dan)
Andy Bell (Oasis)
Bill Black (Elvis Presley)
Jack Bruce (Cream)
Cliff Burton (Metallica)
Geezer Butler (Black Sabbath)
John Cale (Velvet Underground)
Stanley Clarke (Return To Forever, solo)
Adam Clayton (U2)
Bootsy Collins (James Brown, Parliament/Funkadelic)
Tim Commerford (Rage Against The Machine/Audioslave)
Billy Cox (Jimi Hendrix)
John Deacon (Queen)
Kim Deal (Pixies, Breeders)
Willie Dixon
Gail Ann Dorsey (David Bowie)
Bernard Edwards (Chic)
John Entwistle (The Who)
Flea (a.k.a. Michael Peter Balzary – Red Hot Chili Peppers)
Bruce Foxton (The Jam)
Simon Gallup (The Cure)
Roger Glover (Deep Purple)
Kim Gordon (Sonic Youth)
Larry Graham (Sly & The Family Stone)
Marshall Grant (Johnny Cash)
Steve Harris (Iron Maiden)
Dusty Hill (ZZ Top)
Peter Hook (Joy Division, New Order, The Light)
Glenn Hughes (Deep Purple)
Jah Wobble (a.k.a. John Joseph Wardle)
James Jamerson (session musician)
Louis Johnson (The Brothers Johnson)
John Paul Jones (Led Zeppelin)
Carol Kaye (session musician)
Lemmy Kilmister (Hawkwind, Motörhead)
Mark King (Level 42)
Alan Lancaster (Status Quo)
Geddy Lee (Rush)
Phil Lesh (Grateful Dead)
Tony Levin (Peter Gabriel)
Jenny Lee Lindberg (Warpaint)
Phil Lynott (Thin Lizzy)
Glen Matlock (Sex Pistols)
Paul McCartney (The Beatles, Wings, solo)
Duff McKagan (Guns N’ Roses)
John McVie (Fleetwood Mac)
Marcus Miller (Miles Davis, Herbie Hancock, George Benson)
Charles Mingus
Krist Novoselic (Nirvana)
Pino Palladino (session musician)
Jaco Pastorius (Weather Report)
Guy Pratt (Madonna, David Gilmour)
Suzi Quatro
Dee Dee Ramone (Ramones)
Noel Redding (Jimi Hendrix)
Mike Rutherford (Genesis)
Robbie Shakespeare (Sly & Robbie)
Billy Sheehan (Steve Vai, David Lee Roth)
Gene Simmons (KISS)
Nikki Sixx (a.k.a. Frank Carlton Serafino Feranna Jr. – Mötley Crüe)
Chris Squire (Yes)
Sting (a.k.a. Gordon Sumner – The Police)
Danny Thompson (John Martyn)
Thundercat (a.k.a. Stephen Lee Bruner)
Robert Trujillo (Metallica)
Sid Vicious (a.k.a. Simon John Ritchie – Sex Pistols)
Roger Waters (Pink Floyd)
Tina Weymouth (Talking Heads, Tom Tom Club)
Tal Wilkenfeld (Jeff Beck, Prince)
Bill Wyman (Rolling Stones, Bill Wyman’s Rhythm Kings)

“The gunk takes the funk” – James Jamerson (1936‑1983)


Bass in the (near) future

It is difficult for, and unfair of, me as a guitarist, to predict any sort of unified future for the bass guitar but I’ll give it a shot.

The traditional conservative brigade will still stick to tried and tested instruments and equipment. Musicians looking for something a bit different will probably want to experiment with the format, for instance number of strings, scale lengths, pickups and electronics. If anything there will be more radical and custom bass guitar designs from up‑market and boutique luthiers that diverge from the traditional archetype set by Fender over 70 years ago. Many additions to the form extend the flexibility of the core instrument, so it may be a case of further evolution, rather than revolution.

