SCOOBY‑DOOBY‑DOO, WHERE ARE YOU? Time to break out the Scooby Snacks, Shaggy.Yup. It is time for another CRAVE Guitars’ grand tour. I trust that all is well with you and yours wherever you are and whatever you’re doing. A warm early autumn greeting from CRAVE Guitars. This year has passed very rapidly. Time flies (N.B. From the Latin, ‘tempus fugit’, literally meaning, ‘time flees’. Roman Poet Virgil (70‑19BCE) used it in his epic poem, ‘Georgics’ (29BCE)). Come on people, admit it, you don’t get popular culture (Scooby Doo) and Roman classical literature (Virgil) used in a single paragraph very often. Come with me. You have entered into the weird and wonderful alternate dimension of CVG, a.k.a. CRAVE Vintage Guitars.
“You don’t play a guitar with your fingers, you play it with your heart” – Carlos Santana (1947‑)
This Month at CRAVE Guitars…
Previously on… (NB. A ‘recap’ is commonly used by TV series at the start of a programme to review key moments from one or more previous episodes and to set up the episode being watched. Recaps are often complemented by a ‘next time on…’ sequence at the end of a programme. The first documented use of the ‘recap’ was the American ABC TV series, ‘The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp’ (1955‑1961)). I digress. Again. Now, where was I? Oh yes. Previously on…
Last month, I set out the first part of a guitar history timeline from ancient times (c.3500BCE) to the end of the 19th Century (1899). The main exposition to the subject matter was also set out last month, so there is little point in reiterating it here, as what was said then applies equally to this article. Follow the link below to view/review the preceding article should you so desire (opens a new browser tab)…
“Guitars – what more can I say? They rule!!!” – Zakk Wylde (1967‑)
I should mention at this point that the timeline originally comprised 400 entries. Between the first and second parts being published, this had increased to 400+ after further intensive research. A lot more had to be ditched to keep it close to the original plan. The articles’ title now read “A Timeline of Guitar History in 400+ Snippets”.
Also, Part II was originally intended to be the concluding article covering the last 125 years. However, given the size and density of the project, as well as the fact that the 20th Century in particular was an incredibly eventful period in guitar history, the decision was taken to split the entries into two roughly equal parts. Ultimately, now, the three parts together will represent a continuous piece of work, broken down for easier accessibility.
As with Part I, no AI was used in researching and writing this article; it is the result of authentic analogue biological processes. Quotes continue the theme from last month of insights into the guitar. Only a tiny smattering of images again this month.
“To stand up on a stage alone with an acoustic guitar requires bravery bordering on heroism. Bordering on insanity” – Richard Thompson (1949‑)
The Rationale for the Article
Easy one this. As you might expect, Part II is a direct continuation of the previous article and Part III will follow on next month, so no further justification is necessary.
Up to the end of the 19th Century, classical and folk music were predominant, largely determined by one’s place in the social hierarchy we call the class system. The dawn of the 20th Century saw musical genres transformed beyond all recognition, reflecting significant shifts in modern civilisation taking place globally. Democratisation of music opened up much broader access for ordinary people to experience the new musical trends emerging from the grass roots of society.
“I believe every guitar player inherently has something unique about their playing. They just have to identify what makes them different and develop it” – Jimmy Page (1944‑)
New musical genres enabled the guitar to transition from just an accompanying acoustic instrument to become central as a lead instrument, especially with the introduction of resonator and then electric guitars. The instrument became prevalent across most, if not all, modern musical forms, becoming the world’s favourite instrument in the process.
For many readers, this more contemporary period will be of more topical interest. I hope so. If you’ve read this far, I don’t want to lose you now.
“I don’t know of a guitar player that has only one guitar. They’re never happy with one. I’m never happy with just one of them. I woke up and ended up with six, even if you can only play one at a time!” – Les Paul (1915 2009)
A Timeline of Guitar History: Part II – 1900‑1959
So, without any further ado, let’s delve straight into the timeline covering the first chunk of the 20th Century with the next 150 entries. As with the last article, for those with an attention deficit, the infographic below provides a significantly abbreviated alternative version.
1902
Five businessmen backed Orville H. Gibson to form the Gibson Mandolin‑Guitar Mfg. Co. Ltd. in Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA. The new company introduced its first archtop guitar, the L‑1 model. In 1926, the L‑1 name was re‑used as a flat top acoustic guitar
1902
C.F. Martin & Co. introduced the ‘OOO’ (Auditorium) model, a small‑bodied flat top acoustic guitar with a slightly shorter 24.9″ scale length (rather than Martin’s usual 25.4″ scale)
1903
Luthier Anastasios Stathopoulo and his family emigrated from Izmir in Turkey to settle in Long Island City, Queens, New York City, USA where they established a musical instrument business
1904
Chicago‑based harp manufacturer, Lyon & Healy acquired the Regal Musical Instrument Manufacturing Company
1906
Stromberg Guitars was founded by Swedish immigrant Charles A. Stromberg (1881‑1956) making banjos and mandolins in Boston, Massachusetts, USA
1907
Anastasios Stathopoulo opened a shop in New York City making banjos and mandolins. The shop was called the ‘House of Stathopoulo’
1908
American luthier Chris Knutsen (1862‑1930), born Johan Christian Kammen in Norway, known for his harp guitars between 1895 and 1906, started making Hawaiian steel guitars in Seattle, Washington, USA. Knutsen relocated to Los Angeles, California in 1914 and began to make harp ukuleles as well as Hawaiian guitars to meet popular demand
1909
Anastasios Stathopoulo filed his only US patent for a bowl back mandolin musical instrument. The patent was granted the same year
1909
Clarence Leonidas ‘Leo’ Fender (1909‑1991) was born in Anaheim, California, USA. He would become one of the industry’s greatest pioneers and a hugely influential figure
1915
Anastasios Stathopoulo died and his son, Epaminondas (‘Epi’), took over at the company that would later become Epiphone in 1928
1915
American department store and mail order giant Sears, Roebuck and Company introduced the Silvertone brand, used by the company until 1972. Silvertone guitars, basses and amps were manufactured for Sears by Harmony, Danelectro, Valco, Kay and Teisco
1915
Lester William Polsfuss (1915‑2009), a.k.a. Les Paul, American jazz, country, and blues guitarist, songwriter, luthier and inventor was born in Waukesha, Wisconsin, USA
1916
Fred Gretsch Jr. relocated Gretsch to a spacious 10‑story building in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York City, USA
1916
Sears, Roebuck and Company acquired the Harmony Company to supply ukuleles and guitars for their retail and mail order business
1916
C.F. Martin began building guitars for Oliver Ditson Co. of Boston, Massachusetts and New York, USA, including the first ‘dreadnought’ acoustic guitar named after the British Royal Navy ship, HMS Dreadnought. Martin wouldn’t use their own name on a dreadnought guitar until 1931
1917
The first jazz track was recorded – ‘Dixie Jass Band One‑Step’ by the Original Dixieland Jass Band (ODJB) for the Victor Talking Machine Company
1918
Orville H. Gibson died of chronic endocarditis (a form of heart disease) in New York, at the age of 62
1920
Chicago Musical Instrument Company (CMI) was founded by Russian immigrant Maurice Henry Berlin (1895-1984), based in Chicago, Illinois, USA making guitars, brass instruments and electronic organs. CMI would later acquire Gibson Guitars in 1944
1920
The first blues vocal track was recorded in New York City by an African American singer Mamie Smith (1891‑1946) – ‘Crazy Blues’ for OKeh Records
1921
Stromberg‑Voisinet was formed by Henry ‘Kay’ Kuhrmeyer (1894‑1956), Charles G. Stromberg (1873‑1960) and Frank C. Voisinet (1876‑1937) in Chicago, Illinois, USA to build mandolins and guitars. The company would be renamed Kay in 1931
1921
American designer and sound engineer, Lloyd Loar (1886‑1943) started working for Gibson Mandolin‑Guitar Mfg. Co. Ltd. Loar helped to design and refine the Gibson carved archtop mandolins and guitars with the aim of increasing flagging sales
1921
Gibson employee and engineer Thaddeus ‘Ted’ McHugh (1859‑1945) was credited with inventing the adjustable truss rod. A US patent was filed in 1921 and granted in 1923. McHugh also designed the height‑adjustable bridge
1922
Gibson introduced the Lloyd Loar‑designed L5 acoustic archtop jazz guitar, one of the first guitars to use f‑holes. Gibson also introduced the F5 mandolin, also designed by Lloyd Loar in the same year
1923
The first commercial country & western track was recorded in New York City by Alexander Campbell ‘Eck’ Robertson (1887‑1975) – ‘Fiddlin’ John Carson’ for OKeh Records. Robertson had recorded several tracks for Victor Talking Machine Company the previous year but these were not widely available
1923
Italian guitarist, inventor and luthier, Mario Maccaferri (1900‑1993) established his reputation as a classical guitarist and maker of classical and gipsy jazz guitars
1923
Musician, designer and engineer, Lloyd Loar began working on an experimental electrostatic pickup at Gibson before he left the company in 1924
1923
Chicago‑based mail order and department store retailer, Montgomery Ward & Co. introduced Airline as one of its house brands. A range of Airline electric and acoustic guitars were sold between 1958 and 1968 to tap into the explosion in popular guitar‑based music. Airline is now an independent family‑owned business based in Chicago, Illinois, USA since 2024
1923
As part of Sears, Roebuck & Company, Harmony became the largest manufacturer of musical instruments in the USA, producing over 250,000 units in a year
1924
Austrian‑Hungarian immigrant and musician, Sam Ash (1897‑1956) opened the first Sam Ash Music Store in W 48th Street in Manhattan, New York City, USA. The location became the famously so‑called ‘Music Row’. The Sam Ash retail chain went out of business in 2024 after 100 years
1925
Swiss immigrant Adolph Rickenbacher (1886‑1976) founded Rickenbacher Manufacturing Company, manufacturing metal and plastic products. The company would later become Rickenbacker
1925
Hagström was founded by Albin Hagström (1905‑1952) in Älvdalen, Dalecarlia, Sweden to make accordions from 1932. The company didn’t start making electric guitars until 1958 and basses in 1961. Hagström ceased production in 1983 (revived in 2004)
1926
Gibson introduced the flat top L‑1 acoustic guitar, famously used by legendary American delta blues guitarist and singer, Robert Johnson. The moniker L-1 had previously been used for Gibson’s first archtop guitar
1927
The National String Instrument Corporation was founded by vaudeville entertainer George Beauchamp (1899‑1941) and luthier John Dopyera (1893‑1988) in Los Angeles, California, USA to make resonator guitars
1927
John Dopyera filed for a US patent for the tricone resonator guitar. The patent was granted the same year
1928
The first signature guitar, based on the Gibson L‑1 acoustic with a deeper body, was released to recognise popular American jazz singer and guitarist, Nick Lucas (1897‑1982)
1928
Epaminondas Stathopoulo changed the name of his company to the ‘Epiphone Banjo Company’. The Epiphone name combined Epaminondas’ nickname, ‘Epi’ and the Ancient Greek word phōnē, meaning sound or voice. Epiphone stared making acoustic guitars, followed by archtop guitars from 1931 and amplifiers from 1935
1928
American luthier, John Dopyera left National and founded the Dobro Manufacturing Company with four of his brothers. The name Dobro is a contraction of ‘DOpyera’ and ‘BROthers’
1928
Clayton Orr ‘Doc’ Kauffman (1901‑1990) filed the world’s first patent for a mechanical vibrato unit (often erroneously called tremolo), the Vibrola. Kauffman’s US patent for an “Apparatus for producing tremolo effects” was granted in 1932
1929
Chicago‑based Stromberg‑Voisinet advertised the first commercial electric guitar, although none are known to exist. The company ceased trading in 1931
1930
C.F. Martin announced the OM (Orchestra Model) flat top acoustic guitar and introduced their first guitar featuring 20‑frets and a 14th fret neck‑to‑body joint. The ‘14/20’ design became widely adopted by Martin from 1934
1930
While still working at National, George Beauchamp filed a US patent for a Dobro acoustic guitar with a single inverted resonator cone. The patent was granted in 1932
1930
American brand Harmony Musical Instruments, part of Sears, Roebuck & Company, sold over 500,000 units, a record at the time
1931
Ro‑Pat‑In Corporation was founded by engineer Adolph Rickenbacher and inventor George Beauchamp in Los Angeles, California, USA. The company would become Rickenbacher from 1934 and Rickenbacker from 1950
1931
Gretsch started manufacturing acoustic guitars in Brooklyn, New York City, USA
1931
Kay Musical Instrument Company was formed from the demise of instrument manufacturer Stromberg‑Voisinet by founder Henry Kay ‘Hank’ Kuhrmeyer, based in Chicago, Illinois, USA to make guitars, mandolins, banjos and ukuleles
1931
C.F. Martin started selling dreadnought 6‑string flat top acoustic guitars under its own name. Martin introduced the D‑1 and D‑2 (later renamed the D‑18 and D‑28). Martin had been making dreadnought acoustic guitars for Oliver Ditson Co. since 1916. The dreadnought rapidly became an industry standard and Martin’s design has been widely emulated today
1932
Prototyped in 1931, Ro‑Pat‑In Corporation started to manufacture a Hawaiian lap steel guitar with an electromagnetic horseshoe pickup, the Electro A‑22 (a.k.a. the ‘frying pan’, nicknamed because of its circular aluminium body and long neck). A US patent was filed in 1934 and granted in 1937. The guitar became the first solid body electric lap steel guitar. The model was discontinued in 1939
1932
The earliest examples of mains powered guitar amplifiers started appearing following the introduction of electrolytic capacitors and rectifier vacuum tubes (valves)
1932
Renowned luthier John D’Angelico (1905‑1964) opened a workshop in Manhattan, New York City, USA to make premium acoustic jazz guitars
1932
Henri Selmer partnered with luthier Mario Maccaferri to produce acoustic ‘gypsy jazz’ guitars (closely associated with virtuoso jazz guitarist Django Reinhardt). Maccaferri designed the ‘Modèle Jazz’ with an internal resonator, steel reinforced neck, D‑shaped sound hole and a single lower squared‑off cutaway. Selmer continued production until 1952 (with oval sound holes) after Maccaferri left in 1934
1933
Adolph Rickenbacher renamed the Ro‑Pat‑In Corporation to Electro String Instrument Corporation and instruments were re‑branded ‘Electro’
1933
George Beauchamp was sacked by the board at National String Instrument Corporation and joined Adolph Rickenbacker at Electro String Instrument Corporation
1934
National String Instrument Corporation and Dobro Manufacturing Company merged to form the combined National Dobro Corporation
1934
The Gibson factory at Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA resumed full‑time instrument production after the height of the Great Depression
1934
American musician and inventor Paul Tutmarc (1896‑1972) founded Audiovox Manufacturing Company to manufacture lap steel guitars
1934
Gibson introduced the Super 400 (priced at $400) acoustic jazz guitar. The design heavily influenced both Stromberg and D’Angelico archtop jazz guitars, as well as Gibson’s direct competitor Epiphone
1934
Gibson launched a line of lower‑priced instruments under the Kalamazoo brand name for musicians adversely impacted by the Great Depression
1935
Gibson hired American jazz guitarist Alvino Rey (1908‑2004) to work on the design of a prototype electric guitar pickup. Gibson appointed electrical engineer Walter Fuller (1917‑1997) to develop the electromagnetic bar pickup, often called the ‘Charlie Christian’ after the jazz guitarist
1935
Epiphone introduced the Emperor Masterbuilt acoustic jazz guitar, larger than the Gibson Super 400, fuelling stiff competition for high‑end archtop jazz guitars in the US
1935
Rickenbacker introduced the solid body electric Electro‑Spanish Model B guitar made from Bakelite with a bolt‑on rounded neck, as opposed to the square necks used on Hawaiian lap steel guitars. The Model B was considered the world’s first production, solid body electric guitar
1935
Paul Tutmarc developed the first electric fretted bass guitar, the Audiovox Model 736 Bass Fiddle, some 16 years before Fender introduced the Precision bass
1935
Supro guitars was launched as a low‑cost in‑house brand by its parent, National Dobro Corporation. Supro was discontinued in 1968 when then‑parent company Valco went bankrupt. The Supro brand was revived in 2014
1935
American salesman, Manny Goldrich (1904‑1968) founded the famous Manny’s Musical Instruments & Accessories Inc. retail store on ‘Music Row’, W 48th Street, Manhattan, New York City, USA. In 1999 Manny’s was sold to competitor Sam Ash Music
1936
Gibson introduced the Advanced Jumbo flat top acoustic guitar with Sitka spruce top and rosewood back and sides The guitar was designed by American country & western singer/songwriter Raymond Otis Whitely (1901‑1979). Only 300 were produced before Gibson replaced it with the J‑200 Super Jumbo in 1937
1936
Gibson introduced the EH‑150 6‑string lap steel guitar and amplifier for $150, the company’s first production electric Hawaiian steel guitar
1936
Gibson released the (Electric Spanish) ES‑150 and EH‑150 amplifier for $150. The ES-150 was the first commercially available electric ‘Spanish’ guitar. The ES‑150 was basically a modified Gibson L‑50 archtop fitted with a single ‘Charlie Christian’ bar electromagnetic single coil neck pickup
1937
US Patents were granted to George Beauchamp for his electromagnetic horseshoe pickup design, originally filed in 1933 and 1934
1938
Leo Fender, a qualified electronics technician, opened the Fender Radio Service in Fullerton, California, USA to repair radios, phonographs, amplifiers and PA systems
1939
Harry DeArmond (1906‑1999) developed the first commercially available detachable guitar pickups, the RH/RHC for ‘round hole’ flat top guitars and the FH/FHC for ‘f‑hole’ archtop guitars. DeArmond worked with Rowe Industries to bring the pickups to market. Other DeArmond pickups include the Rhythm Chief, Dynasonic and Gold Foil, popular in the 1950s‑1970s. DeArmond pickups were used on Guild, D’Angelico, Epiphone, Fender, Martin, Airline and Silvertone guitars
1939
Les Paul began building his homemade experimental electric guitar prototype, called ‘the log’. The instrument comprised a 4”x4” strip of pine, onto which he attached a neck, bridge, pickups, Epiphone hollow guitar body ‘wings’ and a ‘Doc’ Kauffman Vibrola. Les Paul presented it to the Gibson board in 1941, who rejected the concept as too unusual
1940
Les Paul signed an endorsement deal with Gibson, which included him appearing with the ES‑300 electric archtop jazz guitar in the company’s advertisements
1940
Gibson introduced the first electromagnetic pickup with adjustable pole pieces and Alnico magnets, designed by in‑house engineer Walter Fuller, intended to supersede the bar pickup. The P13 pickup was the predecessor to the P‑90 introduced after the end of WWII in 1946
1940
Valco was formed following a restructuring of the National Dobro Corporation by a stakeholder group of former owners Victor Smith, Al Frost and Louis Dopyera. Valco manufactured guitars and amplifiers under a variety of brand names including National, Airline and Supro, as well as making guitars for other companies such as Sears Roebuck and Montgomery Ward using Harmony, Kay and Silvertone brands
1943
Leo Fender joined forces with former Rickenbacker engineer and inventor of the Vibrola tailpiece, ‘Doc’ Kauffman to create K&F Manufacturing Corporation to build lap steel guitars and amplifiers in Fullerton, California, USA
1944
Chicago Musical Instrument Company (CMI) acquired Gibson
1945
Les Paul invented and pioneered the use of echo‑delay and multi‑track studio recording techniques
1945
Schaller GmbH was founded by toolmaker and mechanic, Helmut Schaller (1923‑1999) in Postbauer‑Heng near Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany. Schaller is a musical instrument hardware manufacturer
1946
Ampeg was founded by Everett Hull and Stanley Michaels in Linden, New Jersey, USA to manufacture transducer pickups (the ‘AMplified PEG’) for upright acoustic basses. Ampeg would later build specialist bass amplifiers
1946
‘Doc’ Kauffman and Leo Fender parted ways and the latter founded a new business to build guitars and amplifiers called Fender Electric Instrument Company
1946
Gibson introduced its premium P‑90 single coil pickup following the end of WWII. Gibson didn’t file a US patent for the P‑90 until 1955. P‑90s came in two forms depending on mounting, the ‘dog ear’ and ‘soapbar’ variants
1946
Fender introduced the ‘woodie’ series of valve amplifiers, built up to 1948 and Fender ‘tweed’ series amplifiers, built up to 1960
1946
Framus (Fränkische Musikinstrumentenerzeugung) was founded by Fred A. Wilfer (1917‑1996) in Erlangen Germany to resettle displaced workers from post‑WWII Luby in Czechoslovakia. The company was formed to make stringed instruments. Framus closed in 1975 and was resurrected in 1995 as part of Warwick GmbH & Co Music Equipment KG
1946
Following WWII, nylon strings widely replaced traditional gut strings on most classical instruments, including classical acoustic guitars
1946
Carvin Corporation was founded by Lowell Kiesel (1915‑2009), based in San Diego, California, USA to manufacture guitar pickups
1946
What would become the Teisco brand in 1964, Aoi Onpa Kenkyūjo was founded by guitarist Atswo Kaneko and electrical engineer Doryo Matsuda in Tokyo, Japan
1946
American former motorcycle racer, mechanic and inventor/designer, Paul Bigsby (1899‑1968) formed The Bigsby Electric Guitar Company, based in Downey, California, USA to build lap/pedal steel guitars, solid body electric guitars and accessories
1947
Gibson’s introduced the GA‑50T valve amplifier, the first amp to feature a built‑in tremolo effect
1947
Danelectro Corporation (short for ‘Daniel electric‘) was founded by electrical engineer, Nathan ‘Nat’ I. Daniel (1912‑1994), based initially in Red Bank and then in Neptune City, New Jersey, USA
1948
Gibson hired American businessman Ted McCarty (1909‑2001) from the Wurlitzer Company. He became vice president in 1949 and president of the company in 1950. McCarty rapidly expanded Gibson’s design and manufacturing capability during 1950s
1948
Paul Bigsby built a bespoke solid body electric guitar for country music artist Merle Travis. It was widely regarded as a milestone in solid body electric guitar design and was said to have heavily influenced Leo Fender’s guitars. Bigsby built two other guitars for George Grohs and Tommy ‘Butterball’ Paige
1948
Epiphone introduced the Emperor hollow body electric archtop guitar, associated with legendary jazz guitarist Joe Pass (1929-1994)
1948
Fender introduced its Champ valve amplifier, initially called the Champion 800, rated at 5W into an 8” speaker. Also widely introduced was the Princeton valve amp with 4W into an 8” speaker
1948
The Japanese brand, Teisco was introduced to sell affordable musical instruments. Teisco was one of the Japanese companies that imported budget instruments into the US and UK from 1960. In 1967, the brand was discontinued and, in 1969, the name was acquired by Kawai Musical Instruments Manufacturing Co., Ltd. The brand was revived in 2018
1949
Leo Fender and George Fullerton started developing a prototype for a new solid body electric guitar design that would initially be called the Broadcaster. The guitar was formally re‑named the Telecaster in late 1951
1949
Gibson introduced the hollow body ES‑175 electric archtop jazz guitar. It featured f‑holes, a single Florentine cutaway and, initially, a single P‑90 pickup
1949
Watkins Electric Music (better known as WEM) was founded by brothers Charlie and Reg Watkins in London, England to manufacture PA systems, guitar amplifiers and electric guitars. WEM also became famous for its portable Copicat tape echo effect unit
1950
Fender appointed V.C. Squier Company to supply strings for the company’s new electric guitar models
1950
Fender introduced the first mass produced solid body electric guitar, the forerunner of the Fender Telecaster, the single and dual‑pickup Fender Esquire. Fender renamed it the Broadcaster before they were forced to remove the name (the so‑called ‘Nocaster’) due to a legal dispute with Gretsch. The model was officially renamed the Telecaster in 1951. The model has been in continuous production since
1950
Gibson president, Ted McCarty was heavily involved in many pioneering guitar design innovations during Gibson’s ‘golden age’ between 1950 and 1966. McCarty oversaw the introduction of the Gibson Les Paul Model, ES‑335, Flying V, Explorer, SG and Firebird, as well as the humbucking pickup and tune‑o‑matic bridge
1950
Jennings Musical Instruments (JMI) Ltd. was founded by Thomas Walter Jennings (1917‑1978) in Dartford, Kent, England to make guitar amplifiers. The company changed its name to Jennings Musical Industries in 1956. The company would formally become VOX in 1957
1951
Leo Fender’s Fender Electric Instrument Company was incorporated in Fullerton, California, USA
1951
Fender introduced the revolutionary solid body electric fretted Fender Precision Bass guitar alongside the newly re‑named Telecaster guitar
1951
Gibson introduced the Super 400CES (standing for Cutaway Electric Spanish), a high‑end 18”‑wide electric archtop jazz guitar
1952
Gibson introduced the Ted McCarty‑designed solid body electric guitar, the Les Paul Model gold top with a carved maple top over a mahogany body, a set mahogany neck, dual P‑90 single coil pickups and a trapeze tailpiece
1952
Jimmy D’Aquisto started work as an apprentice to master luthier John D’Angelico in Manhattan, New York City, USA
1952
Valco introduced its first solid body guitars under its National and Supro brand names. The Valco brand name never appeared on an instrument
1952
The Guild Guitar Company was founded by guitarist and music retailer Avram ‘Alfred’ Dronge (1911‑1972) in Manhattan, New York, USA. Guild employed many former Epiphone employees after the latter moved to Philadelphia following a damaging industrial dispute
1952
Fender introduced the famous Twin combo valve amplifier with two 12″ speakers and two 6L6 valves and a rated output of 25 watts. Fender also introduced the Bassman series, the first dedicated bass amplifiers
1953
Engineer and inventor, Paul Bigsby filed a US patent for the innovative Bigsby vibrato tailpiece. The patent was granted in the same year
1953
Ted McCarty designed the Tune‑O‑Matic adjustable bridge with wire retainer, first used on the Gibson Super 400 archtop jazz guitar
1953
Gretsch introduced the single cutaway 6128 Duo Jet with a chambered mahogany body, intended to compete with Gibson and Fender
1954
After a brief spell with Gibson, German luthier Roger Rossmeisl (1927‑1979) was appointed by Rickenbacker to design their electric guitars and basses
1954
Fender introduced the innovative 3‑pickup Stratocaster solid body electric guitar designed by Leo Fender, George Fullerton and Freddie Tavares. The Stratocaster has remained in continuous production to‑date
1954
Leo Fender filed a US patent for the Fender Synchronized Tremolo (vibrato). The patent was granted in 1956
1954
Gibson introduced the upmarket black (ebony) and gold Les Paul Custom using Ted McCarty’s adjustable Tune‑O‑Matic bridge
1954
Gibson introduced the entry‑level single‑cutaway, slab‑bodied Les Paul Junior guitar with a single P‑90 bridge pickup. The Junior’s body was changed to a double‑cutaway in 1958 and was discontinued in 1963
1954
Danelectro started production of a line of guitars using its distinctive ‘lipstick’ pickups, with covers made from actual cosmetic lipstick tubes
1954
Gibson introduced the J‑160E acoustic/electric 6‑string flat top guitar. The model was later made famous by John Lennon of The Beatles
1955
Valco introduced the National 1104 Town & Country solid body electric guitar. The Town & Country also appeared under the Airline brand
1955
Fender introduced the Tremolux valve amplifier, the first Fender amp with a built‑in tremolo effect. The design was patented in 1956
1955
Gibson introduced the intermediate‑level single‑cutaway, slab‑bodied Les Paul Special and TV guitars with dual P‑90 pickups. The Special’s body was changed to a double‑cutaway in 1958 until it would be replaced by the Les Paul SG (Solid Guitar) Special from 1961 and SG Special from 1963
1955
Gibson introduced their first thinline guitar model, the hollow‑body carved archtop Byrdland, named after guitarists Billy Byrd and Hank Garland. The Byrdland was based on the deeper L‑5CES and with a short 23½” scale. The guitar was available in both Florentine and Venetian cutaway form
1955
Prototyped in 1954, Gretsch introduced the single cutaway 6120 Chet Atkins Hollow Body with endorsement by American country guitarist Chet Atkins (1924‑2001). The body was changed to a double cutaway thinline design in 1962 and re‑name as the ‘6120 Nashville’ in 1964
1955
Zemaitis guitars was founded by London‑born luthier Tony Zemaitis (1935‑2002) based in London, England. He was born as Antanas Kazimeras Žemaitis, of Lithuanian descent
1956
Fender introduced the short scale single pickup solid‑body electric Musicmaster ‘student’ guitar. It would be followed by the Duo‑Sonic (also 1956), the Mustang (1964) and the Bronco (1967)
1956
Danelectro introduced the world’s first 6‑string electric bass guitar (a.k.a. the Tic‑Tac Bass)
1956
Hartley Peavey (1941‑) built his very first amplifier constructed from surplus parts. He would later go on to found Peavey Electronics in 1965
1956
Mosrite guitars was founded as Mosrite of California by Semie and Andy Moseley with investment from Reverend Ray Boatright. Mosrite started out to build electric guitars initially in Bakersfield and then in Los Angeles, California, USA. Mosrite went bankrupt in 1968
1956
Aria Guitars Co. was founded by Shiro Arai (1930‑2019) in Nagoya, Japan. Aria initially retailed acoustic guitars before they started to manufacture acoustic guitars from 1964 and electric guitars from 1966
1957
Wandrè Guitars was formed by artist and luthier, Italian Antonio Vandrè Pioli (1926‑2004). The instruments, known for their futuristic eccentric and experimental features, were sometimes referred to as ‘sound sculptures’. Wandrè guitars ceased production in 1968
1957
Epiphone was acquired by Gibson’s parent company, Chicago‑based CMI (Chicago Musical Instruments) and the two companies were merged
1957
Gibson introduced the milestone P.A.F (Patent Applied For) humbucking pickup designed by American electronic engineer Seth E. Lover (1910‑1997)
1957
Gretsch introduced the Filter’Tron humbucking pickup designed by American inventor and engineer Joseph Raymond Butts (1919‑2003)
1957
Rickenbacker introduced the iconic 4000 series bass guitar with its distinctive neck‑through body and ‘cresting wave’ body shape, designed by Roger Rossmeisl
1957
The Ibanez brand was created in Nagoya, Aichi, Japan as a subsidiary of Hoshino Gakki Kabushiki, a.k.a. Hoshino Musical Instruments
1957
Jennings Musical Industries (JMI) was renamed VOX Amplification Ltd. The rebrand was widely regarded as the founding of VOX in the UK
1958
British amp manufacturer VOX introduced the legendary AC30 combo valve amp, rated at 30W
1958
Fender introduced the upmarket Fender Jazzmaster offset solid body electric guitar, intended to attract conservative jazz guitarists from major rival, Gibson
1958
Gibson changed the gold top Les Paul Model to the cherry sunburst Les Paul Standard with dual PAF humbucking pickups. Arguably, the iconic Les Paul Standard ‘burst is Gibson’s most famous and desirable model. It was replaced in 1961 by the Les Paul Standard SG, renamed simply as the SG in 1963 after Les Paul’s endorsement agreement with Gibson ended
1958
Gibson introduced the ES‑335 semi‑hollow thinline electric guitar with an innovative solid centre block intended to reduce feedback in high gain situations. The semi‑acoustic centre block design ironically imitated Les Paul’s failed ‘the log’ prototype (1939‑1941)
1958
Gibson introduced the ground‑breaking and futuristic Modernistic series of guitars comprising the Flying V and Explorer solid body electric guitar models. A third model was proposed (and patented), the Moderne, although no known originals are known to exist. The Moderne was finally released in 1982‑1983 (with just 143 sold)
1958
The budget Gibson Les Paul SG Junior, Special and TV models were redesigned with new slab body, double‑cutaway guitars, replacing the original single cutaway ones
1958
Airline guitars, manufactured by Valco, sold through the Montgomery Ward department store and mail‑order business, were introduced and remained for sale until 1968 when Valco went bankrupt
1958
Rickenbacker introduced the semi‑acoustic 300 series guitars designed by German luthier Roger Rossmeisl
1958
British string manufacturer Rotosound was founded by brothers James and Ron How in Blackfen, Kent, England, although the Rotosound brand name wasn’t used until 1963
1958
Swedish manufacturer, Hagström started making electric guitars and basses
1959
Gibson introduced the lower priced Melody Maker solid‑body electric ‘student’ guitar, initially based on the outline of the Les Paul and using new covered single coil pickups
1959
Fender introduced the ‘Brownface’ series of valve amplifiers, manufactured until the style was discontinued in 1963
1959
Burns Guitars London was founded by Alice Farrell and Jim Burns (1925‑1998) in London, England to build electric guitars and basses
1959
Japanese brand Takamine – inspired by Mount Takamine – was founded as Ozhone Musical Instrument Manufacturing in Sakashita, Gifu, Japan to make acoustic guitars. The company was renamed Takamine Musical Instruments Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1962
For those who prefer a purely visual interpretation of guitars as a counterpoint to either the infographic or the chronological listing, here is a graphical illustration of 18 key milestones in guitar evolution from 1900 to 1959.
“Doesn’t matter what guitar you play, as long as you’ve got passion!” – Eric Johnson (1954‑)
Final Thoughts on ‘A Timeline of Guitar History in 400+ Snippets: Part II’
Like the film, ‘Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back’ (1980), this article is the meat in a timeline sandwich, so there aren’t any ‘final’ thoughts at this stage. A retrospective critique will now be reserved for the end of Part III. While it isn’t the beginning and it isn’t the end, it remains a crucial part of the guitar’s story and the validity of the entries are just as important as the other parts.
I have to admit that 1959 feels like a less than ideal intermission point. It would have been better to break at, say 1949 instead of 1959 but that would then imbalance the overall topic. In some ways, though, the end of the 1950s was a watershed in cultural, social and musical change. It is also a relevant year for the author, experiencing the world that would by home for the first time. So, 1959 it is.
“Guitars have been the obsession of my life. I first picked one up at the age of four and I’ve been a guitar junkie ever since” – Johnny Marr (1963‑)
CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Album of the Month’
This could be pretty much any album from the history of guitar music recordings. However, one had to be chosen, so I have gone for something that represents both a landmark in both guitar music as well as recording. The pick wasn’t actually an album at the time but it has become an essential collection of tracks for most guitar aficionados and for anyone with an interest in guitar history. I reckon it’s a fitting choice for this article, deriving from the first half of the 20th Century. Drum roll please. This month’s accolade goes to…
Robert Johnson – The Complete Recordings (1990): Given the expansive mythology surrounding Robert Johnson (1911‑1938), in the real world he only recorded 29 songs with 13 alternate takes in two separate occasions. The first recording sessions took place between 23 and 25 November 1936, in San Antonio, Texas, USA. The second recording sessions took place on 19 and 20 June 1937, in Dallas, Texas. This compilation album comprises 41 tracks, which represents all but one known tracks, covering a total of 107 minutes. It therefore represents a definitive milestone in the history of the blues and guitar music.
There isn’t room here to go into all the fascinating truths, myths, legends and fictions surrounding American delta blues guitarist, singer/songwriter and Mississippi native Robert Leroy Johnson and his trusty Gibson L1 acoustic guitar. Despite his limited recording portfolio recorded during his short life (he died in mysterious circumstances at the age 27, thereby unwittingly founding the infamous ’27 club’), he has become one of the most celebrated and influential of all guitarists, transcending the acoustic blues tradition of which he was part. Other virtuoso instrumentalists like jazz guitarist Charlie Christian (1916‑1942) and gypsy jazz guitarist Django Reinhardt (1910‑1953) can also be regarded as similarly influential in terms of early recorded guitarists. Without these guys, we wouldn’t have the diversity of guitar music we enjoy today.
BELIEVE IN MUSIC!
“Hello Satan, it’s time to go. Me and the devil, walkin’ side by side” – Robert Johnson (1911‑1938)
Tailpiece
Wow, this is turning into a genuine epic. It was as I was editing the original full Part II, it became obvious that it was just too much for a single article. If I was struggling to edit it due to its enormity, then readers would also have a hard time wading through so much information. There was little point in being counter‑productive. It was only very close to publication date that I decided to make the change. Without a great deal of time to reflect, I can only trust that the outcome hasn’t been overly compromised.
“Some people tell me that the worried blues ain’t bad. Worst old feelin’ I most ever had” – Robert Johnson (1911‑1938)
Please come back next month and join me for the third and now‑final part of the esteemed guitar’s timeline. Adiós por ahora, mis amigos.
Truth, peace, love, and guitar music be with you always. The CRAVEman, signing off for now. Until next time…
CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Quote of the Month’: “Unwise people all too often confuse power, money and information with wisdom, wealth and knowledge. Wise people understand the difference and live wisely”
ALL PRESENT AND CORRECT, SIR, YES SIR! Here we are once again dear friends, acquaintances and anyone else who wishes to explore the Any‑Zany world of vintage gear. Spring is here folks and time to enjoy the freshness of rejuvenated nature accompanied by a suitable musical backdrop. It is a wonderful time of the year, in the northern hemisphere at least. I’ll get my monthly plea for a civilised society in our far too uncivilised world out of the way now. Even the notion of armed (or economic or social) conflict of any kind is futile and archaic in the 21st Century. Harmony, not discord, is the key to a flourishing future and it is achievable should we care enough and value it enough. What’s wrong with a bit of peace & love? Goodness knows we need it.
After the last three articles referencing Far Eastern influences, you may be relieved to know that that is not the focus of this month’s masterpiece (Ed: conceited or what?). I started out on this article thinking that it would be fairly straightforward. By the end, I was in the ‘what on Earth was I thinking?’ frame of mind. If I want to make space and time for writing ‘The Distortion Diaries’, this really is NOT the way to go about it. When will I learn? Well, it’s done now and time to move onto the next ‘big’ thang.
A CRAVE Guitars A‑Z of Vintage Guitar Gear
Looking back over the 90‑odd monthly articles so far, I was quite surprised I haven’t tried this particular exercise or something like it before now. This month is definitely one for the list‑o‑philes out there. For all you list‑o‑phobes, you might want to sit this one out.
The following narrative is an A‑Z that covers guitar gear including guitars, basses, amps, effects, accessories, etc. In order to give enough credence to many notable names, the A‑Z comprises subjects now associated with the vintage market and the main focus is on names with a clear historical component. There could have been many more but a line had to be drawn somewhere and it ended up a conveniently rounded 150.
For the author’s fragile sanity, the exercise is specifically about guitar‑related stuff. If I had gone for a looser definition or a wider scope for musical industry, instruments, equipment and accessories, it would have proved to be unmanageably massive.
Some of these names will be familiar household names while others are going to be somewhat esoteric. Some are companies, while others are products – it’s a bit mix and match but the rationale will hopefully become clear. It is not intended to be exhaustively comprehensive and I will undoubtedly have missed some important names that readers will pick up on and no doubt berate me for not including them. However, it is MY list and I’m sticking to it, although I apologise to anyone I may have omitted or misrepresented (easy to do with such a large number of précis).
There are plenty of notable industry names not included below, such as Ashdown, Blackstar, Eastman, Eastwood, Faith, Fractal, Kemper, Line 6, Luna, Manson Guitarworks, Matamp and Suhr among many, many, many more. The focus here is primarily on producers and products. Distributors and retailers are generally not listed, including names like Chandler Music, Gruhn Guitars, Macari, Rose Morris, Sam Ash, Guitar Center, PMT, Sweetwater, Thomann, Gear4Music, etc. Some key people are included as contributors to guitar gear, rather than in their own right, such as Robert Moog and Larry Fishman. Also pro studio gear tends not make the cut here. Not everything can make the list!
The volume of available information means that the descriptions here have to be very (and sometimes overly) brief, resulting in a lot of detail being left out skewing balance. However, the A‑Z may provide an interesting launching pad for further exploration and/or investigation should you so desire. Hey, I’m not going to do everything for you!
One thing I discovered (or rather became increasingly aware of, having understood it intuitively beforehand) during the research for this article is that the global music industry has been markedly incestuous and inbred over the last 150 years or so. The industry’s relationship status could probably best be described as, ‘it’s complicated’. There has been a great deal of to‑ing and fro‑ing, buyouts, mergers, sell‑offs, liquidations, shake outs, bankruptcies, relaunches, revivals and complex interdependencies between the various players. Trying to make sense of the numerous combinations and permutations in a consistent and coherent way made my head hurt. A lot.