Bass amplification will continue to diverge from its simple valve origins and continue to embrace the digital realm, probably dispensing with backline amps/cabs altogether with signals being DI’d into desks/PA/monitors.

While bass players haven’t been particularly well served in the past for bass‑specific effect pedals, I anticipate that bass effects will achieve greater representation, including some out‑there effects not currently available to guitar players.

Bass guitar players have struggled to compete, with synthesisers dominating the world of modern electronica, dance and popular music. At least, for now (thankfully), the bass guitar remains essential to most guitar‑based music in a sort of symbiotic, co‑dependent relationship. As long as guitars keep going, so will bass, and vice versa. Bass players, being ever inventive individuals, will adapt and cultivate new ways to keep the instrument relevant, current and in the limelight for decades to come.

Technique‑wise, there will continue to be the traditional approaches towards walking bass lines, typically using the fundamental root/fifth styles that has been the general mainstay of modern music for decades. In contrast, there will be many more amazing virtuoso bass players who see the versatility and potential of the instrument in its own right.

So, other than tangible incremental progress around the margins, there is probably not a whole lot that will change profoundly in the near future. I may be wrong with that last sentence. In many ways, I hope so!

Interestingly, while the upright double bass continues to appear in modern music from time to time, the solid body fretted electric bass hasn’t really made any headway into the clique of conservative classical orchestral music, which still relies heavily on the traditional, some may say archaic, acoustic upright double bass.


Resources

Periodicals dedicated to bass guitar may be the best place to keep up‑to‑date with the technology and equipment associated with the instrument. Publications include Bass Musician Magazine, Bass Player Guitar Magazine, Bass Guitar Magazine, Bass Magazine, Bass Musician and Bass Gear Magazine.

Online resources include Music Radar, TalkBass.com, Basschat and No Treble. There are also many books on bass guitars and bass playing techniques, including the inevitable, ‘Bass Guitar For Dummies’.

As far as purchasing bass guitars, there are the large Internet sites, brick & mortar retailers and the usual online sites, Reverb.com and eBay. For vintage and rare bass guitars, there are outlets purely for basses including (in the UK) Andy Baxter Bass, The Bass Gallery, The Bass Centre, Vintage Bass Room and ClassicandcoolGuitars.


Some final thoughts

I certainly learnt a lot from researching and writing this article. At first sight, there may seem to be quite a bit of relevant information on the Internet. It is only when one starts to dig deeper and attempt to put something together that makes some form of sense that things rapidly become unclear. All of a sudden, much of the available information seems incomplete, contradictory, vague and/or outright erroneous. In the end, it comes down to evidence and corroboration but sorting the wheat from the chaff isn’t always easy. It seems that online information about vintage guitars is far more reliable than that about vintage basses. There are far too many poorly informed people who invent facts and present opinion as truth.

Despite my best attempts to piece things together, I may have fallen foul of the same issues raised above. However, I have tried very hard not to fill in gaps with assumptions and/or fiction. While I endeavour to be thorough and rigorous, my approach isn’t academic and I don’t have the time, funds or energy to provide the last word in scholarly fact. The contents herein should therefore probably not be relied upon too heavily. This article should, for that reason alone, be regarded as my best intention to balance fact with entertainment.

“Believe nothing, no matter where you read it, or who said it, unless it agrees with your own reason and your own common sense.” – Buddha (Siddhārtha Gautama – c.480‑400BCE)

This is just the sort of article that would benefit greatly from images to illustrate and break up the narrative. Sadly as a (broke) not‑for‑profit entity, I cannot afford the costly copyright/royalties charged for the use of relevant images, so I have had to rely on very limited free/public domain resources or my own photographs. I apologise for the thousands of words used to describe what images could do in none. Once again, no AI was used in the research and writing of this tome – only my own hard work.

NB. Apologies to anyone disappointed by the wait for a cheap, clichéd joke at the expense of ‘the bass player’! T’ain’t gonna happen here. Love ‘the bass player’.


CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Album of the Month’

Given that this month’s article focuses on the fascinating history of the bass guitar, it seems only fitting to select an album that demonstrates the virtuoso bass playing of one of the greatest bass guitarists of all time, Jaco Pastorius (1951‑1987) and his famous modified fretless Fender Jazz Bass.

Weather Report – Heavy Weather (1977) – The seventh and most commercially successful studio album by the American jazz fusion band. ‘Heavy Weather’ was the first album with Pastorius on full‑time bass duties. The smooth jazz funk production of the album, which was released at the peak of the punk rock movement in the US and UK, stood in stark contrast to the otherwise brutal sounds of the late 1970s. Given that it sold in huge numbers (and still does) is testament to the composition and musicianship on display. Initial sales were about 500,000 and total sales to‑date are over 1.06 million. Other Weather Report albums may be ‘better’ according to purists but this is the one I heard first and it has stuck with me over the years.

Weather Report – Heavy Weather (1977)

To me, this album hit me right between the eyes about what virtuoso bass playing can be like. There are many, many other artists and albums that could arguably take the acclaim, for instance Stanley Clarke’s successful solo album, ‘School Days’ (1976), but on this occasion, the late, great Jaco (& co.) takes the accolade, such as it is.

“I’m the greatest bass player in the world” – Jaco Pastorius (1951‑1987)


Tailpiece

Well, there you go. I think that most of us love a bit of decent low bass in our music. I hope y’all got something out of this fleeting exploration into the defining instruments, artists and music of the lower registers. I think the narrative works well as a complement to the launch of CRAVE Basses at the end of 2023, but that’s just my (obviously biased) opinion.

I hope you feel inclined to come back next month to see what’s currently fermenting in the CRAVE guitars’ secret brewery.

Truth, peace, love, and guitar music be with you always. Until next time…

CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Quote of the Month’: “Mundanity is the devourer of lost dreams”

© 2024 CRAVE Guitars – Love Vintage Guitars.

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August 2017 – A Peak into the Pandora’s Box of Guitars

posted in: Observations, Opinion | 0

Over the last 30 months or so, I’ve been going on and on about the mainstay of CRAVE Guitars ‘work’, which is to share with you not only stuff about music and stuff about guitars generally but also specifically stuff about Cool & Rare American Vintage Electric Guitars. If you’ve taken a look at the web site, you’ll know that the focus tends to be on mainstream U.S. brands and, within that, if possible, some cool variations of well-established guitar models. However, perhaps stating the bleeding obvious, the guitar world is much bigger than that.

This month I’m dipping a toe in the water of some of the other guitar treasures out there. When one looks across the whole guitar landscape, antique, vintage, old, used, new, American, European, Eastern bloc, Asian, mass manufacture, boutique makers, unique luthiers, home‑made, traditional, basic, hi-tech, innovative and whacky, there is infinite variety and a veritable cornucopia of interesting and wonderful instruments to appreciate. The same goes for amps and effects of course (as colleagues into those things keep reminding me) but there’s not enough room in a single article for those as well. Besides, although I don’t claim to be an expert on guitars, I’m even less well‑acquainted the minutiae of amps and effects – that’s another ballgame altogether. The focus of this article is essentially on electric instruments.

When researching this article, it became ridiculously clear that I simply can’t do justice to every aspect of this enormous topic. I can only mention a figurative iceberg’s tip of what’s out there and I apologise in advance for the probable monumental omissions herein. Before we get going, none of the guitars covered in this article are part of the CRAVE Guitars’ family. In order to illustrate the diversity, I’ve resorted to using pictures sourced from Google Images – I acknowledge all guitar owners and photographers.