Due to the nature of the subject matter and the work involved, there aren’t any words‑of‑wisdom quotes/idioms or many illustrative images this month. Horses for courses and all that. I apologise that this isn’t a very ‘pretty’ blog article.
Wherever possible, I have relied on my own resources built up over many years. While I have not plagiarised content from online sources, I have relied on generalised sources such as Wikipedia, specific sources such as company/brand web sites, as well as details from various books and other publications to inform the A‑Z. I would not have been able to achieve the significant amount of information herein without seeking corroborative cross‑references as part of the research. My thanks go out to those sources, which have been of significant assistance. It probably goes without saying that there is no end of ‘information’ on all of this should you wish to delve into the endless rabbit warren that is the hinternet thingummyjig.
There was, however, a great deal of unreliable, conflicting and/or inaccurate information making collation challenging. There is, therefore, despite best endeavours, a risk that the lack of definitive facts, especially relating to dates and individuals, may have made its way into the narrative. If that is the case, I apologise pre‑emptively. For that reason alone, I do not recommend using this as a source of irrefutable factual information. It is, as always, only for entertainment and broad information. The following is pretty heavy going and may stray into nerdy nirvana. Are you sitting comfortably?
Without further ado, it’s time to get analytically and amazingly alphabetic. Following convention, we start with…
A – A Stands for…
AER
AER (Audio Electric Research) was founded in 1992 by Udo Rösner, Michael Eisenmann and Susanne Janz in the the Ruhr area of Germany. As a relative newcomer, AER has specialised in developing and manufacturing amplifiers for acoustic instruments, an under‑represented field at the time. Their slogan is, ‘the acoustic people’.
Airline
Airline Guitars was a brand used by American mail order company Montgomery Ward on a range of electric and acoustic guitars between 1958 and 1968. Like their competitor, Sears, Montgomery Ward sourced instruments from the likes of Valco, Kay and Harmony. The Airline name was also used on a range of amplifiers manufactured by Valco and Danelectro during the same period. Eastwood Guitars purchased rights to the Airline brand in the early 2000s and is still used for retro designed guitars as of 2025.
Akai
Akai Electric Company Ltd. was founded by Masukichi and Saburo Akai in Tokyo in 1946. Akai was a Japanese electronics manufacturer for many years. In the 1980s, Akai Professional focused on studio production and recording equipment and stage audio gear. The original Akai business ceased production in 2000, although Akai Professional continued manufacturing a wide range of equipment, including synthesisers.
Alembic
Alembic was founded in 1969 by Owsley Stanley (1935‑2011) in Novato, California. Alembic was, and still is, an American manufacturer of high‑end basses and guitars, Alembic was an innovator in premium bass instruments including 5‑string and graphite necks. Alembic basses have been favoured by artists such as Jack Casady, Stanley Clarke and Mark King.
Alvarez
The American Alvarez guitar brand was created in 1965 by retailer Gene Kornblum and luthier Kazuo Yairi, based in St. Louis, Missouri. The firm focused on steel‑string acoustic guitars manufactured in Japan and imported into the US. Alvarez is a private company under the ownership of St. Louis Music as of 2025.
Ampeg
The American company that became Ampeg was founded in 1946 by Everett Hull and Stanley Michaels in Linden, New Jersey. Ampeg is an abbreviation of ‘AMplified PEG’, a transducer pickup for upright acoustic basses. Ampeg’s main focus over decades has been to specialise in bass amplifiers, although it has diversified into guitar amps as well. Like many other American manufacturers, it was sold in the mid‑1960s in order to survive. Ampeg is now a brand owned by Japanese giant, Yamaha.
Aria
Aria Guitars Co. was founded in 1956 by Shiro Arai (1930‑2019) in Nagoya, Japan. Initially, Aria was a musical instrument retailer. In 1964, Aria started manufacturing acoustic guitars and, from 1966, electric guitars and basses. Aria made its name during the 1970s and changed its name to Aria Pro II in 1975. Aria currently also owns Pignose amps (see below).
Audiovox
The original Audiovox Manufacturing Co. was founded by musician and inventor, Paul Tutmarc (1896‑1972). Tutmarc was famous for the introduction of the Audiovox Model 736 Bass Fiddle – the precursor to the fretted bass guitar – in 1936. Not to be confused with another consumer electronics company bearing the same name, founded in 1960, based in Orlando, Florida.
B – B Stands for…
B.C. Rich
B.C. Rich was founded by Bernardo Chavez Rico (1941‑1999) in 1974 in LA, California. The American company is famous for manufacturing acoustic and electric guitars, and basses. B.C. Rich guitars became known for radical guitar designs that became popular with heavy metal bands, particularly during the 1980s. Budget B.C. Rich guitars are made in Asia, while high‑end boutique instruments are made in small numbers in the US. After the founder’s death in 1999, the brand changed ownership several times before returning to private ownership in 2019.
Bigsby
Bigsby was the brainchild of innovator Paul Bigsby (1899‑1968) who started building bespoke guitars for professional artists like Merle Travis and Chet Atkins in Scottsdale, Arizona from 1946. Bigsby is best known for its worldwide industry standard vibrato tailpieces used by many other brands often under licensing agreements. Bigsby sold the company to Gibson president, Ted McCarty in 1966 and it was sold again to Fender in 2019.
Binson
The Binson Amplifier HiFi Company was founded by engineer, Bonfiglio Bini in Milan in the mid‑1940s. The company is best known for its legendary portable echo and reverberation effect, the Binson Echorec introduced in 1953/1954. Uniquely, the Echorec used a magnetic disc, rather than tape loop, to record and replay the original signal. The company ceased production in 1986. The Binson Echorec name has since been revived by guitar effect company T‑Rex.
Bogner
Bogner Amplification was founded in 1989 by Reinhold Bogner in LA, California. Bogner is an American manufacturer of guitar amps, speaker cabinets and effect pedals. The company started out making boutique amps based on modified Fender and Marshall amps before moving into mainstream production with three discrete amp lines.
BOSS
BOSS is a division of the Roland Corporation that was formed in 1972 in Osaka, Japan. BOSS focuses mainly on the manufacture of compact guitar and bass effect pedals, as well as modern multi‑effect units and amplifiers. The company started making its familiar compact BOSS effect pedals in 1977, first in Japan until c.1990 and then in Taiwan and latterly Malaysia. BOSS has become one of the biggest names in guitar and bass effects.
Burns
Burns Guitars London is a manufacturer of electric guitars and basses, founded in 1959 by Alice Farrell and Jim Burns (1925‑1998) in London, England. After a period of success during the 1960s, the Baldwin Piano Company acquired the business and the original Burns guitar line ceased production in 1970, although Jim Burns continued to make guitars independently. A range of Burns‑branded guitars re‑appeared in 1992 with guitars made in the Far East.
Buzz Feiten
Howard ‘Buzz’ Feiten II (1948‑) is a musician and luthier notable for patenting a unique tuning system for guitars in 1992. The Buzz Feiten Tuning System (BFTS) for fretted instruments is intended to correct inherent intonation issues by replacing a guitar’s standard fingerboard nut with a specialised compensated version. In 2012, Buzz Feiten Guitars was formed, renamed Buzz Feiten Guitar Research in 2018.
C – C Stands for…
Carlsboro
Carlsbro is a guitar amplifier company, founded in 1959 by Stuart and Sheila Mercer in Nottingham, England. It is one of the oldest British guitar amp makers. In 2002, production was shifted overseas and in 2010 the company was acquired by the Chinese Soundking Group.
Carvin (Kiesel)
The American Carvin Corporation was founded in 1946 by Lowell Kiesel (1915‑2009) based in San Diego, California. Carvin guitars and basses were popular with rock and metal guitarists during the 1970s and 1980s. After Kiesel’s death, the company was split into Kiesel Guitars and Carvin Corporation, the latter mainly covering audio equipment.
Charvel
Charvel is an American guitar company founded in 1974 by Wayne Charvel in Azusa, California. Charvel sold the company to Grover Jackson (of Jackson Guitars) in 1978. Charvel guitars were popular with rock and metal guitarists during the 1980s. After several changes, both Charvel and Jackson brands were acquired by Fender in 2002.
Collings
The American Collings Guitars company was founded in 1973 by Bill Collings (1948‑2017) in Austin, Texas. Collings manufacture a wide range of high quality acoustic, arch top and electric guitars, as well as other fretted instruments including production of quality mandolins and ukuleles.
Colorsound
Guitar effect brand Colorsound was formed in 1967 by brothers Larry and Joe Macari in London, England. Colorsound pedals were manufactured by another Macari‑owned company, Sola Sound. Colorsound is probably best known for the iconic Tone Bender fuzz pedal, made famous by rock guitarists in the 1960s and 1970s.
Columbus
Columbus was a brand name used by the American importer Elger Guitars on entry level copies of Gibson, Fender and Rickenbacker guitars. The flagrant copies were made in the Far East by the Japanese manufacturer, Hoshino Gakki Gen. Elger used the Ibanez name in the US and Columbus in the UK.
Coral
In 1967, the giant MCA company acquired guitar manufacturer Danelectro (see below) and introduced the short‑lived Coral brand with instruments produced in Danelectro’s Neptune City, New Jersey facility between 1967 and 1969. The brand is best remembered for its distinctive instruments like the Coral Bellzouki and the Coral Sitar.
CSL
The CSL brand name was used by Charles Summerfield Limited, based in Gateshead, England. During the 1970s, CSL distributed guitars in the UK that were manufactured by FujiGen Gakki in Matsumoto, Japan. At the time, FujiGen was known for supplying guitars for other brands including Ibanez, Fender, Yamaha and Greco. CSL guitars were mainly blatant ‘lawsuit era’ copies of Fender, Gibson and Rickenbacker models. CSL ceased trading in 1993.
D – D Stands for…
D’Angelico
D’Angelico was founded by master luthier John D’Angelico (1905‑1964) in 1932, in Manhattan, New York. D’Angelico built a strong reputation for hand built archtop guitars created in small numbers during the 1930s. Original instruments are now highly sought after. After D’Angelico’s death, the business (but not the name) was bought by former apprentice Jimmy D’Aquisto (see below). The D’Angelico brand was re‑launched in 1999 and continues as of 2025 with a range of American and Far Eastern models.
D’Aquisto
James L. D’Aquisto (1935‑1995) was an American luthier who served as an apprentice to John D’Angelico from 1952 until the latter’s death in 1964. D’Aquisto concentrated on building and repairing archtop guitars under his own name. As he predicted, he died at the same age as his mentor (59). Fender currently manufactures a range of guitars using the D’Aquisto name.
Dallas Arbiter
John E. Dallas & Sons was formed in 1875 in London, England making and selling musical instruments. Dallas imported musical instruments from Europe and the USA, including brands such as Kay, Harmony and Vega. Separately, Sound City was formed in London by Ivor Arbiter, another industry bigwig, which specialised in guitars and amplifiers. Around 1965, Dallas Music acquired the Arbiter‑Western company thereby creating Dallas Arbiter, which produced drums, guitars and basses under the Hayman brand. Dallas Arbiter is, though, best known for the iconic Fuzz Face effect pedal, manufactured from c.1966 to 1975 (and which has been reissued many times since). Dallas Arbiter went out of business in 1975.
Dan Armstrong
Dan Kent Armstrong (1934‑2004) was an American guitarist and luthier born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. After opening his own business in 1965, Armstrong designed an innovative range of guitars for Ampeg in 1968 using bodies made from clear Plexiglas (a.k.a. Lucite), a synthetic polymer. The instruments also used interchangeable pickups designed by colleague Bill Lawrence. In the 1970s, Armstrong moved to England and designed a new range of traditional guitars, basses, effects and amps. In 1998, a Plexiglas Dan Armstrong guitar was reissued, made in Japan.
Danelectro
American company Danelectro was founded in 1947 by Nathan Daniel (1912‑1994) in Neptune City, New Jersey. ‘Dano’ made distinctive semi‑hollow guitar and bass bodies made from poplar or plywood frames faced with Masonite front and back and with vinyl tape binding. The instruments also used characteristic ‘lipstick’ single coil pickups and ‘coke bottle’ headstocks. MCA bought Danelectro in 1966 and ceased guitar production in 1969. The brand was revived in the 1990s focusing intermittently on guitars/basses, effect pedals and amps. Danelectro is currently owned by Evets Corporation.
DeArmond
Harold DeArmond (1906‑1999) was an American electrical designer who founded DeArmond Research in Toledo, Ohio to develop a magnetic guitar pickup in 1935, working with Bud Rowe, owner of Fox Electrical and Manufacturing. The first acoustic guitar pickups were manufactured in 1939. In 1940, production was consolidated as Rowe Industries. Although best known for guitar pickups, Rowe introduced a tremolo effect pedal in 1941, the first of its kind. By the time Harry DeArmond retired in 1976, his company had made over 170 different types of pickup, as well as many amplifiers and effect pedals. In c.1998, Fender acquired the rights to use the DeArmond name.
Dean
Dean Guitars was founded in 1976 by Dean Zelinsky in Chicago, Illinois. Dean originally made a variety of guitars for many famous artists. Zelinsky sold Dean in 1986, which continued in business but with little connection to the original company. Professional musician Elliott Rubinson of Armadillo Enterprises bought the business in 1997 and successfully rejuvenated the Dean Guitars brand with a range of products from Far Eastern budget models to US‑built custom shop instruments. The late guitarist Dimebag Darrell was a key endorsee.
DiMarzio
Larry DiMarzio started making guitar pickups in Staten Island, New York in the 1960s. DiMarzio became famous for manufacturing after‑market guitar pickups and stock pickups for a number of brands. DiMarzio also produces a range of accessories and merchandise. DiMarzio Inc. continues to make a wide range of products including around 200 types of guitar and bass pickups.
Dobro
Dobro Manufacturing Company was originally founded in 1928 by four Dopyera Brothers (Dobro is a conflation of DOpyera and BROthers). Dobro produced single cone acoustic resonator guitars to compete with National’s tricone resonator guitars. In 1932 Dobro merged with National to form the National‑Dobro Company. In the 1940s the business was sold to Valco (see below). In 1964, the Dopyera Brothers re‑introduced the Dobro name, which was eventually acquired by Gibson 1993 with guitars manufactured by Gibson subsidiary, Epiphone from 2012.
DOD (DigiTech)
DOD Electronics, deriving from the initials of founder David Oreste DiFrancesco, was formed in Salt Lake City, Utah in 1973. DOD, and its brand DigiTech, manufactures a wide range of popular guitar effect pedals. DOD/DigiTech was sold to Harman International around 1991 and then sold again to South Korean giant Cortek (owner of Cort Guitars) in 2018.
Dumble
Dumble Amplifiers was a one‑man‑band enterprise founded by reclusive Alexander Dumble (1944‑2022) to build no‑compromise hand‑made guitar amplifiers in very small numbers, often for wealthy celebrity artists. Dumble amplifiers have acquired legendary status amongst guitarists, particularly for his Dumble Overdrive Special. Commercially, the brand died along with its founder in 2022.
Dunlop
Dunlop Manufacturing was founded in 1965 by Scottish immigrant to the USA, entrepreneur Jim Dunlop (1936‑2019) in Benicia, California. Dunlop built the business from a humble start in his living room and garage to become one of the largest manufacturers of musical accessories and guitar effect pedals. Dunlop remains a private company as of 2025.
E – E Stands for…
EBow
The EBow is an innovative guitar accessory manufactured by Heet Sound Products in LA, California. The battery‑powered EBow (short for ‘electronic bow’) uses battery‑powered electromagnetism to vibrate a guitar string producing a sustained sound like a bowed violin or cello string. The sound contrasts with the rapid attack and decay of a plucked guitar string. Greg Heet invented the EBow in 1969, launched it commercially in 1976 and patented it in 1978. The EBow remains in production as of 2025.
Echoplex
Engineer Mike Battle designed the Echoplex tape delay effect unit in 1959, based on an earlier design by Ray Butts from the 1950s. The Echoplex was sold through Chicago Musical Instruments (CMI) and then Maestro, a distributor owned by Norlin (which also owned Gibson). The effect rapidly became an industry standard. In 1970, a solid‑state Echoplex superseded the valve‑driven unit, developed by Maestro. The Echoplex brand was purchased by Gibson in the 1990s and the Echoplex name was used on a line of digital looping delays. In 2019, Echoplex became a trademark of Dunlop Manufacturing.
EKO
EKO Guitars was founded in 1959 by Oliviero Pigini in Recanati, Italy. EKO manufactures classical guitars, 12‑string guitars, archtop guitars, electric guitars and acoustic bass guitars. During the 1960s, EKO became the largest guitar exporter in Europe and made guitars and effect pedals for other brands such as VOX. EKO remains a private company that continues to manufacture guitars as of 2025.
Electro-Harmonix
Electro-Harmonix (a.k.a. EHX) was founded in 1968 by musician Mike Matthews in New York City. EHX makes effect pedals and sells rebranded amplifier valves. During the 1970s, EHX manufactured a wide range of innovative affordable state-of-the art guitar effect pedals for guitarists and bass players. In the 1980s EHX stopped making effect pedals and focused on valves in the 1990s. At that time, EHX started producing a few effect pedals in Russia before returning to its roots from 2002 and continues to excel in the manufacture of guitar effect pedals.
Epiphone
What would become Epiphone in 1928 was founded by the family of Greek/Turkish immigrant luthier Anastasios Stathopoulo (1863‑1915) in 1873 in the Ottoman Empire. Initially a fiddle and lute maker, Epiphone became a major competitor to Gibson during the 1930s, especially in the manufacture of high quality archtop guitars. A struggling Epiphone was finally acquired by Gibson in 1957. Epiphone is best known for the Casino hollow body electric guitar because of an association with The Beatles. From the 1970s, Epiphone became a low cost offshore manufacturer of Epiphone‑branded copies of Gibson models.
Ernie Ball
Ernie Ball Inc. was founded in 1962 by American musician and entrepreneur Roland Sherwood Ball (1930‑2004) in San Luis Obispo, California. Ernie Ball is an instrument and accessory company, particularly known for its guitar strings. In 1972, Ernie Ball also started producing guitars. Guitars and basses are also manufactured by Music Man, which Ernie Ball bought in 1984 and now called Ernie Ball Music Man (EBMM). Ernie Ball’s son, Sterling Ball (1955‑) is the current CEO of the company, keeping it a private family business.
ESP/LTD
ESP Company Ltd was founded in 1975 by Hisatake Shibuya (1937‑2024) in Tokyo, Japan. ESP’s main business is manufacturing electric guitars and basses, as well as an OEM supplier of parts for other companies. ESP is also parent to subsidiary brand LTD amongst others. ESP and LTD guitars have been favoured by heavy metal guitarists in particular. ESP also has had an American headquarters based in LA, California since 1993. ESP’s primary competitor is rival Japanese brand, Ibanez.
Eventide
The American Eventide Inc. was founded in 1971 by recording engineer Stephen Katz, inventor Richard Factor, and businessman Orville Greene in New York City. Eventide is best known for its extensive range of premium quality studio and guitar effect pedals using digital effect processors and Digital Signal Processor (DSP) software. Eventide is now based in Little Ferry, New Jersey.
F – F Stands for…
Fender
Fender, one of the world’s most famous and important names in guitars, basses and amplifiers was founded in 1946 by Clarence Leonidas ‘Leo’ Fender (1909‑1991) in Fullerton, California. Leo Fender sold his business to CBS in 1965. Following a management buyout in 1985, Fender Musical Instrument Company (FMIC) once again became a private company. Fender is home to iconic instruments like the Telecaster, Stratocaster, Precision, Jazz Bass, Jaguar, Jazzmaster and amplifiers like the Twin, Deluxe, Bassman and Princeton. Fender also produces accessories and merchandise.
Fernandes
Fernandes Guitars was formed in 1972 from its predecessor, Saito Musical Instruments, founded in 1969 in Niizo, Japan. Fernandes is a Japanese company that produces electric and bass guitars, amplifiers and accessories. Fernandes has become one of the biggest guitar producers in Japan. Fernandes, though, is possibly best known for its Sustainer pickups that use electromagnetism to vibrate the guitar’s strings in a similar way to the eBow (see above). Fernandes also owns the Burny brand, known for making copies of Gibson guitars.
Floyd Rose
The Floyd Rose locking vibrato system (erroneously called a tremolo) was designed by Floyd D. Rose in 1976 and patented in 1979. The vibrato was intended to return the strings to accurate tuning despite extreme ‘dive bombing’ of a guitar bridge to change the pitch of strings. The system relies on firmly clamping the strings at both the nut and bridge. Floyd Rose vibratos became phenomenally popular, particularly with rock and heavy metal guitarists and the approach has been widely imitated and officially licensed.
Framus
Framus was founded in 1946 by Fred Wilfer in Luby, Czechoslovakia to make stringed instruments and to resettle German Bohemians expelled from Bohemia after WWII. Framus is a conflation of FRAnconian MUSical instruments. Framus became the largest guitar producer in Europe during the 1950s. Despite success, Framus went bankrupt in 1975. The brand was re‑introduced in 1995 by founder Fred Wilfer’s son as part of the German bass guitar manufacturer Warwick (see below).
G – G Stands for…
G&L
G&L Musical Instruments was founded in 1980 by George Fullerton (1923‑2009)(G), Leo Fender (L) and Dale Hyatt in Fullerton, California. G&L was the venture Leo Fender pursued after he left Music Man in 1979 and before Music Man was sold to Ernie Ball in 1984. G&L focused on continuing to innovate and evolve Leo Fender’s guitar and bass designs in a way that Fender (the company) couldn’t. After Leo Fender died in 1991, BBE Sound, Inc. took over the business.
Gibson
Gibson, one of the oldest, most famous and most important names in guitars was founded in 1894 by Orville Gibson (1856‑1918), in Kalamazoo, Michigan. Orville started off making labour‑intensive carved top guitars and mandolins. Lloyd Loar (1886‑1943) designed key jazz archtops like the L5 for Gibson in the 1920s. The ES‑150 was the first production ‘electric’ guitar in 1936. Collaborating with professional musician Les Paul (1915‑2009), Gibson introduced the Les Paul Model guitar in 1952. Company president Ted McCarty (1909‑2001), followed the Les Paul with the Explorer, Flying V, ES‑335, SG and many others. Gibson was sold by parent company CMI to Norlin in 1974 and was subsequently subject to a management buy‑out in 1986. Despite financial difficulties, Gibson remains a private company as of 2025.
Godin
Godin Guitars was founded by Robert Godin in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in 1972. Godin currently manufactures electric and acoustic guitars and basses under its own name, built in Canada, as well as other subsidiary brands like Seagull. Godin is Canada’s largest guitar business.
Gordon Smith
Gordon Smith Guitars was founded in 1974, named after its founders, Gordon Whitham and John Smith in Greater Manchester, England. Gordon Smith is a manufacturer of hand‑crafted electric guitars. The company is also Britain’s longest‑running electric guitar manufacturer. In April 2015 Gordon Smith Guitars was acquired by British firm, Auden Guitars, based in Northamptonshire, England.
Goya
Goya guitars (named after the Spanish artist) were manufactured by Levin, a company founded in 1900 by Herman Carlson Levin in Gothenburg, Sweden. In 1952, Goya introduced nylon‑strung acoustic guitars followed by steel‑string acoustic guitars in the 1960s. In 1976, the Goya brand was sold to CF Martin (see below). Production of Goya guitars suffered and Martin stopped selling Goya‑branded guitars during the 1990s.
Greco
Greco is a brand name used by the wholesaler Kanda Shokai Corporation, formed in 1948 in Japan. The company started selling Greco guitars in the mid‑1960s. In the 1970s, although not specifically targeted by Gibson, Greco became embroiled in the ‘lawsuit-era’ copy scandal. In 1982, Kanda Shokai was part of a joint venture with Fender Japan, making acoustic and electric guitars for the Japanese market. Various guitar models have used the Greco name on and off since the 1990s.
Gretsch
Gretsch was originally founded by German immigrant Friedrich Gretsch (c.1856‑1895) in 1883, located in Brooklyn, New York, USA. Gretsch focused primarily on guitars as a core business in the 1930s and the company hit their peak era from the mid‑1950s to mid‑1960s during the rock & roll boom. Gretsch was sold to Baldwin Pianos in 1967 and the family business has worked in partnership with Fender since 2002. Gretsch is probably best known for the iconic 6120 Chet Atkins hollow body guitar.
Guild
The Guild Guitar Company was founded in 1952 by professional guitarist and music retailer Avram ‘Al’ Dronge (1911‑1972) in Manhattan, New York. Guild intended to compete primarily with rivals Epiphone and Gretsch. Following expansion, Guild was sold to the Avnet Corporation in 1966, which moved production to Westerly, Rhode Island. Guild was sold again to Fender Musical Instrument Corporation (FMIC) in 1995. In 2014, Guild was acquired by Cordoba Music Group and moved yet again to Oxnard, California.
Guyatone
Guyatone was founded in 1933 by Mitsuo Matsuki in Yamanashi, Japan. Matsuki Manufacturing produced guitars under the Guya brand until 1940. In 1951 the Guyatone name was established for electric guitars and, in 1955, the first Guyatone solid-body electric guitar was introduced. In Japan, Guyatone guitars were sold using the Ibanez name. In the UK, Matsuki used the Antoria name and in the US, they used the Kent name. The Guyatone name is now owned by DeMont Guitars LLC.
H – H Stands for…
Hagström
Hagström was founded in 1925 by Albin Hagström in Älvdalen, Dalecarlia, Sweden. Hagström’s main business was accordions before they started making electric guitars in 1958 and subsequently amps. Hagström pioneered with the innovative H8 8‑string bass and also began to experiment with guitar synths. Hagström ceased production in 1983 in the face of stiff competition. The brand was revived in 2004 and now produces guitars in both Europe and the Far East.
Hamer
Hamer Guitars was founded in 1973 by Paul Hamer and Jol Dantzig in Wilmette, Illinois. Hamer became well‑known for building guitars and basses based on Gibson’s designs. In 1988, Hamer was acquired by Kaman Music Corporation (KMC), which owned Ovation guitars. In 2008, Fender bought KMC including the Ovation and Hamer brands. Fender closed down Hamer production in 2012. In 2015, Fender sold KMC again. In 2017, KMC revived the Hamer name with products imported into the US.
Harmony
The Harmony Company was founded in 1892 by Wilhelm Schultz. Sears, Roebuck & Co. purchased Harmony in 1916 for the latter’s ukulele business. By the 1950s, Harmony produced a wide range of instruments, peaking in the mid‑1960s. In 1975, the production of Harmony guitars ceased and the brand name was sold. In 2018, BandLab Technologies of Singapore revived the Harmony brand, producing guitars and amps made by Heritage (see below).
Heritage
Heritage Guitar Inc. was founded in 1985 by three former Gibson employees in Kalamazoo, Michigan. Heritage set up business in the old Gibson factory after Gibson had moved to Nashville, Tennessee in 1974. As of 2025, Heritage is a small‑scale manufacturer of guitars heavily based on Gibson’s traditional designs.
HH Electronics
HH Electronics was founded in 1968 by Mike Harrison, Malcolm Green and Graham Lowes in Harston near Cambridge, England. It was a manufacturer of distinctive solid state guitar, bass and PA amps, as well as speaker cabinets. In the 1990s, HH was acquired by Laney Amplification (see below).
Hiwatt
Hylight Electronics, better known as Hiwatt, was founded in 1966 by Dave Reeves in Surrey, England. Hiwatt are best known for their guitar and bass amps. As part of the 1960s and 1970s boom in high powered amps, Hiwatt (including Sound City, see below) along with its main competitors Marshall, Orange and VOX helped to cement the ‘British sound’ of rock music, contrasting with the ‘American sound’ of Fender (and its derivatives) amps.
Höfner
Karl Höfner GmbH & Co. KG was founded in 1887 by German luthier Karl Höfner (1864‑1955) in Schönbach, Austria-Hungary (now Luby in the Czech Republic). One part of the company manufactured classical string instruments while another produced guitars and basses. After WWII, Höfner moved to West Germany, where the company thrived. Höfner became closely associated with The Beatles who were seen to use Höfner guitars and basses. In 1994, Höfner was sold to British music publisher, Boosey & Hawkes. After financial difficulties, the Höfner brand was sold to a former Höfner employee in 2004.
Hohner
Hohner Musikinstrumente GmbH & Co. KG was founded in 1857 by clock maker Matthias Hohner (1833‑1902) in Trossingen, Baden‑Württemberg, Germany. While Hohner is best known for its harmonicas, the company manufactured a wide range of musical instruments, including guitars from the 1950s until c.2015. Hohner has since returned to its roots and currently produces harmonicas, melodicas, accordions and recorder flutes.
Hondo
The Hondo guitar company was founded in 1969 by Jerry Freed and Tommy Moore. Hondo was a joint venture with the Samick Company of South Korea to manufacture entry‑level acoustic and electric guitars and basses, importing them into the USA using the Hondo name. Many of Hondo’s guitars were based on, or copies of, classic American guitar designs. The Hondo name had largely disappeared by 1989 but was revived by what is now Musicorp in 1995.
Hughes & Kettner
Hughes & Kettner was founded in 1984 by brothers Hans and Lothar Stamer in in Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany. The company focuses on manufacturing premium level amps and innovative effect pedals. H&K as built a strong reputation with a particular focus on high‑gain amplifier technology for heavy metal and hard rock.
I – I Stands for…
Ibanez
Ibanez is a guitar brand created in 1957 in Nagoya, Aichi, Japan. Ibanez is owned by Hoshino Gakki a musical instrument manufacturer founded in 1908. Ibanez began production of guitars in 1957 and were known for copies of American guitars during the 1960s. Ibanez in particular was the target for litigation by Gibson because of trademark infringements during the 1970s. Ibanez (and other) brand guitars of the period became known as ‘lawsuit‑era’ instruments. Also in the 1970s, Hoshino Gakki licensed Maxon effect pedals for sale under the Ibanez brand.
J – J Stands for…
Jackson
Jackson Guitars was founded in 1980 by American luthier Grover Jackson in Glendora, California to manufacture electric guitars and basses. Grover Jackson had worked closely with Wayne Charvel until the latter sold the Charvel name to Jackson in 1978. During the 1980s, Jackson manufactured high-quality, US‑made, custom instruments, primarily for heavy metal guitarists including Randy Rhoads. Fender acquired both Jackson Guitars and Charvel in 2002. Low budget Jackson guitars are manufactured in the Far East. Grover Jackson is now co‑owner of independent GJ2 Guitars, based in Orange County, California.
Jen
JEN Elettronica was founded in c.1969 in Pescara, Italy. Jen’s focus was to become Europe’s biggest music OEM manufacturer including guitar effect pedals. Jen was notable for manufacturing products for VOX and Gretsch among others, as well as a line of guitar effect pedals under the JEN name. Jen is best known for making the iconic wah‑wah pedal, the ‘Cry Baby’ in the 1960s. Jen failed to trademark the Cry Baby name, so any manufacturer could use it at the time.
John Hornby Skewes (JHS)
John Hornby Skewes (JHS for short) was founded in 1965 by John & Madge Hornby Skewes in Garforth near Leeds, England. Over the years, JHS has become an international company offering thousands of products including a number of JHS proprietary brands including Fret‑King, Vintage, Encore and JHS‑branded guitar effect pedals.
K – K Stands for…
Kahler
Kahler Systems International was formed in the late 1970s by Gary Kahler. The company started out making parts for other companies such as Fender and DiMarzio. The cam‑operated Kahler vibrato (not tremolo!) was introduced in 1981, just in time for the rock and metal boom of the 1980s with its associated ‘shredding’ and ‘dive‑bombing’ guitar playing styles. Kahler’s main competitor was Floyd Rose (see above). Like Floyd Rose, the focus was on maintaining tuning stability. Unusually, Kahler also produces a bass vibrato version. When demand for vibrato systems declined in the 1990s, Kahler switched to making golf clubs but returned to manufacturing guitar hardware including the classic Kahler vibrato in 2005.
Kalamazoo
Gibson was based in Kalamazoo, Michigan until 1974. Kalamazoo was also a brand name used by Gibson for archtop and flattop acoustic guitars, lap steels, banjos, and mandolins. Kalamazoo was a low cost option that many musicians needed during the Great Depression (1929‑1939). The original short‑lived Kalamazoo brand was used between 1933 and 1942. During the 1960s, Gibson temporarily resurrected the Kalamazoo name for low-cost, beginner guitars until Gibson positioned Epiphone into that market to compete with Far Eastern competition.
Kawai
Kawai Musical Instruments Manufacturing Co Ltd was founded in 1927 by Koichi Kawai (1886‑1955) in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan. The company is best known for its pianos, electronic keyboards and synthesisers. Kawai worked for Nippon Gakki (Yamaha) before setting up his own business. Koichi’s son, Shigeru took over control of Kawai until his death in 2006. Shigeru’s son, Hirotaka Kawai now runs the family business. Kawaii also bought the Teisco brand, which manufactured a range of distinctive guitars and basses.
Kay
Kay Musical Instrument Company was founded in 1931 by Henry ‘Kay’ Kuhrmeyer in Chicago, Illinois, although previous incarnations date back to 1890. Kay produced budget and pro‑level guitars, mandolins, banjos and ukuleles from 1936. Kay migrated to electric guitars and basses from c.1955. Kay was sold in 1965 and again in 1967, this time to Valco (see below) who went bust in 1968, and then sold again in 1969. The Kay name has been used intermittently over the years, often attached to instruments imported from China.
Korg
Korg Inc. (previously Keio Electronic Laboratories) was founded in 1962 by Tsutomu Kato (1926‑2011) and Tadashi Osanai in Tokyo, Japan. Korg was and is best known for their keyboards and synthesisers from the late 1960s to the 1980s. In 1987, Yamaha took temporary control of Korg until 1992. In 1992, Korg acquired British amp maker VOX (see below).
Kramer
Kramer Guitars was founded in 1976 by Gary Kramer in Neptune, New Jersey. Gary Kramer and Travis Bean had formed the Travis Bean guitar company in 1974 shortly before Kramer formed his own company. Initially, Kramer continued to use aluminium necks on guitars and basses, improving on Travis Bean’s designs. Kramer reverted to traditional wood necks from 1981. Kramer guitars and basses became associated with the rock and metal boom of the 1980s. Kramer filed for bankruptcy in 1989. Eventually, Gibson acquired the rights to Kramer in 1997 and guitars are now manufactured by Epiphone using the Kramer name. In 2005, Gary Kramer founded the independent Gary Kramer Guitars (GKG).
Kustom
Kustom Amplification was founded in 1964 by Charles ‘Bud’ Ross in Chanute, Kansas. Kustom is a manufacturer of guitar and bass amplifiers, PA systems and accessories. Uniquely, speaker cabinets were wrapped in a sparkling car upholstery material called Naugahyde, giving them a particularly standout image. Baldwin Pianos bought Kustom in 1972 and is now owned by Hanser Music Group who keep the style and spirit of the original Kustom designs going. Founder Charles Ross went on to form effect pedal company Ross Musical (see below) in c.1972.
L – L Stands for…
Laney
Laney Amplification was founded in 1967 by musician Lyndon Laney in Birmingham, England. The British Laney brand manufactured guitar and bass amplifiers, speaker cabinets and PA systems. Laney developed from its humble beginnings in Laney’s father’s garage into a major player in the global amp market. Laney remains in business as a private company, as of 2025.
Larrivée
Jean Larrivée Guitars Inc. was founded in 1967 by Jean Larrivée in Toronto, Canada. The company moved to Vancouver in 1982 then to California in 2001. Since 1977, Larrivée has manufactured a range of premium acoustic guitars, often featuring ornate inlays. Larrivée Guitars is still in production as a family business as of 2025.
Leslie
The Leslie speaker was the invention of electronic engineer Donald Leslie. Development began in the 1930s as a means for a Hammond organ to emulate the sound of a pipe organ. Production began in 1941. The speaker comprises a variable speed rotating baffle in front of the loudspeaker(s) which modulates the sound exploiting the Doppler Effect. Leslie speakers have been used by guitarists keen to obtain the signature Leslie sound. In contemporary times, many attempts have been made to imitate the sound effect, first through analogue circuits and then by Digital Signal Processing (DSP). In 1965, Leslie sold his business to CBS who, in turn sold it to Hammond in 1980. In 1992, the Japanese Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation bought both the Hammond and Leslie brands.
Lowden
George Lowden (1952‑) is an Irish luthier based in Bangor, County Down. He founded the eponymous company, George Lowden Guitars in 1974. Lowden’s main output comprises premium nylon and steel‑string acoustic guitars although he has also dabbled in making electric solid body guitars. In an unusual move, Lowden licenses other luthiers to build guitars using the Lowden name, especially in Japan. In 2002, Lowden introduced a more affordable range of guitars, called Avalon.
M – M Stands for…
Maccaferri
Henri Selmer Paris was a company founded in 1885 in Mantes‑la‑Ville near Paris. In 1932, Selmer worked with Italian luthier Mario Maccaferri (1900‑1995) to design what are known as ‘gypsy jazz’ acoustic guitars, famously used by virtuoso Belgian/French jazz guitarist Django Reinhardt. Maccaferri guitars have a large body with thin ladder‑braced top and squared off bouts. Early sound holes were D‑shaped while later ones were oval, with a rounded cutaway on the upper treble bout. Selmer made less than 1,000 of these guitars until production ceased in 1952.
Maestro
Gibson’s parent company, Chicago Musical Exchange (CMI) had used the Maestro name on products like the legendary Echoplex tape loop echo effect (see above). From 1962, CMI was one of the first companies to move into effect pedals using the Maestro name. They launched a number of effect pedals starting with the FZ‑1 Fuzz Tone. In 1974, Norlin acquired Gibson from CMI and the company put synthesiser pioneer, Robert Moog in charge of Maestro effects. By 1979, Norlin was struggling and ceased production of all Maestro products. In 2022, Gibson revived the Maestro name and re‑launched a new range of effect pedals.
Magnatone
The origins of Magnatone date back to the late 1930s and a company called Dickerson Musical Instrument Company in California. The business was bought by Art Duhamell in c.1946, when the name was changed to Magna Electronics Company, using the brand name Magnatone. Magna manufactured a range of electric guitars and vibrato (actually tremolo!) amplifiers produced between 1937 and the mid‑1970s. In 2013, Ted Kornblum reintroduced the Magnatone brand on a range of reissued amps.
Marshall
Marshall Amplification was founded in 1962 by drummer and retailer Jim Marshall (1923‑2012) in London, England. The British company built its formidable reputation manufacturing Marshall guitar and bass amps, and speaker cabinets, starting with the classic JTM45 amp head in 1963. The Marhsall ‘stack’ became a familiar icon of rock music from the 1970s onward. Other guitarists preferred combo amps like the Bluesbreaker. In 1965, Marshall launched a sister brand, Park which made amps until 1982. Facing stiff competition from American companies like Mesa and Soldano, Marshall explored the use of solid state, rather than valve‑based amp circuits, including hybrid versions. In 2007, some former employees of Marshall left and founded Blackstar Amplification. In 2023, Marshall was sold to Swedish company Zound Industries, majority owned by the Chinese HongShan Capital Group. Marshall was nicknamed, ‘The Father of Loud’.
Martin
C.F. Martin & Company was founded in 1833 by German immigrant Christian Frederick Martin in New York City before relocating to Nazareth, Pennsylvania in 1838. C.F. Martin was an apprentice for Johann Georg Stauffer, a famous luthier from Vienna, Austria. Following consumer demand, Martin refocused its manufacturing toward steel‑strung acoustic guitars around 1921 using many key innovations to improve the company’s already strong reputation. In 1931, Martin launched its dreadnought acoustic guitar with X‑bracing, which became a best seller and industry standard, particularly the D‑18 and D‑28 models. Pre‑WWII Martin guitars are highly sought after today. Martin has also dipped its toes into solid body electric guitars and basses, as well as strings. Martin continued to innovate including the use of composite materials from the 1990s onward. The company has been family‑owned and run throughout its entire history with the great‑great‑great‑grandson of the founder, C.F. ‘Chris’ Martin IV as current president as of 2025.
Maxon
The Japanese company, Nisshin Onpa was formed in 1965 in Tokyo Japan. Maxon was a brand name used by the company for its range of guitar effect pedals from 1969. Maxon became an OEM provider for Ibanez, producing stomp boxes using the Ibanez name, including the iconic TS‑808 Tube Screamer Pro. Nisshin Onpa also marketed pedals under its own Maxon name. Maxon stopped working with Ibanez in 2002 and Maxon continues to manufacture and market its own effect pedals.