Let’s face it, love them or loathe them, the centre of the guitar universe remains occupied by the American ‘Big Two’, Fender and Gibson, along with their subsidiary companies including, respectively, Epiphone and Squier that concentrate on the budget end of the market. Incidentally, Fender and Gibson also own a number of other iconic brands that come under their wing. For instance, did you know that Fender own Gretsch, Jackson, Charvel, DeArmond and Tacoma, and Gibson own Baldwin, Kramer, Steinberger, Tobias and Wurlitzer? Until the mid-2010s, Fender also owned Guild and Ovation guitar brands.

It would be easy to fall into the trap of thinking that Fender and Gibson are massive multinational industrial giants, but in actuality, they are pretty modest business concerns compared to the sheer scale and scope of some truly global companies. Fender and Gibson are, above all, very successful brands with a strong identity, whose reach extends well beyond the music industry. This general public awareness helps to shield them from some of the economic, social and technological pressures facing them. Business fortunes, however, go in cycles and the ‘Big Two’ have had their ups and downs. Both companies, along with many others, were taken over in the 1960s, leading to a period of corporate complacency and weakness that opportunistic competitors were able to exploit. While they have been able to rejuvenate their image, they are now dealing with a radically different global context.

While the ‘Big Two’ are fortunate to have genuinely iconic products including Fender’s Stratocaster, Telecaster and Precision bass, and Gibson’s Les Paul, SG and ES-335 (among others), this otherwise enviable position can also constrain them operationally. It has proved very difficult for them to innovate and stretch too far from the proverbial straightjacket imposed by their core instruments. Existing models are scrutinised minutely and often face intense criticism if they move away from the accepted recipe. At the same time, it is difficult for them to introduce all-new models, as they are often compared unfavourably with the classic mould. Without sustainable growth in a finite market, these companies are commercially vulnerable and their potential success is increasingly limited by their past. This strategic conundrum for Fender and Gibson actually creates fertile ground for other smaller firms to grasp opportunity to enter the market through differentiation, diversification and innovation, as well as imitation.

Circling around the ‘star’ of the Big Two, there are the other recognisable brands such as Rickenbacker, Danelectro, Guild, Ovation, Music Man (now part of the Ernie Ball corporation), G&L, and, as well as the aforementioned Gretsch (the Gretsch family retains major influence as part of Fender) and relative newcomers such as PRS. There are other companies that don’t immediately spring to mind but which have enormous presence in the industry. I include Peavey here, as one of the world’s largest musical manufacturing company. Then there are the other recognisable ‘independent’ American manufacturers that tend to focus on niche markets, such as BC Rich, Dean, Jackson, Alembic, Carvin, Schecter, Steinberger, Suhr, Parker, Heritage, etc. At the same time, some major US guitar companies focus predominantly on acoustic guitars, such as Martin and Taylor.

There is an incredible history surrounding brands that have either disappeared completely or those that have gone, some of which have now been resurrected, e.g. Supro, Airline, National, Dobro (acoustic, now part of Epiphone), Bigsby, D’Angelico, D’Aquisto, Silvertone, Kalamazoo, etc. American guitar manufacturers suffered particularly badly in the 1960s and 1970s as a result of multiple pressures including falling production quality, increasing manufacturing costs (including union labour), and hostile competition from high quality cheap imports from the Far East.

As you might expect, the history of many of the brands already mentioned goes back to the early-mid 1900s (or even further), which means that there are plenty of very cool vintage guitars floating around. In the guitar world, age doesn’t mean valuable – it is the combination of age, rarity, quality originality and current condition that matter for those with an eye on the dollar value. While the Big Two tend to command the premium prices, pretty much across the board, there are plenty of bargains to be had by looking more broadly at these, sometimes ephemeral makes. I recently come across an early 1960s U.S. Airline in all‑original clean condition that went for a little over £300GBP. These never were top‑of‑the‑range instruments back in the day, and they can be picked up as bargain vintage instruments now. Some of these leftfield guitars present low-risk options for entry into the vintage market if you research carefully and don’t expect too much. History suggests that, in all likelihood, they won’t accumulate vintage value very quickly without major artist association. Look around and there are gems to be found from under-the-radar guitar makers. Some are very nice, including Washburn, Hondo (mainly copies), Mosrite, Harmony, Kay, Valco (maker of a number of other brands), etc.