Mesa/Boogie
Mesa Engineering was founded in 1969 by Randall Smith (1946‑) in Petaluma, California. Randall started out by hot‑rodding Fender amps in his home workshop. The Mesa/Boogie nickname derived from a comment made by Carlos Santana when demoing a Mesa‑modified Fender Princeton. The Boogie amps went through a number of generations (Marks) and in the 1990s the Boogie was supplemented by high‑gain Rectifier models. Gibson acquired Mesa Engineering from Smith in 2021.
Morley
Morley Pedals was founded in 1969 by American brothers Raymond and Marvin Lubow in LA, California superseding their previous enterprise, Tel‑Ray Electronics. The distinctively rugged Morley guitar effect pedals, particularly their wah‑wah and volume pedals using electro-optical circuitry, grew in popularity during the 1970s. Chicago‑based firm, Sound Enhancements, Inc. acquired Morley in 1989.
Mosrite
Mosrite guitars was founded in 1956 as Mosrite of California by Semie and Andy Moseley in LA, California. Semie Moseley (1935‑1992) had been an apprentice at Rickenbacker and Bigsby where he learnt his craft. Mosrite guitars were known for their radical designs and innovative features, as well as the brand’s association with surf pop/rock band The Ventures. The original Mosrite company went bankrupt in 1968. Several attempts were made to resurrect the brand over intervening decades, although without much success. Semie’s daughter, Dana Moseley is keeping the name alive.
Mu‑Tron
Musitronics Corporation (a.k.a. Mu‑Tron) was founded in 1972 by former Guild employees, Mike Beigel and Aaron Newman in Rosemont, New Jersey. Musitronics was known for manufacturing a number of high-quality guitar effect pedals including their most famous effect unit, the Mu‑Tron III envelope filter in 1972, which produced an electronic wah‑wah type sound beloved by funk guitarists. Musitronics ran into financial trouble in the late 1970s and production wasn’t resumed until 2014 when Mike Beigel founded Mu‑FX.
MXR
MXR Innovations was founded in 1972 by Keith Barr and Terry Sherwood in Rochester, New York. MXR is famous for its range of guitar effect pedals, starting with the iconic Phase 90, followed by the Distortion +, Dyna Comp and Blue Box. MXR was acquired by Dunlop Manufacturing in 1987 and continues to manufacture effect pedals using the MXR name as of 2025.
Music Man
Music Man (a.k.a. MM) was the company formed in 1974 by Leo Fender and partners 10 years after Leo sold the firm that bore his name to CBS in 1965. MM made its name with the Stingray Bass introduced in 1976. Leo Fender left Music Man in 1979 and went on to found G&L in 1980 (see above). Music Man was sold to Ernie Ball Inc. in 1984.
N – N Stands for…
National
The National String Instrument Corporation was an American guitar company founded in 1927 by entertainer George Beauchamp and luthier John Dopyera in LA, California. The company started by manufacturing banjos and then acoustic resonator guitars, an innovative instrument intended to be loud enough to be heard in a big band environment. In 1932, National merged with Dobro (see above) to form the National Dobro Company. It later came under the control of Valco (see below) until the latter went bankrupt in 1968. The spirit of National resonator guitars was rejuvenated by independent company, National Reso‑Phonic Guitars founded in 1989 in San Luis Obispo, California.
O – O Stands for…
Orange
Orange Amps was founded in 1968 by musician, electronics designer and retailer Clifford Cooper in London, England. The bright orange covering on their amp heads and speaker cabinets was a distinctive aesthetic, making them instantly recognisable. It helped that the sounds were also what many guitarists and bass players were listening out for at the time. Orange partnered with Radiocraft owned by Mat Mathias, which led to the Orange Matamp amps. After a 4‑year period in which Gibson reissued amps using the Orange name, Cooper regained the brand in 1997 and production was resumed in 1998. Orange is still flourishing as of 2025.
Orville
Orville by Gibson guitars and basses were part of the Gibson Guitar Corporation, destined for the Japanese market from 1988. Japanese distributor Yamano Gakki and Gibson decided not to use the Epiphone brand name and chose Orville – after Gibson founder Orville Gibson – despite the fact that Gibson was selling both Gibson and Epiphone in Japan. Production of Orville by Gibson guitars ceased in 1998 with Gibson’s focus on promoting Epiphone Japan models.
Ovation
Ovation was founded in 1965 by aeronautical engineer Charles Kaman (1919‑2011), in Hartford, Connecticut, USA. Kaman Music Corporation (KMC) used the founder’s technical background to manufacture guitars employing composite materials, predominantly bowl‑back acoustic guitars using a synthetic material called Lyracord. Fender briefly owned Ovation from 2008 to 2014 and the business is now owned by German company GEWA Music as of 2025.
P – P Stands for…
Parker
Parker Guitars was founded in 1993 by American luthier Ken Parker with input from pickup pioneer Larry Fishman in Chicago, Illinois. Parker guitars, particularly the Fly model, used innovative composite construction including a wood core covered with a carbon fibre/resin exoskeleton to reduce weight and increase rigidity. Pickups were traditional magnetic coil split humbuckers supplemented by piezo pickups to provide acoustic‑like tones. Fingerboards comprised composite materials with stainless steel frets. The US Music Corporation acquired Parker in 2003, moving production overseas before selling the brand again to Jam Industries. Parker Guitars has been defunct since 2016, despite several efforts to revive the brand.
Patrick James Eggle
Patrick Eggle Guitars was founded in the 1990s by British luthier Patrick James Eggle in Coventry, England. He left his own company in 1994 and, after several side projects in the US and UK, he formed Patrick James Eggle Guitars producing high‑end acoustic guitars. Eggle also helped to design Faith Guitars. In 2016, Eggle switched production from acoustic to electric guitars and in 2017. Eggle has also designed guitars for the revived Shergold Guitars brand (see below).
Paul Reed Smith (PRS)
PRS, a relatively new kid on the block, was founded in 1985 by American luthier Paul Reed Smith (1956‑) in Annapolis, Maryland. PRS guitars were cleverly positioned strategically between Fender and Gibson often using flamboyant designs and highly figured tone woods, often selling for premium prices. In 2003, PRS created the highly successful SE (Student Edition) range manufactured in the Far East. PRS remains a private company as of 2025.
Peavey
American innovator, Hartley Peavey (1941‑) founded Peavey Electronics in 1965, based in Meridian, Mississippi. Peavey has grown to become one of the largest music audio equipment manufacturers in the world. Peavey is mainly known for its amps and speaker cabinets, Peavey has also manufactured acoustic and electric guitars as well as basses. As of 2025, Peavey remains a privately owned company.
Pignose
Pignose was founded in 1969 by Richard Edlund and Wayne Kimbell in Chicago, Illinois. The company focuses on the manufacture of battery‑powered guitar amps, mains‑powered practice amps and innovative travel guitars incorporating an integrated amp and speaker. The iconic Pignose 7‑100 was considered to be the first portable electric guitar amp. Since 2023, Pignose has been under the ownership of Japanese company Aria (see above).
Pro Co
Pro Co Sound is based in Kalamazoo, Michigan and is best known for a single product, the Pro Co Rat distortion effect pedal (and multiple variations thereof). The Rat – allegedly named after the rodent‑infested basement in which the pedal was designed – was the brainchild of Pro Co engineer Scott Burnham in 1974, entering full production in 1979. The Rat has become one of best‑selling distortion stomp boxes of all time.
Q – Q Stands for…
I got nothin’
R – R Stands for…
Ramírez
Ramírez Guitars was founded in 1882 by José Ramírez in Madrid, Spain. The company has been manufacturing hand‑built professional, concert‑grade classical and flamenco acoustic guitars. Ramírez has been in business for over 140 years and has remained a private family business for five generations (to‑date).
Randall
Randall Amplifier Company was founded in 1970 by Don Randall in Irvine, California. Before setting up his own business focusing on guitar amps, Randall was vice president and general manager of Fender and then the Fender Sales divisions of CBS. After Randall sold his business in 1987, it was acquired by US Music Corporation, a subsidiary of Canadian corporate group Exertis.
Regal
What would become the Regal Musical Instrument Manufacturing Company from 1901 was founded in 1896 by Emil Wulschner in Indianapolis, Indiana. Regal started out making ukuleles and tenor guitars. Regal later made resonator guitar components for National and Dobro as well as making instruments under their own brand. Regal ceased production of guitars in 1941 and closed business in 1954, Fender owned the brand for a while before it was sold again to Saga Musical Instruments in 1987, who reintroduced a range of resonator instruments using the Regal name.
Rickenbacker
Swiss immigrant Adolph Rickenbacher (1886‑1976) founded Rickenbacker Manufacturing Company in 1925 to make metal bodies for National Guitars before setting up the Ro‑Pat‑In Corporation in 1931 along with performer and inventor George Beauchamp in LA, California. In 1932, Rickenbacker became the first company to make a production solid bodied electric guitar and by 1934, the company was using the Rickenbacker name. Rickenbacker really hit its stride in the 1950s after Rickenbacker sold his company to businessman F.C. Hall. Rickenbacker International Corporation (RIC) is famous for its 300 series guitars and 4000 series basses. Rickenbacker remains a private company, with its headquarters in Santa Ana, California.
Roger Mayer
Electrical engineer Roger Mayer is a name closely associated with Jimi Hendrix among others in the 1960s. In particular, Mayer’s fame resulted from the Octavia guitar effect pedal that integrated an octave (up) generator with a fuzz distortion effect. The classic Octavia remains in production still using the Mayer name. Mayer was also involved with modifying Maestro Fuzz Tone pedals and influencing the Sola Sound/Coloursound Tone Bender fuzz pedals.
Roland
The Roland Corporation was founded in 1972 by Ikutaro Kakehashi (1930‑2017) in Osaka, Japan. Roland is a multinational company manufacturing electronic organs, synthesisers, drum machines, amps and effect pedals with many iconic models, too many to mention here. Roland was also a key player in the development, introduction and promotion of the MIDI communication protocol for electronic music equipment. Roland also owns famous subsidiaries, including BOSS, Drum Workshop, Edirol and Rhodes.
Ross
Kustom Amps was founded in 1964 by Charles ‘Bud’ Ross in Chanute Kansas. After Kustom achieved considerable success, Ross sold his company to Baldwin Pianos in 1972. At that point, Ross launched Ross Musical and released the first Ross guitar effect pedals in c.1974. While Ross manufactured a wide range of effects, three Ross pedals are noteworthy, the tan‑hued Distortion, the orange Phaser and the now legendary grey Compressor. Ross pedals were revived in c.2020 by JHS Pedals (see above under John Hornby Skewes) with reissues of the classic Ross stomp boxes from the 1970s.
S – S Stands for…
Sadowsky
Sadowsky Guitars Limited was founded in 1979 by American luthier Roger Sadowsky in Long Island, New York. Roger Sadowsky has a strong reputation for building high‑end boutique guitars and basses. From 2019, Sadowsky has remained a private company while instruments are produced by German bass manufacturer Warwick (see below).
Santa Cruz
The Santa Cruz Guitar Company was founded in 1976 by American luthier Richard Hoover in Santa Cruz, California. Santa Cruz manufactures a limited number of high‑end steel‑string acoustic and acoustic bass guitars along with baritone guitars and ukuleles. Santa Cruz remains a private company as of 2025.
Schaller
Schaller GmBH was founded in in 1945 by Helmut Schaller (1923‑1999) near Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany. Schaller manufactures a wide range of guitar parts and accessories. Initially, Schaller focused on the development of amps and speakers before moving into manufacturing metal guitar aftermarket and OEM components used by a wide variety of companies. Schaller tuners and bridges have achieved recognition for build quality. After the deaths of founding family members by 2006, Schaller was restructured as a limited liability company (GmbH).
Schecter
Schecter Guitar Research was founded in 1976 by David Schecter in Van Nuys, California. Initially, Schecter manufactured a wide range of replacement guitar parts and accessories. In 1979, Schecter started producing its own custom made guitars based on Fender designs. By 1983, Schecter was bought out by investors and, after legal action from Fender, the company was bought again by Japanese businessman Shibuya Hisatake, owner of ESP Guitars (see above), to make high‑end custom guitars. In addition to American manufacturing, Schecter imported South Korean‑built guitars from the late 1990s. In 2012, Schecter resumed American custom shop production.
Selmer
Henri Selmer Paris was founded in 1885 by Henri Selmer in Mantes la Ville near Paris, France. Selmer started off by manufacturing professional woodwind and brass instruments. In 1928, a UK branch of Selmer was formed under the leadership of brothers, Ben and Lew Davis. In the 1930s, Selmer partnered with luthier Mario Maccaferri to produce gypsy jazz guitars (see above). They also moved into PA systems during the 1930s. In the 1950s, Selmer also went into manufacturing organs as well as importing guitars from Europe. Selmer began producing a range of guitar and bass amps prompted by the rise of rock & roll. In the 1970s, Gibson owner CMI acquired Selmer UK. From 1976, CMI’s successor Norlin started running down Selmer UK until it was shut down in the early 1980s. In 2018, the family‑owned Henri Selmer Paris was sold to European equity group, Argos Wityu.
Seymour Duncan
Seymour Duncan was founded in 1976 by Seymour Duncan (1951‑) and his wife Cathy Carter in Santa Barbara, California. Seymour Duncan is best known for manufacturing a wide range of aftermarket guitar and bass pickups, as well as effect pedals. Most pickups are American‑made although the low‑cost OEM ‘Duncan‑designed’ pickups are manufactured in South Korea. Seymour Duncan’s main competitor is DiMarzio (see above).
Shergold
Shergold Guitars was founded in 1967 by former Burns London employees Jack Golder and Norman Houlder in London, England. After producing products for other companies, Shergold started making and selling guitars under the Shergold name in 1975. Shergold ceased manufacturing guitars in 1982 and there were several subsequent failed attempts to revive the brand. Barnes & Mullins acquired Shergold in 2015 and, in 2016, British luthier Patrick James Eggle (see above) became a shareholder and helped to design a range of new Shergold models.
Shin-ei
Little known outside of Japan, Shin‑ei was a major manufacturer of guitar effect pedals from the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s. In 1968, Shin‑ei created the legendary Uni‑Vibe modulation effect made famous by Jimi Hendrix. The Uni‑Vibe’s unique tones have been much imitated since. Shin‑ei manufactured products for different companies as well as under its own name. The rejuvenated company is Honey Shin-ei LLC, based in Austin, Texas.
Silvertone
Silvertone was a brand name used by the American Sears, Roebuck & Company mail order and department store for its line of consumer electronics and musical instruments from 1916. Silvertone instruments and amplifiers were manufactured by a wide variety of companies including Danelectro, Harmony, Kay, National, Supro, Teisco and Valco. Sears stopped using the Silvertone brand in 1972. In 2001, South Korean company, Samick Music acquired the rights to Silvertone and reissued a number of instruments under the revived Silvertone brand. Samick sold Silvertone to current owners, RBI Music in 2021.
Sola Sound
Sola Sound was a British guitar effect pedal brand best known for making the iconic Tone Bender fuzz pedals. The Tone Bender first appeared in 1965, designed and built in London by electronic technician Gary Hurst. The Tone Bender derived from Maestro’s Fuzz Tone and inspired Dallas Arbiter’s Fuzz face. From 1970, Sola Sound produced Colorsound‑branded pedals. Sola Sound also made pedals for other companies, such as VOX, Marshall, Carlsboro, Rotosound, CSL and many others. Both Sola Sound and Colorsound were owned by brothers Larry and Joe Macari of London, England, known for their eponymous London retail store.
Soldano
Soldano Custom Amplification was founded in 1986 by American Michael Soldano in LA, Calirfornia. Soldano designed and manufactured high‑gain guitar amps after modifying Fender and Mesa/Boogie amps. Michael Soldano, latterly based in Seattle, Washington, sold his company to Boutique Amps Distribution in 2019.
Sound City
British amp manufacturer Hiwatt (see above) was formed in 1966. Hiwatt’s founder Dave Reeves contacted Ivor Arbiter to produce guitar amplifiers re‑badged using Arbiter’s Sound City music store name. Sound City amps became associated particularly with The Who and Jimi Hendrix.
Steinberger
Steinberger was founded in 1979 by Ned Steinberger (1948‑) in Brooklyn, New York. The company manufactured a range of electric guitars and basses designed by the founder. Steinberger was eventually sold to Gibson in 1987, which stopped selling Steinberger guitars in the mid‑1990s. The most distinctive Steinberger instruments have downsized synthetic construction bodies and necks devoid of a traditional headstock, giving the instruments a minimalistic look. Steinberger (under Gibson) licensed the design to other companies including Hohner and Cort, accounting for new models.
Stick
Stick Enterprises is the company behind the innovative Chapman Stick, an unorthodox electric musical instrument devised by jazz musician Emmett Chapman (1936‑2021), which started production in 1974. The Chapman Stick commonly comprises 8, 10 or 12 strings on an enlarged fretboard and is usually played by a ‘two handed tapping’ technique, rather than by plucking the strings. While based on a guitar, it is classified as a composite chordophone.
Stromberg
Stromberg Guitars was founded in 1906 by Swedish immigrant Charles Stromberg in Boston, Massachusetts. Stromberg started out by making banjos and mandolins until 1927 when they produced their first archtop jazz guitar. Stromberg only made around 640 guitars during the big band era, during which their guitars’ large size gave them sufficient volume to compete with loud horn sections. Production stopped in in 1955 with the death of the founder.
Supro
Supro guitars date back to 1935, made as a low‑cost brand by the National Dobro Corporation (see above). From the 1950s, Supro produced electric guitars, basses, amps and effects. National Dobro was acquired by Valco, which went out of business in 1968, at which time the Supro name was discontinued. The Supro name was revived in 2013 making guitars, amps and effects. In 2020, Supro was bought by Bond Audio.
T – T Stands for…
Takamine
Takamine Musical Instruments Manufacturing Co., Ltd. was founded in 1959 by Ozhone in Sakashita, Gifu, Japan. In 1962, the company was named after Mount Takamine in Japan. Takamine focuses on manufacturing steel‑string acoustic guitars and it has become one of the leading companies of its kind. In 1978, Takamine was one of the first firms to make acoustic/electric guitars using innovative transducers, particularly suited to live performance, as they reduced feedback. For a short period, Takamine also produced solid body electric guitars and basses. Takamine remains a private company as of 2025.
Taylor
Taylor Guitars was founded in 1974 by Bob Taylor and Kurt Listug in El Cajon, California. Taylor manufactures premium acoustic, classical and semi‑hollow electric guitars in the USA and Mexico. Taylor has become famous for its innovative manufacturing technologies, use of exotic tone woods and sustainable production processes. In 2021, Taylor Guitars became owned by its employees and in 2022, Luthier and guitarist Andy Powers became Taylor’s Chief Executive, President, and Chief Guitar Designer.
TC Electronic
TC Electronic was founded in 1976 by brothers Kim and John Rishøj in Denmark. The company specialises in a wide range of innovative music audio products and is most famous for its guitar effect products. TC Electronic is only one of several companies under the ownership of TC Group holding company. In 2015, TC Electronic was purchased by Music Group (now Music Tribe).
Teisco
Teisco was founded in 1946 by guitarist Atswo Kaneko and electrical engineer Doryo Matsuda in Tokyo, Japan. The company produced a range of esoterically designed guitars, basses and baritone guitars as well as other musical equipment including amps, synthesisers and drums. In the US, guitars were re‑badged Teisco Del Rey. In 1967, the Teisco name was acquired by Japanese company Kawai Gakki Seisakusho which ceased using the Teisco name outside Japan in 1969. In 2018, the Teisco name, along with Harmony Guitars (see above), was relaunched by BandLab Technologies of Singapore.
Thomas Organ
The Thomas Organ Company was founded in 1875 by Edward Thomas in Woodstock, Ontario, Canada. The company’s early focus was on pipe and pump organs. In the 1950s, the company invented the Thomas electronic organ. Thomas became US importer of VOX products, exemplified by the Thomas Organ Cry Baby (the Cry Baby name wasn’t trademarked). Thomas also acquired rights to make Moog synthesisers. In 1979, Thomas Organ ceased business, although the name was revived 1996 to manufacture electronic organs once again.
Tobias
Tobias Bass Guitars was founded in 1977 by Michael Tobias in Orlando, Florida. The majority of Tobias basses were cost‑effective neck‑through models. Tobias was acquired by Gibson in 1990 and production was moved to Nashville, Tennessee. In 1992, Michael Tobias left Gibson to found Michael Tobias Design making boutique bass guitars. Tobias bass guitars are manufactured by Gibson’s Epiphone division and the brand has been rejuvenated in 2025.
Tokai
Tōkai Gakki was founded in 1947 by Tadayouki Adachi in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan. Initially, Tokai focused on harmonicas and pianos as well as other instruments. In 1968, Tokai started manufacturing electric guitars alongside acoustics and, later, basses and amps. In 1972, Tokai worked with C.F. Martin to build Martin’s Sigma electric guitars. In the early 1980s, Tokai got caught up in the ‘lawsuit era’, a period during which American brands threatened Japanese businesses over design copyright infringements. Tokai was a family business until it was sold in 2021 to Grace Company Ltd.
Tom Anderson
Tom Anderson Guitarworks was founded in 1984 by American luthier Tom Anderson in Newbury Park, California. Anderson started out working for Schecter before branching out on his own making limited numbers of highly‑regarded premium boutique and custom guitars. By 1990, Anderson moved from manufacturing parts to building whole guitars. Tom Anderson remains in business as of 2025.
Trace Elliot
Trace Elliot was founded in 1979 by retailer Fred Friedlein in Romford, Essex, England. The company specialised in bass amps and speaker cabinets, and from 1989, acoustic guitar amps. In 1992, KMC (who owned Ovation) acquired Trace Elliott to focus on the US market. In 1998, the company was sold again to Gibson. Then, in 2005, Peavey acquired Trace Elliott.
Travis Bean
Travis Bean Guitars was founded in 1974 by American luthier Travis Bean (1947‑2011) and business partner Gary Kramer in California to manufacture high‑end guitars using necks made from machined aluminium. Kramer left the company in 1975 to found Kramer Guitars (see above). Bean once again toyed with guitar manufacture in the late 1990s but the potential from his innovative construction techniques was largely unrealised.
Traynor
Traynor Amplifiers was a brand founded in 1963 by electronics designer Peter Traynor in Toronto, Canada under parent company Yorkville Sound. Traynor focused on manufacturing bass and guitar amps. In 1976, Peter Traynor left due to poor health and the brand diminished over a period of years until it was revived by Yorkville in 2000, still manufacturing bass, guitar, acoustic and keyboard amps.
U – U Stands for…
Univox
Univox was a musical instrument brand founded in 1960 by Thomas Walter Jennings in Westbury New York. The company marketed Univox guitar amplifiers, guitars, keyboards and drum machines. Univox’s main claims to fame were the legendary Uni‑Vibe and Uni‑Fuzz pedals. They also distributed Matsumoku guitars, Shin‑Ei effect pedals and Korg synthesisers. In 1985, the parent company Unicord was sold to Japanese company Korg, after which the Univox brand was phased out.
V – V Stands for…
Valco
Valco was formed in 1940 by a stakeholder restructuring of the National Dobro Company. Valco manufactured a range of guitars, basses and amplifiers using a variety of brand names including National, Airline and Supro, as well as making guitars for other companies such as Sears and Montgomery Ward. However, they didn’t retail any products using the Valco name. Valco merged with Kay in 1967 before going bankrupt in 1968.
Vega
The American Vega Company was formed in 1881 by Julius and Carl Nelson in Boston, Massachusetts. At the start of the 20th Century, the firm concentrated on banjos, mandolins and brass instruments. Vega started building guitars in the 1930s and was later acquired by C.F. Martin in 1970, primarily for its banjo expertise. In 1989 the Vega name was sold to the Deering Banjo Company who continue to make banjos using the Vega brand.
Vigier
Vigier Guitars was founded in 1980 by luthier Patrice Vigier in Grigny, Essonne, France. Vigier manufactures premium grade electric guitars, basses and strings. Vigier guitars has introduced many innovations and became particularly noteworthy for its Surfreter fretless variation on the Excalibur 6‑string guitar model.
VOX
VOX was founded in 1957 by Thomas Walter Jennings in Dartford, Kent, England. The company is mostly associated with guitar amplifiers such as the iconic AC30. From 1962, VOX also manufactured a range of electric guitars and effect pedals, often using Italian production facilities. VOX was sold to Rose Morris in 1978 and then again to the giant Japanese corporation Korg in 1992. Korg still own the VOX name as of 2025.
W – W Stands for…
Wal
Wal is a British brand of bass guitars founded in 1974 by electronic innovator Ian Waller and luthier Pete Stevens in London, England. Starting out making custom‑made bass guitars for professional players, the first production Pro Series basses started appearing in 1978 and the Custom Series in 1983. After Ian Waller died in 1988, Pete Stevens kept the business going at a low level. The company was revived under the leadership of luthier and former Wal employee Paul Herman in 2008.
Wandre
Wandre Guitars was founded in c.1957 by Antonio Vandrè Pioli in in Cavriago, Italy. Wandre manufactured a very small number of electric guitars and basses using some esoteric radical design elements until production ceased in 1968. To‑date, the Wandre brand has not been revived. Examples of Wandre instruments are highly sought after on the vintage guitar market.
Warwick
Warwick was founded in 1982 by Hans‑Peter Wilfer in Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany. Hans‑Peter was the son of Fred Wilfer, who had founded Framus (see above) back in 1946. Warwick is famous for manufacturing premium bass guitars, as well as more affordable bass models, amps and bass strings.
Washburn
Washburn Guitars was originally founded in 1883 by American businessman George W. Lyon and Patrick J. Healy in Chicago, Illinois. Washburn initially focused on guitars, mandolins, banjos, ukuleles and zithers. Washburn’s early years were particularly volatile and hard to document accurately. After bankruptcy, Regal (see above) tried to rejuvenate the brand without success. After many further changes, Washburn International was formed in 1987. Washburn bought the US Music Corporation in 2002 and was then sold on to Jam Industries in 2009. Washburn‑branded instruments are currently sourced from Indonesia and China.
Watkins (WEM)
Watkins Electric Music (WEM) was founded in 1949 by Charlie and Reg Watkins in London, England. WEM was one of the first British makers of guitar and PA amplifiers from 1954. In 1958, WEM introduced one of the first portable tape loop echo effects, the iconic Copicat. WEM amps and speaker cabinets were adopted by a wide range of British rock bands in the 1960s and early 1970s. Watkins sill manufactures small numbers of Copicat tape echo units.
Westone
The official Westone brand was formed in 1975 when Japanese company Matsumoku purchased the rights to the Westone name. Westone began by producing affordable acoustic and electric guitars, and basses. St. Louis Music registered the Westone brand in the US to import Japanese Westone guitars. The Westone name was superseded by Alvarez (see above) in 1991. Since then, a number of firms have used (or tried to use) the Westone name.
X
I got nothin’
Y – Y Stands for…
Yamaha
The massive Japanese Yamaha Corporation is the world’s largest manufacturer of music and audio equipment. Yamaha was founded as the Nippon Gakki Co. in 1887 by Torakusu Yamaha (1851‑1916) in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan. The company began as a reed organ manufacturer. In 1987, Nippon Gakki was renamed Yamaha Corporation in honour of its founder, still based in Hamamatsu. Yamaha also owns some other famous brands such as Ampeg and Line 6.
Z – Z Stands for…
Zemaitis
Zemaitis was founded in 1955 by luthier Tony Zemaitis (1935‑2002) in London, England. He hand built guitars, renowned for their engraved metal tops (created by Danny O’Brien) and later pearl inlaid tops. Zemaitis gained an enviable reputation among many famous artists. After his death, the tradition was continued by Zemaitis Guitars of Tokyo, Japan, led by the founder’s son, Tony Zemaitis Jr. and still using the metal engraving skills of O’Brien. Original Zemaitis guitars are now highly sought after.
Links to CRAVE Guitars’ Brand Features
The CRAVE Guitars’ web site currently has feature pages on 15 guitar brands. These provide a bit more detail than the above, should you wish to explore further (each link opens in a new browser tab):
Final Thoughts on ‘An Alternative A‑Z of Vintage Guitar Gear’
Well, that was a bit of a slog (at least for me). For once, there is not a great deal to add, so this will be very brief. That’s it. There you go. No point in wasting words on waffle. So, let’s move on with aplomb.
CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Album(s) of the Month’
It seems appropriate this month to applaud the accomplishments of not one but two bands and their classic studio albums, both with an alphabetic emphasis from A(BC) to Z(Z Top). See what I did there? These two albums should prove beyond doubt that there was some great music – and MTV‑friendly pop music videos to boot – to be had in the 1980s. Without further ado, let’s dig in for some upbeat joyful musical exuberance…
ABC – The Lexicon of Love (1982): ‘The Lexicon of Love’ was the chart‑topping debut studio album by English new wave/new romantic/pop band ABC. It was released in June 1982 on Neutron Records. The astounding popularity and commercial success of the album led it to be ranked as ‘one of the greatest albums of the 1980s’. It sounds both of its time and also timeless, if you get my drift. ABC were not able to capitalise on their success and the slick 10 tracks (38 minutes) of ‘The Lexicon of Love’ remains the pinnacle of their career (to‑date).
ZZ Top – Eliminator (1983): ‘Eliminator’ was the 8th studio album by American blues/rock band ZZ Top. It was released in March 1983 on Warner Brothers Records. Despite only reaching #3 in the UK album chart and #9 in the US Billboard 200, it proved phenomenally popular and commercially successful. Whether you remember the iconic pop music videos, the customised 1933 Ford Coupe hot rod or the spinning sheepskin‑covered guitars, the striking images and fresh sounds of the 11 tracks (45 mins) on ‘Eliminator’ couldn’t be ignored. It may not be their best but it is certainly their biggest. There is no doubt that ‘Eliminator’ launched the power trio into superstardom.
There you have it – from ABC-ZZ Top. Love or loathe these albums epitomising the excesses of the 1980s, they have both become landmarks in music history and represent the cultural zeitgeist at the time. Perhaps it is now time for a re‑appraisal of their merit within the broader historical context. Are they ‘essential listening’? I think so but, when it comes down to it, it’s up to everyone to make up their own minds. All I can do is put it out there for consideration.
BELIEVE IN MUSIC!
Tailpiece
Well, that was a lot, and I mean A LOT, of work and, for what I ask? Was it worth it? Well, for the author’s own sanity and personal development, yes. For everyone out there, that’s for you to judge. I hope it has been both informative and entertaining. Given the huge amount of work involved in compiling this A‑Z article, I intend to use a lot of it in modified form as a permanent part of the ‘Resources’ section of the CRAVE Guitars web site.
Next month, the author will face a conundrum, a dilemma, a challenge, a quandary, a predicament, a pickle and, most of all, an enigma, a paradox and a bit of a mystery (at least for now). Typically trailing trendy tantalising tantra. Intrigued? Be sure to check in, same time, same place, next month. Bye for now, y’all.
Truth, peace, love, and guitar music be with you always. Until next time…
CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Quote of the Month’: “A picture can tell a thousand lies”
HOLA Y BUENOS DIAS SEÑORES Y SEÑORAS. Bonjour et bonne journée mesdames et messieurs. Hallo und guten tag, meine damen und herren, hello and good day ladies and gentlemen. Once again, we enter the twilight zone of CRAVE (Cool & Rare American Vintage Electric) Guitars and explore another subject of the author’s weird whim and fancy. Well, most of us are still alive as of July 2024, so that’s something for which we can all be grateful. Life really is too short and should be treasured, not devastated, especially by senseless conflict. This isn’t just old‑hat hippie rhetoric. This stuff matters… to everyone. While I know I say something along these lines every month, it is worth reiterating until those responsible take notice.
This month, the subject is relevant to the year we are in (2024) and how one particular American solid body electric guitar changed the way we play the instrument and make music across the globe over the last seven decades. Yes, my hearties, it is time to take an alternative peak at the Fender Stratocaster®, or the ‘Strat®’ as many like to call it, as it celebrates its Platinum 70th Anniversary. That’s an awful lot of candles on the guitar‑shaped birthday cake, I think you’ll agree. Time to indulge oneself, I reckon.
1979 Fender Stratocaster Silver Anniversary Logo
There are SO many takes on the subject that, especially this year, I felt I would try to take an altogether different perspective from everyone else. It would be very easy to lapse into following what other authors have written and indulge all the back‑slapping hyperbole surrounding one of the few genuinely legendary icons of the 20th Century guitar industry. So… we aren’t going to ‘grandstand’ or go through the trite, meticulous examination of the object in question. Instead, I thought I’d aim straight for light‑hearted entertainment value, rather than geeky, nerdy, dry, forensically‑focused examination of the Fender Stratocaster in minutiae. Even though I’ve always fancied being a learned professor, this is not an academic history lesson. For those wanting the geeky, nerdy lowdown, I apologise, you’ll have to look elsewhere – and, let’s face it, there is no shortage of resources, as you might expect. Just search the hinterwebby thingummy and you’ll find everything you could ever want and/or need to know. For those seeking the truth, though, good luck. That takes a bit more effort.
I can’t completely ignore some of the basic facts and figures that someone knowledgeable about vintage guitars will already know, so apologies for (re‑)stating the blooming obvious to those who know far more about Stratocasters than I ever will. For everyone else, it is an oblique look at the cultural phenomenon that is the Stratocaster within the perspective of the times.
We are back to normal authorship activity again this month; no AI was used in the research and writing of this article. Thankfully.
The cultural context of 1954
Before we get too far, I thought we’d start off with a brief recap at what the world was like in 1954, revealed through a few key trends and events that occurred during that year. This will give a bit of crucial cultural context for when we delve a bit deeper in due course. Just for clarity, I wasn’t born before or during 1954, I emerged into existence a few years later, so I didn’t live through these momentous occasions myself.
In 1954, the 34th President of the U.S.A. was Dwight D. Eisenhower (a.k.a. ‘Ike’, 1953‑1961). The UK Prime Minister in 1954 was Sir Winston Churchill, who served his second term as PM (1951‑1955). Queen Elizabeth II was the British Monarch, newly crowned in June 1953. Other notable political leaders included Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet Union (1953‑1964) and Mao Zedong, who served as the Chairman of the Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China (1949‑1976) with Chiang Kai‑shek alongside of him, governing the Republic of China, a.k.a. Taiwan (1950‑1975).
Moving from politics to sport. The 1954 NFL Championship Game (now known as the Super Bowl) took place between the Cleveland Browns and the Detroit Lions. The Browns won 56‑10. Meanwhile, in baseball, the San Francisco Giants swept the Cleveland Indians 4‑0 in the 1954 World Series. The NBA Championship series resulted in the Minneapolis Lakers beating the Syracuse Nationals 4‑3. To complete the set, the Detroit Red Wings triumphed over the Montreal Canadiens, winning the NHL Stanley Cup series, also 4‑3. In motor racing, Racing driver, Bill Vukovich won the Indy 500, while José Froilán González and Maurice Trintignant won the 1954 Le Mans 24‑hour race, and Juan Manuel Fangio won the 1954 Formula 1 World Championship. In the UK, West Bromwich Albion beat Preston North End to win the 1954 FA Cup final 3‑2. In tennis, Jaroslav Drobný and Maureen Connolly won the men’s and women’s singles titles respectively at Wimbledon. Inn golf, Sam Snead won the US Masters and Peter Thomson won the British Open Championship.
Space exploration was in its infancy and NASA didn’t exist until 1958, so it was the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) that led the early US space programme.
Men’s fashion in 1954 included corduroy sports jackets, Dacron gabardine suits, wool houndstooth suits, slub weave shirts, faded denim colour sweat shirts, wrinkle shed cotton shirts and plastic raincoats. Women’s fashion in 1954 included blazer jackets, box jacket suits, tweed dresses, plaid pleated skirts, taffeta dresses, swing flared corduroy skirts, white flecked wool skirts, woven plaid dresses and woven stripe coats. Ladies’ accessories were popular, including hats, gloves, bags and scarves. More generally, women’s fashion in 1954 was characterised by prominent, pointed busts, with nipped in waists to accentuate the female hourglass silhouette. In the post‑war boom, timeless elegance, glamour and femininity were the order of the day. At the same time, general day‑to‑day fashion adopted a more casual style, with easy‑to‑wash‑and‑dry nylon materials, emphasising the practicality and functionality that began to influence fashion trends for the rest of the 1950s. Fashion icons included Audrey Hepburn, Marilyn Monroe and Grace Kelly. Fashion designers like Chanel, Christian Dior and Hubert de Givenchy were prominent figures.
Well‑known cinema releases in 1954 included, ‘Godzilla’ (Japanese), ‘20,000 Leagues Under the Sea’, ‘Creature from the Black Lagoon’, ‘On the Waterfront’, ‘Rear Window’, ‘White Christmas’, ‘Seven Samurai’, ‘Dial M for Murder’, ‘A Star Is Born’, ‘Seven Brides for Seven Brothers’, ‘The Caine Mutiny’ and ‘Them!’.
Famous actors of the time (not already mentioned) included Marlon Brando, Elizabeth Taylor, James Stewart, William Holden, Humphrey Bogart, Ray Milland, Karl Malden, Joan Crawford, Judy Garland, James Mason, Gary Cooper, Burt Lancaster and Howard Keel.
Famous novels published in 1954 included, ‘Lord of the Flies’ by William Golding, ‘The Lord of the Rings’ trilogy by J.R.R. Tolkien, ‘I Am Legend’ by Richard Matheson, ‘Horton Hears a Who!’ by Dr. Seuss and ‘Live and Let Die’ (James Bond) by Ian Fleming.
Popular American automobiles in 1954 included, the Chevrolet Bel Air and Beauville Station Wagon, Oldsmobile Ninety‑Eight Holiday Coupe, Ford Crestline Skyliner and Country Squire, Packard Panther Daytona Roadster, Mercury Monterey, Plymouth Belvedere, Chevrolet 3100 truck, Buick Roadmaster and Skylark, Cadillac Series 75 Fleetwood Imperial, Studebaker Starlight Coupe, Ford F‑100 Panel Truck, Hudson Hornet, Ford Thunderbird, Chevrolet Corvette C1 and Chevy Corvair Fastback. Nice!
Outside the US, 1954 saw family cars like the Hillman Minx, Morris Minor, Ford Anglia, Ford Popular, Rover P4, Austin A40, Riley RME, Wolseley 6/90, Citroën 2CV, Triumph TR2, MG TF, Vauxhall Wyvern and the Volkswagen Beetle. More upmarket, there was the Jaguar XK140, Porsche 356, Austin‑Healey 100, Alfa‑Romeo Giulietta, Ferrari 375 MM Coupé Scaglietti and Mercedes Benz 300 SL, all taking to the roads and making the headlines. Also nice!
Favourite girls’ (and, yes, I am being binary here) toys of the time included the Betsy McCall Doll, Super Market Check‑Out and Little Girls Perfume Kit. Boys’ top toys included, Dick Tracy Siren Squad Car, Buck Rogers Sonic Ray Light Gun, Matchbox cars (Corgi models didn’t appear until 1956), Airfix kits and Take Apart Cars Garage. LEGO, Meccano and train sets from the likes of Hornby and Tri‑ang were enduringly popular. The board game Scrabble had been introduced in 1952 and was a hit at the time, as was the perennial Monopoly. Some familiar names there.
In music, American rock & roll pioneer Bill Haley & His Comets recorded the milestone ‘Rock Around the Clock’ at Pythian Temple studios in New York City. It was originally released as a single in 1954 but didn’t chart until it was re‑released in 1955 when the track was used as the title music for the film, ‘Blackboard Jungle’ (1955).
Also in music, in 1954, a 19‑year old American singer, Elvis Presley left his job as a truck driver for Crown Electric and signed his first recording contract with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records in Memphis, Tennessee. Sun Records recorded and released Presley’s debut single, ‘That’s All Right’ the same year.
Other popular music artists in 1954 included The Chordettes, Doris Day, Tony Bennett, Frank Sinatra, Rosemary Clooney, Perry Como, Ray Charles, Nat King Cole and Bing Crosby.