Moving away from the American continent, Europe also has a long tradition of great musical instrument manufacture, with brands such as Vox, Höfner, Baldwin, Burns, Watkins, Framus, Hagstrom, Hohner, Shergold, Hoyer, Wandre, Bartolini, Levin, Goya, Welson, along with newer entrants such as Warwick, Duesenberg and Vigier, Some of these were prolific during the ‘golden years’, capitalising on the rapidly moving musical paradigms of the 1960s and 1970s. A post-war embargo on American guitar imports certainly helped European brands (and bands) get a foothold and to prosper up to the early-mid 1960s. While, as in other markets, the quality of European guitars varied considerably, many models have become synonymous with the period and, as a result, highly collectable, for instance, the teardrop Vox guitar used by Brian Jones of The Rolling Stones or the Höfner violin bass used by Paul McCartney of The Beatles.

Even further away from America, the Japanese companies competed head on with the American brands in the 1970s. Plenty of the budget guitars were blatant copies of American guitars, which resulted in protracted litigation to protect U.S. patents and trademarks. Many ‘older’ guitarists may remember copies from the likes of CSL and Columbus, as well as Ibanez. Japanese firms didn’t just replicate American designs; some also produced original designs and have retained a credible reputation over time for quality and consistency, including their dominant brands – Yamaha and Ibanez. Takamine, which focuses predominantly on acoustic guitars, is also Japanese. There have been plenty of Japanese names that are or have been familiar, including ESP (and subsidiary LTD), Roland, Italia, Aria, Tokai, Teisco, Greco, Guyatone, Apollo, Kawai, Kent, Westone, etc. Many of the instruments made by Japanese companies in the 1960s and 1970s (including some copies) are now becoming very collectable in the off‑the‑beaten‑track vintage niches. If you want some truly whacky vintage designs at reasonable prices, take a look at Japanese guitars. Plenty of people now specialise in conserving these vintage Japanese/Asian instruments.

The old Eastern Bloc countries have also produced a wide range of brands catering for home-grown musicians. The strategy of government-owned manufacture was partly nationalistic, in that they were required to protect their home market from capitalist imports from both the west and east. Many of these guitars were typically utilitarian with little in the way of flamboyance. Many of these brands will be little known in the western world, even now. As you might expect, there are experts who concentrate on collecting these communist bloc guitars for posterity. The ones that have penetrated the western markets offer something different from, and cheaper than, the mainstream names. Look out for names like Aelita, Elgava, Formanta, Migma, Musima, Odessa, Stella, Tonika, Marma (East Germany), Jolana (Czechoslovakia), etc.

There are a few other territories that have developed their own guitar manufacturing, including Godin and Eastwood in Canada and Maton in Australia. In addition, there are a large number of unmarked guitars out there with no means of identifying age or source. Some can be traced back to similar designs by known manufacturers while the creators of others are lost in the mists of time and geography. These ‘pawn shop’ guitars are often poorly made and may be considered curios, although, there are aficionados looking to conserve the more vernacular heritage.

The modern-world picture is far more complicated and can’t be talked about in terms of familiar regional territories. Some multi-national companies, including Fender and Both Fender and Gibson have their headquarters in the US and produce large numbers of their subsidiary ranges in other countries. Some brands are designed in the US and constructed offshore. Some are assembled and quality checked in the US from parts made elsewhere. Larger companies have international distribution operations that channel product to dealership networks within economic regions, e.g. Fender UK servicing the European Union (at the moment!). Others have to manage distribution through networks of independent dealers. Some smaller companies have to rely either on local markets or alternative methods of distribution, direct or indirect. Some companies make instruments that are branded by one or more retail chains. A classic example is Silvertone whose instruments were made by Danelectro, Kay and others, sold through Sears & Roebuck department stores and mail order (remember that?). Similarly, many of the diverse Japanese brand names were actually made by a relatively small number of manufacturers, e.g. Kawai and Teisco.