Notable musicians that were born in 1954 include, Neal Schon, Nancy Wilson, Pat Travers, Al Di Meola, Steve Morse, Pat Metheny, Eric Johnson, Elvis Costello, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Viv Albertine and Uli Jon Roth. Other entertainers born in 1954 included, Jerry Seinfeld, John Travolta, Ray Liotta, Michael Moore, Ron Howard, Matt Groening and Oprah Winfrey.
… and the one list that no‑one wants to appear in… Deaths in 1954 included; Alan Turing, Frida Kahlo, Henri Matisse, George ‘Machine Gun’ Kelly, Sydney Greenstreet and Lionel Barrymore.
Other notable events of 1954 included:
The US Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional
The end of McCarthyism (the Second Red Scare), the systematic campaign of political repression of alleged Communists in the US, led by Senator Joseph McCarthy
The UK finally ended food rationing, which had been introduced during WWII
The first nuclear‑powered submarine, the USS Nautilus was launched
American company RCA released the first colour television set
The first successful kidney transplant was performed in Boston, Massachusetts
American actress, Marilyn Monroe married baseball player Joe DiMaggio
The main US immigration port of entry, Ellis Island in New York Harbour was closed
Swanson introduced TV Dinners
A hydrogen bomb test was conducted by the US on Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean
British athlete Roger Bannister became the first person to break the four‑minute mile
The first practical solar cell was demonstrated by American company Bell Telephone Laboratories
IBM established the 650, its first mass‑produced computer and FORTRAN became the most widely used computer programming language
The Vietnam war (1954‑1975) started
The Breathalyzer was invented for measuring breath alcohol content
The first Church of Scientology was established in Los Angeles, California
Texas Instruments announced the development of the first transistor radio
The first issue of Sports Illustrated magazine was published in the US
The first branch of the Burger King restaurant chain opened in Miami, Florida
1954 was quite a year, then. I think we can all agree it was a very different world to today’s chaotic zeitgeist. Right, by now, you should have a pretty good idea of what the wider world was like when the Fender Stratocaster was first born, as a baby brother to the resolutely workhorse Fender Telecaster, which had been released in 1950.
The Fender Stratocaster – An introduction to a guitar that really needs no introduction
I doubt if there are many people who are interested in modern music that haven’t at some point in their lives, set their eyes on a Fender Stratocaster. People may well be familiar with the design, even if they don’t know the name or the model’s long and lauded history. It is an instrument that has become synonymous with modern guitar music across many, many musical genres over many generations.
Let’s start with the basics that most people are likely to know. The Fender Stratocaster was launched on an unsuspecting world in 1954, supplementing two other Fender instruments that have become legendary icons, the Fender Telecaster and the Fender Precision Bass.
With due deference to the online encyclopaedia that is Wikipedia, I thought I would paraphrase its definition of what the Fender Stratocaster is, rather than labour my lame brain to come up with pretty much the same thing. Consider me lazy at this point.
“The archetypal Stratocaster is a solid‑body electric guitar with a contoured asymmetric double‑cutaway body with an extended upper horn; the body is usually made from alder or ash. The neck is usually made from maple and attached to the body with screws (often referred to as ‘bolts’) and has a distinctive headstock with six tuning pegs mounted inline along a single side; the fingerboard may be maple or another wood, e.g. rosewood, and has at least twenty‑one frets. The Stratocaster’s body is front‑routed for electronics, which are mounted in a plastic pickguard. Most Stratocasters have three single‑coil pickups, a pickup selector switch, one volume control and two tone controls. Bridges generally come in two designs: the more common pivoting ‘tremolo’ bridges, and the less common ‘hardtail’ fixed bridge. Both types of bridge have six individually adjustable saddles whose height and intonation can be set independently. The innovative tremolo system is balanced by springs mounted in a rear cavity. The output jack is mounted in a recess in the front of the guitar body. Many different colours have been available. The Stratocaster’s scale length is 25.5 inches (648 mm).”
So there you go. When broken down like that, it doesn’t sound very exciting does it? Now we know what a Stratocaster actually is, you can now stop reading and go and do something altogether more exciting. Well done for making it this far. For all the avid aficionados out there, there is a lot more to enjoy… I promise. Read on my merry musical masochists.
Fender Stratocaster Infographic
“I’ve been playing a Fender since 1963, and before that it was my dream guitar. I can’t endorse it more than that” – Rory Gallagher (1948‑1995)
A few bits and pieces about Fender the man and his company
Clarence Leonidas ‘Leo’ Fender was born on 10 August 1909 in Anaheim, California to Clarence Monte Fender and Harriet Elvira Wood, owners of an orange grove business. Leo married his first wife Esther Klosky in 1934. After her death in 1979, Leo re‑married in 1980 to his second wife, Phyllis. Phyllis passed away in 2020.
Leo founded Fender Manufacturing in 1946, renaming it Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Co. in 1947. The historic Fender factory site (1953‑1985) owned by Leo Fender where the first Stratocasters were manufactured is at 500 South Raymond Ave. and Valencia Dr., Fullerton, Orange County, California 92381. The site is now home to Jimmi’s Nascar Bar & Grill sports bar.
It has been widely promulgated that, while he played piano and saxophone when he was young, Leo Fender couldn’t play guitar and relied on those around him, co‑workers, dealers, customers and artists, to advise him on guitar‑related matters. Leo Fender was widely regarded as an inventor, electrical and mechanical engineer and business entrepreneur, rather than a musician.
You may think that the iconic Fender logo design has been static since c.1950. However, like many long‑standing corporate brand logos, it has been redesigned many times while retaining the distinctive typeface. I don’t think anyone knows who actually designed the original logo, although some suggest it was based on Leo Fender’s signature. The design evolution goes through roughly four time periods:
The original ‘spaghetti’ logo (1950s – not an official name)
The ‘transition’ logo (1960‑1967 – designed by Robert Perine)
‘CBS’ logo (1968‑1980)
The ‘modern’ version still in use today
Nowadays, Fender uses many different (but familiar) logo styles. There is a typeface very similar to that used by Fender called, appropriately, ‘Strato’, designed by Bastien Sozoo. I resisted the temptation to publish the whole article in the font! So here is an example…
‘Strato’ Font ( by Bastien Sozoo)
Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) acquired Fender from its founder in January 1965 for $13m, which was more than the $11.2m that CBS paid for an 80% stake in the New York Yankees Major League Baseball team in November 1964.
Leo Fender didn’t give up participating in the music industry after selling his company to CBS. After a period of ten years during which he was prevented from competition, he was instrumental (sic!) in the creation of Music Man (now owned by Ernie Ball) from 1974 and G&L (standing for George [Fullerton] and Leo) from 1979.
Leo Fender died from complications of Parkinson’s disease in Fullerton, California on 21 March 1991, at the age of 81. He was buried at Fairhaven Memorial Park in Santa Ana, Orange County, California next to his first wife, Esther.
In 2004, Fender moved its production facility from Fullerton to Corona, also in California. The current Fender Musical Instruments Corporation (FMIC) HQ is based in Los Angeles, California, at 1575 N Gower St #170. The Fender company’s legal status is listed as a private company. Hawaii’s largest private company and motor vehicle dealer, Servco Pacific Co., became the new majority owner of FMIC in January 2020. Outside the USA, Fender’s main European location is in East Grinstead, West Sussex, England, UK.
The 21st Century Fender is a modern multinational company with production facilities in various countries, including the United States (Corona, California), Japan (from the early 1980s), Mexico (from 1990), Korea, China and Indonesia. Stratocaster models range from the (relatively) inexpensive Fender‑owned Squier® brand through the mainstream Mexican and American production lines up to the high end ‘Made in USA’ Custom Shop models. Even more upmarket are the spectacular and unique Masterbuilt and NAMM Show one‑offs.
Fender also owns a number of subsidiary brands including, Squier, Bigsby, Charvel, EVH Gear, Gretsch, Jackson, PreSonus and Sunn. Since 2002, Fender has had the rights to market, produce and distribute Gretsch products. Fender also owned the Ovation and Guild brands until both were sold off in 2014.
Myths, legends, facts and fallacies
I strongly suspect that there are probably more myths and fallacies than there are legends and facts herein. I DO NOT claim any of the following to be true. In fact, I am certain that there are more than few apocryphal tales to be told. Remember, this is just for entertainment and not a doctorate thesis. Much of what follows is probably common knowledge to diehard Stratocaster fans but they aren’t really the prime audience for this article.
While I prefer to deal in well‑researched and corroborated evidence, there is very little verifiable truth to many aspects of the Stratocaster’s history. There are many peddlers of ‘truth’ out there who seem to accept anything at face value and proceed to regurgitate falsities as reality. When it comes down to it, there is actually very little genuine documentation and a lot relies on the anecdotes and knowledge of people, many of whom are sadly no longer with us. Much of the rest is fabrication and artifice.
“The Les Paul was more challenging because of the weight of it, but the tone was there that the Fender will never have and vice versa. So you have to make a decision as to what you’re going to have as your main instrument. After seeing Hendrix, I thought, ‘I’ll stick with the ‘Strat” – Jeff Beck (1944‑1923)
The Fender Stratocaster at age 0
The original design of the Fender Stratocaster was a collaborative effort by Leo Fender, Bill Carson, George Fullerton and Freddie Tavares. Work started on prototypes as early as 1951.
It is highly unusual in the business of industrial design that a first attempt represents the pinnacle of achievement and even more unusual in that the initial design endures for 70 years almost completely unchanged. The Stratocaster is one of those perennial designs (as was the Telecaster), creating an archetype. Strangely, though, in guitar manufacturing many designs have stayed true to their origins. After all, we aren’t driving around in cars that look and work like they did in 1954 and we aren’t using telephones or TVs that haven’t changed at all in their aesthetics or functionality over the last seven decades. Fender and Gibson among others got things right at the first time of trying back in the 1950s. Weird or what?
The Stratocaster was given its name not by Leo Fender but by Fender’s sales and marketing manager, Don Randall, who also came up with the Esquire, Telecaster and Champ names. The Stratocaster name was a nod to aircraft technology (Randall was also a pilot), evoking a futuristic image to go with its forward‑looking design. Unlike the Telecaster, the Stratocaster retained its name from the outset. The single pickup Telecaster was originally called the Esquire until the two pickup model became the Broadcaster, followed by a short period without a name (the so‑called ‘Nocaster’ following a trademark objection from Gretsch) before it gained its proper nomenclature that we are familiar with today.
In 1948, Paul Bigsby (1899‑1968), famous for Bigsby vibrato systems, built a guitar for country & western star Merle Travis. The headstock bore more than a passing resemblance to what would become the original headstock shape of the Fender Stratocaster. Bigsby’s design pre‑dated Fender’s by several years. Was Fender influenced by Bigsby’s guitar or did Leo Fender blatantly copy it? The jury remains out on that one.
The Stratocaster was the first production electric guitar to have three pickups. It was also the first to have a spring‑loaded floating vibrato system. Not only that, it also had the belly and forearm contours that made the guitar so slinky, comfortable, light and futuristic looking. Leo Fender always intended his guitars to be highly functional. Like the Telecaster and other Fender instruments, the Stratocaster was based around a modular design, so that parts could be replaced or upgraded easily. One example of this is Fender’s bolt‑on neck, unlike up‑market competitor Gibson’s traditional glued‑in set‑neck design.
Leo Fender designed the Stratocaster’s innovative synchronized tremolo (NB. The word tremolo is a misnomer in this context. It is technically a vibrato) system. Compared to the popular Bigsby version, Fender opted for a simple design that offered players a greater range of pitch variation as well as more reliable tuning stability. It was revolutionary because of the way that the bridge saddles move together with the bridge unit as single unit.
The Stratocaster was (apparently) intended to replace the ‘plain Jane’ Telecaster and was designed as a response to the upmarket Gibson Les Paul. However, after customer feedback, Leo retained the Telecaster and the Stratocaster was positioned to complement to the Tele as an evolution of design. The Stratocaster wasn’t a resounding success initially, with only 720 sold in 1954/1955. Initially, the revolutionary Precision Bass launched in October 1951 proved more popular than the Stratocaster or Telecaster. The Stratocaster model in one form or another has been in continuous production since 1954 – quite an accomplishment.
Images from the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) are generally considered to be in the public domain and typically not subject to copyright restrictions, so I believe that I have the rights to publish the following 1954 patent, courtesy of the USPTO. The patent was filed on 30 August 1954 and granted on 10 April 1956 to C.L. Fender for the ‘tremolo device for stringed instruments’, i.e. the Stratocaster’s vibrato system.
The Stratocaster was officially released on Thursday, 1 April 1954 (accompanied by a pre‑production run of c.100 guitars with serial numbers 0100‑0199). The first production Stratocaster with serial number #0100 is now owned by George Gruhn, famous for Gruhn Guitars in Nashville, Tennessee. Originally, the first one was sold to an ordinary customer, not to anyone famous. Note: David Gilmour’s Stratocaster bearing serial number #0001 may have the lowest serial number but it wasn’t the first to be manufactured.
According to Leo Fender’s long‑time business partner, George Fullerton, the earliest production Stratocasters never reached market due to a major issue with the vibrato system, which hastily had to be junked and redesigned. If true, the re‑tooling of the vibrato might help to explain the delay between the launch in the spring of 1954 and the full production run reaching stores and customers later that year.
As far as anyone can tell, the first commercial sale of a Fender Stratocaster took place on Wednesday, 13 October 1954, from the first full production run. The starting price in 1954 was $249.50 (vibrato) or $229.50 (hardtail), compared to a Telecaster at $139.65 or a Gibson Les Paul Goldtop at $225, it was an expensive instrument. A case added another $39 to the price. To give that some context, the average American monthly income back in the day was less than $300. For comparison, $249.50 in 1954 is approximately the same value as $2,896.91 today.
Now for the good news (?). We know that 268 Fender Stratocasters were made in 1954 and 452 were made in 1955. The bad news is that that, I’m afraid, is about as much as we know for sure.
Early demo production Stratocasters made during the spring and summer of 1954 had serial numbers on the tremolo (vibrato!) cover. The finish on the first Stratocaster bodies was two‑colour sunburst (brown to yellow) with maple necks and fingerboard.
“I met Leo Fender, who is the guru of all amplifiers, and he gave me a Stratocaster. He became a second father to me” – Dick Dale (1937‑2019)
The Fender Stratocaster through the years
There have been innumerable Stratocaster models over the decades and many of these overlap specific years. However, in order to make some simple sense of the development of the Stratocaster, there have been some six generalised periods associated with the Fender Stratocaster’s past. Please remember that these are how I think about ‘Strat eras’ and the simplification is NOT definitive:
1954‑1959 – The first pre‑CBS generation. Maple neck and fretted fingerboard, sunburst finish, eight‑screw single‑ply pickguard and the ‘spaghetti’ logo
1959‑1965 – The second pre‑CBS generation. Maple neck with initially with ‘slab’ rosewood fingerboard, solid colours or sunburst finish, eleven‑screw 3‑ply pickguard, changed dot marker material, patent numbers on headstock decal and logo style changed
1965‑1981 – The first CBS generation. Standard rosewood fingerboard on a maple neck with optional maple fingerboard, larger headstock, three‑screw neck plate from 1971, new logo, serialisation system from 1976 and five‑way pickup selector switch from 1977
1980‑1984 – A transitional restructuring period for Fender under CBS control, also often known as the ‘Dan Smith era’. The STRAT, Elite and (Japanese) JV Stratocasters added to the basic model
1986‑2016 – Post‑CBS Fender. The American Standard Stratocaster, maple or rosewood 22‑fret fingerboard on a maple neck, smaller headstock reinstated, four‑screw neck plate. Mexican production started. The Fender Custom Shop was formed in 1987
2017‑today – The American Professional, Performer, Player and Vintera series among others. The replacement for the long‑standing American Standard
Early Stratocaster bodies were primarily made of ash for the first 2‑3 years until Fender migrated to alder mid‑1956, mainly for practical reasons. Ash was still used for the its grain pattern in translucent finishes.
There have been approximately 25,580 days (a.k.a. 613,920 hours or 36,835,200 minutes, if you prefer) in 70 years from 1954 to today. It is broadly estimated that somewhere in the region 180‑200 million Stratocasters have been manufactured in all markets over the last 70 years. That equates to a whopping 7,037‑7,819 per day on average, so it may be an over‑estimate. Accurate production figures either don’t exist or are informed guesswork. Some estimates go by serial numbers but these are wildly unreliable and don’t give an accurate indication of actual production capacity. Nobody actually knows the real figures with any sort of certainty. Even Fender FMIC doesn’t know. Does anyone out there have any realistic idea, give or take a few thousand? I doubt it and, anyway, it would be hard to prove with any degree of certainty.
One might wonder what comes next for the septuagenarian Fender Stratocaster. Given that the fundamental design hasn’t changed since its launch. It would be unwise for Fender to mess with the basic concept too much. Fender has meddled with minor specification variations many times over the years but nothing substantial that has stuck the test of time. Now, Fender relies heavily on the ‘vintage’ features and various degrees of ‘relic’ finishes to evoke the past and appeal to customers. However, nothing beats a genuine vintage ‘real thing’ (but you’d expect me to say that!).
Of them all, many pundits reckon that the 1962 Fender Stratocaster (three‑colour sunburst with rosewood fingerboard and vibrato) is the absolute zenith of the model. As a result, the so‑called ‘Pre‑CBS’ Stratocasters are the most sought after by collectors (and therefore attract the highest prices on the vintage market). Those same pundits (wrongly, in my opinion) disparage any guitars made by Fender after it was sold to CBS in 1965 with 1970s being criticised as a nadir (also wrong as a generalisation in my view).
The Stratocaster was the first Fender to have a sunburst finish, initially two colours (dark Salem brown to canary yellow) and, later three colours (dark brown, through red to yellow) in 1958. The Stratocaster’s sunburst finish helped to disguise the joins in timber of the bodies made of two or more pieces glued together. Solid colours hid any joins completely.
The Stratocaster was also the first Fender to be offered in custom colours in 1957 (for a 5% upcharge). Custom colours were sourced from DuPont’s line of automotive colours for General Motors. DuPont Duco nitrocellulose custom colours included, Black, Shell Pink, Daphne Blue, Sonic Blue, Fiesta Red, Dakota Red, Sherwood Green Metallic, Foam Green and Surf Green. There were also five DuPont Lucite acrylic custom colours including, Olympic White, Lake Placid Blue Metallic, Shoreline Gold Metallic, Burgundy Mist Metallic and Inca Silver Metallic. Originally, despite assumptions to the contrary, there was no (Sea) Foam Green or Candy Apple Red to begin with.
Probably Fender’s most famous advertising campaign ran 1964‑1967 all bearing the slogan, ‘You won’t part with yours either’. The marketing featured people carrying their Fenders while undertaking ‘risky’ or unusual activities including parachuting, skateboarding, water skiing, flying, climbing telegraph poles, lying on railroad tracks, catching a bus, boarding a boat, driving, at the barber/hairdresser, at the prom, swimming, riding a motorcycle, at the dentist, at a football game, in class, etc. NB. Do not do this at home, folks! That memorable ad campaign was the work of Robert Perine, the very same man that designed Fender’s ‘transition’ logo.
Fender also ran a successful series of ‘fantasy and fairy tale’ adverts which ran 1975‑1976, known for their cleverly conceived themes, elaborate, surreal, colourful and downright trippy imagery featuring familiar fairy tale characters using Fender gear. Sadly, copyright prevents me publishing examples.
In 1976, Fender stopped stamping serial numbers on the neck plate and started using decal serial numbers added to the front of the headstock. The change prompted a new serial number system starting with a letter for the decade, followed by a digit for the year, e.g. ‘S8’ for 1978, ‘E3’ for 1983, etc. The rest of the serial number was unique.
Fender stopped shipping the cosmetic chrome bridge cover (often discarded by players, as it is entirely non‑functional) with standard Stratocaster models from the late 1970s onwards, although several ‘historically accurate’ reissues have them.
The 1979 Fender Stratocaster Silver Anniversary was the first model produced by Fender to commemorate a specific period since the Stratocaster’s launch in 1954. The 25th Anniversary’ model was produced in limited (if you can call 10,000 limited) numbers, complete with a commemorative certificate of authenticity and a ‘25’ stamped neck plate with dedicated serial number. Very early Anniversary models were made in Pearl White but finish problems saw it recalled and re‑released in Porsche Silver, perhaps more appropriate for commemorating its Silver Anniversary, although one might wonder why Fender didn’t use their own Inca Silver. It seems strange today, in the days of commemorative models appearing regularly, that no‑one had thought of issuing an anniversary model before this one.