Another feature of new millennium guitar building is the explosion in bespoke guitar building, either by small specialist companies or individual luthiers. Low volumes, creative designs, alternative materials, custom features, and high quality tend to characterise the sub-industry but there are always exceptions to the rule. There have, pretty obviously, always been bespoke builders catering for the well‑heeled or professional musicians’ need and this has led to further opportunities that are difficult for the mass manufacturers to match. In response, the larger manufacturers, including Fender and Gibson, created custom shop operations to provide tailored services for individual clients. Custom shops also heralded the explosion in vintage-styled recreations and the more recent craze for relic finishes, both building on the growth of interest in vintage guitars.

Remember, even the (now) big companies had to start somewhere, usually with an inspirational leader, visionary pioneer or commercial entrepreneur at the helm, often working on their own or in a small workshop. Many of today’s big brands started out with some names you might just recognise, including Friedrich Gretsch and son, Fred Gretsch Jr, Orville H. Gibson, Christian Frederick Martin, Adolph Rickenbacker, Nathan Daniel (Danelectro), Epaminondas Stathopoulo (Epiphone), and one Clarence Leonidas ‘Leo’ Fender. More recently, Paul Reed Smith has earned a place amongst this exlusive group. Even these industry giants relied on other key individuals and their skills including John Dopyera, George Beauchamp, Lloyd Loar, F.C. Hall, Les Paul, Ted McCarty, George Fullerton, Ray Dietrich, Roger Rossmeisl, etc.

Other well-known names span out of larger companies, for instance, Travis Bean, well known for metal-neck guitars, split from Kramer. Kiesel Custom Guitars is another example, producing some astounding instruments having been formed following the splitting up of American company Carvin in 2015. Perhaps the most successful modern entrepreneur is Paul Reed Smith of PRS Guitars, based in Maryland USA since 1985. While growing his reputation, Smith wisely sought advice from Gibson’s ex‑president Ted McCarty to mentor him, and several PRS models now proudly bear McCarty’s name. The tradition continues with renowned luthier Joe Knaggs setting up his own prestigious guitar company after leaving PRS, producing some wonderful instruments in relatively small numbers.

One of the most celebrated and influential craftsmen to exploit niche demand in the 1960s was Lithuanian immigrant to the UK, Tony Zemaitis who made some very remarkable guitars for some very remarkable guitarists. Zemaitis’ legacy can clearly be seen in other current models from the likes of Duesenberg and Teye, as well as the Japanese company that currently carries on Zematis’ illustrious name.

There have been many excursions into the application of alternative materials to wood. The use of metal in guitar production was pioneered by the likes of National and Dobro in their resonator guitars as a means of producing more volume from acoustic guitars in the pre‑electric era of the 1920s and 1930s. In the 1960s, Valco used fibreglass (coined Res‑o‑Glas) for futuristic designs in the 1960s, such as the stunning National Newport. More recently, acoustic maker, Ovation, used a variation of fibreglass (lyrachord) on its bowlback instruments. Zemaitis experimented with other materials in his guitar construction and many others have followed suit, including the aforementioned Kramer/Travis Bean. Around the same time, there was a ‘fad’ for acrylic guitar bodies, perhaps the most well-known proponent being Dan Armstrong who used acrylic for parent company Ampeg.

On this side of the Atlantic, another luthier has set the bar for innovative use of metal; French luthier, James Trussart, Italian company XoX Audio are making some nice instruments out of carbon fibre. 3D printing also presents opportunities for greater use of plastics and metals in guitar production. Some luthiers have experimented with stone as part of the construction but it is not common – or very practical. With ever increasingly stringent restrictions on sourcing, use, sale and movement of hardwoods commonly used in guitar production, expect wider use of alternative sustainable materials in the future.

There are hundreds if not thousands or even tens of thousands of guitar makers out there, all wanting a proportion of the overall demand for great guitars. Here are a very few notable names from all around the world to keep an eye on, including (in no particular order); Collings, Stone Wolf, Flaxwood, Palm Bay, Hutchinson, Emerald, Ed Roman, Suhr, Mayones, Nik Huber, Matt Artinger, Tom Anderson, Patrick James Eggle, Fano, Gus, Goulding, Prisma, Frank Hartung, Michael Spalt, Michihiro Matsuda, TK Smith, Rick Toone, Carillion, McSwain, John Backlund, Reverend, Ron Thorn, John Ambler, Mule, Tony Cochran, Walla Walla, Ezequiel Galasso, Langcaster… The list could be endless as there are just too many great guitar buillders out there to mention and apologies to those I’ve left out and, sorry, I can’t post pictures of every one – I wish I could. The point, I guess, is to broaden one’s perspective and perhaps open one’s mind to a wide range of other possibilities beyond the obvious in-your-face guitar shop fare. I don’t usually proffer advice but on this occasion, I would simply just say, take a look out there and you might just find something weird and wonderful that you probably didn’t know existed. I regularly feature some of this wonderland of goodies on Twitter for those that may want to take a look (@CRAVE_guitars).

For the amateur hobbyist or artisans with aspirations of becoming the next notable designer, there are now plenty of DIY kits for everything from generic product to some quite fancy customised guitar construction. Access to information the Internet provides plenty of plans and specifications for people to design and build almost any type of instrument without the need to track down books or luthiers willing to share their knowledge. Experimenting in this way can present all sorts of opportunities to be taken. What about you?

Renovation ‘husk’ projects are probably best avoided unless you really know what you’re doing, as there’s probably a reason why they are in that state to begin with. For some, though. a ‘bitsa’ guitar may make an ideal low cost player’s guitar. My lack of practical skills prevents me from trying out a DIY (re-)build beyond my limited capabilities. Besides, given CRAVE Guitars’ fundamental raison d’être, I simply can’t create an authentic American vintage guitar.

I hope that this article has given a tiny indication of the beauty and multiplicity of guitars out there. That’s without going into oddities with unconventional string configurations, double (or more) necks, hybrid instruments, etc. It is this fascination with making things different while also keeping things the same that is quite inspirational and, I think, pretty unique to guitars, at least on this sort of scale. We are blessedly spoilt for choice and there are some ridiculously good guitars out there for very reasonable prices without experiencing the diminishing returns associated with esoteric exotica. Ultimately, this clearly indicates that there is something for everyone with an interest in the world’s favourite musical instrument.

So… you may ask… what’s my favourite out of everything covered here? Truthfully, I can’t say; I find guitars endlessly beguiling and preferences vary continuously. It would be unfair to single any one brand or model from the others. As my obsessive quest for ‘Cool & Rare American Vintage Electric Guitars’ continues, the CRAVE name gives a hint of bias but that is not so dogmatic that I can’t appreciate all aspects of the luthier’s art and craftsmanship. MY position is firmly ‘on the fence’. If any of the names mentioned wish to persuade me off the fence with a prime example of their product(s), I am more than happy to accommodate them (f.o.c. of course!). I optimistically await a swathe of e-mails to that effect (hint, hint).

Me? I’m off to plink a new CRAVE Guitars’ plank. The new addition to the family is something both very recognisable and very unusual at the same time. All being well, I’ll try to cover it in next month’s article. All I’ll say at this juncture is that it is definitely one that fits the Cool & Rare American Vintage Electric Guitar bill very aptly while also strongly dividing opinion. Intrigued? The lengths we go to, to bring you guitar ‘stuff’. Watch this space…

CRAVE Guitars ‘Quote of the Month’: “There is a finite limit to the amount you can know, there is no limit to the amount you can imagine.”

© 2017 CRAVE Guitars – Love Vintage Guitars.

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