Fender trademarked the name ‘Stratocaster’ in the US on 14 November 1972. While the abbreviation of Stratocaster, Strat, had been in common usage for years, Fender released a specific model formally called the STRAT in 1980 with a number of features that differed from the mainstream Stratocaster. Fender finally got around to trademarking the word ‘Strat’ in the US on 23 January 1996.
Fender didn’t introduce 5‑way pickup selector switches on production Stratocasters until 1977. It is strange to think that, for 23 years, the standard 3‑way selector switch was the only one available. After‑market 5‑way switches were popular to achieve the distinctive ‘in between’ tones for which the Stratocaster is so well known. Even then, the 5 positions don’t give the full range of pickup selection options, leading to many other variations and modifications over the years, including 3 on/off buttons, one for each pickup, used on the Stratocaster Elite in the 1980s that gave the most intuitive, although intensely disliked, method of getting all available permutations.
Fender’s answer to pickup selection was to introduce the S‑1 system in 2003 to provide additional options through a push button on the volume control. This provides the ‘all three’ and ‘neck and bridge’ permutations on the Stratocaster that were previously absent, along with other phase variations. As the S‑1 system does different things on different models, it has caused confusion, rather than an intuitive solution.
In 1985, twenty years after CBS acquired Fender from its founder, CBS sold Fender to an investor group led by William Schultz, CEO of FMIC for $12.5m and changed its name to the Fender Musical Instrument Company. This management buy‑out marked a new period, often referred to as the ‘FMIC era’, right up to today.
In 1987, to coincide with the launch of the American Standard Stratocaster, Fender replaced the old 6‑point vibrato with an all‑new 2‑Point Synchronized Tremolo system, which is still used today. However, this wasn’t the only vibrato system used on factory Stratocasters; during the ‘Dan Smith era’, Fender used the unique, short‑lived (1983‑1984) top‑loading Freeflyte® vibrato system on some standard Stratocasters and the Elite. The Freeflyte vibrato, made by German company Schaller, had a pop‑in vibrato arm, had no cover plate on the rear of the body and no through‑body stringing.
Fender was the first major guitar company to set up a Custom Shop in 1987, led by CEO Bill Schultz along with master builders, John Page and Michael Stevens. The Custom Shop division was based in Fender’s main American factory in Corona, Riverside County, California. Premier luthiers were dedicated to creating the finest high‑end Fender guitars built to customers’ demanding specifications. The Fender Custom Shop was the first major brand to introduce ‘relic’ finishes on their guitars, initially appearing at the 1995 NAMM trade show in Anaheim, California, where they proudly showed off their first laudable attempts at fake aging techniques.
To paraphrase the original Star Trek TV series, “it’s wood Jim but not as you know it”. In 2015, the Fender Custom Shop made a Stratocaster constructed from cardboard for its body and neck. The project to create it was apparently called ‘Cardboard Chaos’. Apparently, it sounded good and played well, just as you’d expect for a pricey Fender Custom Shop guitar.
For many people, the iconic brand name and the genuine Fender logo are the only things to have on the headstock of their guitars. The headstock has changed shape several times and the logo has been refreshed many times but a Fender Stratocaster is still a Fender Stratocaster. For others, the location of manufacture matters. Some insist that their instruments come from California, while others prefer Mexican or Japanese models. There are plenty who are happy with the budget Squier brand on the headstock and don’t care whether their guitar is made in the US or Indonesia. Some will insist on pro‑level specification working guitars while others want the bling and status of a Custom Shop one‑off to show off, while plenty just want a solid, well‑made workhorse model that sounds great and plays well. Some like ‘em shiny, others like ‘em trashed to hell, some like ‘em new, some like ‘em reliced (NB. not a verb!), some insist on authentic vintage. Some even seek out the copies, so they get the look and feel, without the Fender price tag and smug, snobbish attitude. The ‘lawsuit era’ imitations from the 1970s and 1980s are also now becoming sought after by collectors, e.g. ‘Stratocasters’ from Ibanez, Aria, Hondo, Cortez and Maya. Some like to build ‘bitscasters’ or buy DIY assembly kits, while others commission skilled independent luthiers to give them exactly what they want. There are plenty of Strat‑a‑likes (the so‑called ‘S‑type’ guitars) on the market from the likes of Kramer, Yamaha, Sadowsky, Harley‑Benton and even the ‘Silver Sky’ made by Paul Reed Smith (PRS). All this diversity goes to show that there is plenty of room for everyone and that is part of the contemporary appeal.
1979 Fender Stratocaster Silver Anniversary
Fender experimented with building and marketing its own Strat copies including the ‘Starcaster by Fender’ produced in East Asia between c.2001 and 2014, as a low‑price student model. It was sold through budget outlets in the US and often as a ‘Starcaster Strat Pack’, which included a Squier solid state practice amplifier. NB. This model has absolutely nothing to do with the genuine 1970s Starcaster semi‑hollow body (or its reissues).
Fender also made other models based to a greater or lesser extent on the fabled Stratocaster, including the Fender Lead and Fender Bullet ranges. There is more on these particular Strat‑like instruments later in the article.
The sky‑high vintage market prices of pre‑CBS Stratocasters means that many historically significant examples are confined to museums or elite collections, ruling out ownership by genuine enthusiasts (like me). The downside is that the number of scarily accurate fake instruments, especially from China, are entering the market. Where’s there is money to be made, there will be unscrupulous criminals trying to screw honest people to make a buck.
Sadly for Fender, the Covid‑related boom ended and the post‑Covid market has stalled amid global volatile economic operating environments. The result is market saturation and stock piles. The Covid‑related collapse of live entertainment didn’t help either. The commercial viability issues have led to closures, cut backs and staff reductions. The global downturn has hit many manufacturers in many industries, including Fender. Fender’s response is to double down on providing ‘build‑your‑own’ and ‘mash‑up’ guitars in an attempt to attract new customers and to compete by using agile and efficient production methods. We wait to see how successful Fender is at weathering the storm.
There will undoubtedly be many more significant anniversaries for Fender and the Stratocaster. Sadly, I don’t think I’ll still be around to celebrate the Stratocaster’s centenary in 2054.
Some notable artists associated with the Stratocaster
Buddy Holly (1936‑1959) was one of the first pop stars to use a Fender Stratocaster. He acquired a 1954 sunburst Stratocaster in 1955. He is pictured with one on the front cover of his first album, ‘The ‘Chirping’ Crickets’ in 1957. He also played a Stratocaster when he appeared on TV on The Ed Sullivan Show on 1 December 1957. Both exposures helped to promote both the company brand and the model.
After seeing Buddy Holly with a Stratocaster, Hank Marvin (1941‑) of The Shadows was the first guitarist to receive a Stratocaster in the UK, imported directly from Fender (there was no UK distributor at the time) in 1959. Availability of American guitars in the UK was highly restricted by a post‑World War II import trade ban on US goods entering Britain. Hank’s Stratocaster was in a Fiesta Red finish with gold‑plated hardware and birds‑eye figuring on the neck. In fact, Hank’s guitar was one of the last maple fingerboard Stratocasters before Fender changed to Rosewood.
“It came in a tweed Fender case with the red plush lining and this magnificent‑looking thing was just lying inside. It was like something from space, really, it was so futuristic in its design” – Hank Marvin (1941‑)
When Bob Dylan (1941‑) appeared at the Newport Folk Festival on 25 July 1965, he was booed by the diehard traditional folk audience for the ultimate sin of using an electric, rather than acoustic, guitar… and playing with a backing band. The guitar that Dylan used at Newport was his 1964 three‑colour Sunburst Stratocaster.
The guitar that Jimi Hendrix (1942‑1970) famously burnt and smashed on stage at the Monterey Pop Festival on 18 June 1967 was allegedly a cheap substitute guitar and not his Stratocaster. The switch was made without anybody realising it at the time. Jimi Hendrix also played a white 1968 Stratocaster at Woodstock when he appeared on the morning of August 18, 1969 and, famously, used it for the sonic mayhem of his rendition of ‘The Star Spangled Banner’, a defining moment for the festival, Hendrix, rock music and the Stratocaster.
Eric Clapton’s (1945‑) famous ‘Blackie’ Stratocaster was a hybrid of three guitars he bought in 1970, a 1956 body and 1957 neck with pickups from a third. Clapton auctioned ‘Blackie’ for almost £1m in 2004 in aid of his Crossroads Foundation. The Fender Custom Shop has made a faithful replica of the famous axe.
Rory Gallagher bought his 1961 sunburst Stratocaster second hand for £100 on credit from Crowley’s Music Store in Cork, Ireland in 1963. The Strat, along with a borrowed Telecaster, was stolen in 1966 after an appearance in Dublin. Following a TV programme called Garda Patrol on RTÉ, the guitars were returned to Rory a few days later, a bit worse for wear after being recovered from a ditch. The combination of play wear, exposure, numerous modifications and Rory’s well‑documented caustic sweat probably being the main culprits for the major degradation in his guitar’s finish over years of use. Apparently, early 1960s Fender finishes were more prone to wear than ones from the late 1950s.
Some other Stratocaster stories
Fiesta Red was actually based on the 1956 Ford Thunderbird car colour. As a Fender custom colour, Fiesta Red is, well, red (duh!), not pink. Over the years, Fiesta Red has become synonymous with the Fender Stratocaster. It has, however, been the subject of much debate, possibly more than any other Fender colour. Over time, Fiesta Red has been known to have had a number of shades varying from bright red to dark pink. It is, though, definitely more orange than the darker Dakota Red. There has been some confusion caused by the variations in shade of Fiesta Red, made worse over the years as the colour faded, lacquers yellowed and older guitars were refinished. Hank Marvin’s Fiesta Red Stratocaster was erroneously described by him as ‘flamingo pink’, which was not an official Fender colour. Other similar colours such as Salmon Pink and Coral Pink also added to the confusion.
1956 Ford Thunderbird Fiesta Red
Only an Englishman would actually go as far as to marry a Fender Stratocaster. Seriously! A British man called Chris ‘Fenderman’ Black did just that, in 1995. His ‘bride’ was a c.1960 model, apparently called ‘Brenda the Fenda’. He followed through with wedlock after his actual wife joked that he spent so much time with his Stratocaster that he should marry it. Black allegedly said, “We’ve had such a long engagement that I decided it was time we did the decent thing”. He also might have said, “it doesn’t answer back!” Fair point. A friend performed the ceremony after a local vicar refused to do it. Mr Black reportedly said that he wants to be buried with his wife (the Fender Strat). Mrs Black (the human female) was apparently unimpressed by her husband’s antics. I know not what happened to the three of them, post nuptials.
Many guitarists use a piece of hardwood to prevent the Stratocaster’s spring‑loaded vibrato block from moving and effectively disable the vibrato altogether. The often‑used ‘mod’ was done in an attempt to stabilise tuning, improve tone and increase sustain. Eric Clapton, Rory Gallagher and Mark Knopfler were all known to ‘block’ their Stratocasters’ vibratos. Hardtail Stratocasters with through‑body stringing were available right from the outset in 1954.So, why customers didn’t just buy a hardtail Strat in the first place, who knows?
While on the subject of Stratocaster vibrato issues… One problem is that the springs can cause an irritating ringing sound. The solution? A piece of foam rubber coaxed under the springs. Another problem encountered by some is a loose or swinging ‘trem’ arm. The solution? Don’t lose the little spring in the arm socket or get one and restore the stiffness.
It has been said over many years by many people (whether true or not – how do they actually know?), that the Stratocaster is the most copied guitar design ever. Fender got seriously fed up with its iconic design being copied, resulting in lost sales that it felt something had to be done to stop Intellectual Property Theft, as they saw it. In 2003, Fender instigated legal proceedings to trademark its designs in the US, including the Telecaster, Stratocaster and Precision Bass body shapes. The trademark action was targeted at ESP Guitars, Sadowsky Guitars, Lakland Musical Instruments, Peavey Electronics, Warmoth Guitar Products and Schecter Guitar Research amongst others.
After five long, expensive years, Fender’s Trademark Application was rejected on 31 March 2009. Unfortunately for Fender, the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board of the United States Patent and Trademark Office ruled that, “The applicant has not established acquired distinctiveness such that these two‑dimensional outlines of guitar bodies, standing alone, serve to indicate source… The evidence overwhelmingly demonstrates that these configurations are so common in the industry that they cannot identify source… In fact, in the case of the [Stratocaster] body outline, this configuration is so common that it is depicted as a generic electric guitar in a dictionary.”
Similar legal trademark applications had previously been rejected, both in the UK and the rest of Europe, so it always looked like Fender was onto a loser in the US, if only through international precedent. NB. Gibson also lost a similar action against PRS for its single cut Les Paul body shape in 2005.
The names, ‘Stratocaster’ and ‘Strat’ are, however, the sole property of FMIC, as is the exact iconic headstock design is a registered trademark in the US, Canada and Europe.
A few famous guitarists have been honoured with artist signature Stratocaster models, including Jimi Hendrix, Dick Dale, Buddy Guy, Eric Clapton David Gilmour, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Yngwie Malmsteen, Jeff Beck, Ritchie Blackmore, Billy Corgan, Dave Murray, Kenny Wayne Shepherd and Jim Root, amongst many others.
“I mainly use Stratocasters. I like a lot of different kinds of guitars, but for what I do, it seems that a Stratocaster is the most versatile. I can pretty much get any sound out of it, and I use stock pickups” – Stevie Ray Vaughan (1954‑1990)
The American Rolling Stone magazine awarded the Stratocaster ‘American Icon’ status in 2003. The magazine’s senior editor, David Fricke, said that the Stratocaster is rock & roll’s “ultimate guitar … a knockout package of the sex and futurism in the music itself.”
In 2003, the author was able, for a few short minutes, to get his hands on a black Strat owned by Stevie Ray Vaughan. The guitar was in the vault of the Hard Rock Café in London (a former bank). NB. I also ‘played’ a left‑handed Gibson Flying V owned by Jimi Hendrix. Modesty, however, prevents me from posting photos.
If you like your guitars diminutive, there are plenty of miniature models of the Stratocaster (note: other guitar makes and models are available!). Also, if you feel so inclined, you can get your hands on an official LEGO® Ideas Fender Stratocaster Guitar Set 21329 (priced at around £120‑140GBP), which includes a 1970s Stratocaster with red or black interchangeable bodies, a model ‘65 Fender Princeton Reverb valve combo amp with footswitch, guitar stand, strap and lead. The kit comprises 1,074 pieces and the completed model is 14” (36cm) tall. What’s not to like? It might even make my Christmas list if Santa thinks I’ve been a good boy (hint, hint Mr Claus).
Lego Ideas Fender Stratocaster (courtesy of Lego)
In contrast, if you like your guitars massive, the world’s largest playable Stratocaster apparently stands an impressive 13 feet (3.96m) high. Fender even allowed their name to be used on the sizeable headstock. It was listed on eBay in the US in 2012 for $79,999. A matching playable Telecaster was also constructed.
The familiar image of the Stratocaster can be found all over the world and in many different ways, over the years. There have been numerous sculptures made as an homage to the Stratocaster in a variety of materials including metal, glass, plastic, wood, clay, etc. Massive Stratocaster sculptures feature outside many Hard Rock Café Hotels as well as outside the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio. The instrument is immortalised at Jimi Hendrix’s grave and a statue in his home city of Seattle, Washington State, USA. In addition, the Stratocaster is integral to Rory Gallagher’s statue in his home town of Ballyshannon, County Donegal, Ireland. In fine art, graphic design and film, the Stratocaster is a familiar theme. There have been many impressive Stratocaster cake designs to whet your palate. The Strat has also been used on ornaments, clothing and to inspire jewellery such as pins, earrings, key rings, necklaces, rings, etc. For gamers, the Stratocaster was used as a controller for the Sony PlayStation Guitar Hero video game.
Strat Birthday Cake
Some Fender Stratocaster lists
Some list‑o‑phobes prefer narrative prose while others revel in the realm of lists and lists of lists, etc. So, for the avid list‑o‑philes out there, here are three lists of Stratocaster stuff.
Ten famous artists forever associated with their famous Fender Stratocasters (in alphabetical order):
Eric Clapton – ‘Blackie’ (1956/1957) and ‘Brownie’ (1956)
Rory Gallagher (1961)
David Gilmour – ‘Black Strat’ serial number #0001 (1969)
George Harrison – ‘Rocky’ (1962)
Mark Knopfler serial number #68354 (1961)
Yngwie Malmsteen – ‘Duck’ (1971)
Robbie Robertson – ‘The Last Waltz’ (1954)
Nile Rodgers – ‘The Hitmaker’ (1960s)
Eddie Van Halen – ‘Frankenstrat’ (1970s?)
Stevie Ray Vaughan – ‘Number One’ (1962/1963) and ‘Lenny’ (1963/1964)
Forty famous Stratocaster players (in alphabetical order):
Randy Bachman (Bachman‑Turner Overdrive)
Jeff Beck
Ritchie Blackmore (Deep Purple, Rainbow)
Joe Bonamassa
Robert Cray
Dick Dale
Tom Delonge (Green Day)
The Edge (U2)
John Frusciante (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
Rory Gallagher
Lowell George (Little Feat)
Janick Gers (Iron Maiden)
Buddy Guy
George Harrison (The Beatles)
Jimi Hendrix
Steve Hillage
Buddy Holly
Ernie Isley (The Isley Brothers)
Eric Johnson
Carol Kaye
Ed King (Lynyrd Skynyrd)
Mark Knopfler (Dire Straits)
Mike McReady (Pearl Jam)
Yngwie Malmsteen
Hank Marvin (The Shadows)
John Mayer
Dave Murray (Iron Maiden)
Ed O’Brien (Radiohead)
Bonnie Raitt
Chris Rea
Jim Root (Slipknot)
Richie Sambora (Bon Jovi)
Adrian Smith (Iron Maiden)
Ty Tabor (King’s X)
Richard Thompson (Fairport Convention)
Peter Townshend (The Who)
Robin Trower
Eddie Van Halen
Cory Wong (Vulfpeck)
Ronnie Wood (The Rolling Stones)
Finally, nine very, VERY expensive Fender Stratocasters owned or once‑owned by famous guitarists (in value order – low‑high):
George Gruhn’s Fender Stratocaster #0100. Price: c.$250,000
Stevie Ray Vaughan’s Fender Stratocaster, ‘Lenny’. Price: $623,500 in 2004
Eric Clapton’s ‘Blackie’ Fender Stratocaster. Price: $959,500 in 2004
Bob Dylan’s 1964 ‘Newport’ Fender Stratocaster. Price: $965,000 in 2013
Jimi Hendrix’s 1968 ‘Izabella’ Fender Stratocaster. Price: $1,650,000 in 2000
David Gilmour’s 1954 Fender Stratocaster #0001. Price: $1.815 million in 2019
Jimi Hendrix’s 1964 Fender Stratocaster. Price: $2.1 million in 2015
The ‘Reach Out To Asia’ Fender Stratocaster. Price: $2.7 million in 2005
David Gilmour’s 1969 ‘Black Strat’. Price: $3.975 million in 2019
Very shortly, there will be a tenth entry to add to the list. Rory Gallagher’s famous 1961 Stratocaster will be auctioned at Bonhams in London on 17 October 2024, after Dónal Gallagher, Rory’s brother and manager, made the difficult decision to sell the cherished guitar thirty years after the guitarist’s death. Rory’s iconic Strat is being auctioned along with other instruments and gear from ‘The Rory Gallagher Collection’ and is estimated to reach between £700,000 and £1 million (and may well reach more).
CRAVE Guitars’ Fender Stratocasters
I won’t reiterate all the details of CRAVE Guitars’ Fender Stratocasters here. If you want more information, follow the links to the feature pages on each specific instrument. None of CRAVE Guitars’ Stratocasters are ‘standard’ models per se – there is something non‑standard about all of them. These four instruments show some of the diversity of the CBS‑era Stratocasters and show off some of the idiosyncrasies that make the diversity fascinating to me.
1977 Fender Stratocaster – My first ‘real’ Fender guitar. I traded in my lovely 1978 Fender Mustang for this baby and it has been with me ever since. I bought it second hand over 45 years ago and still counting. It certainly evokes the 1970s with its natural polyester finish. I prefer rosewood fingerboards and hardtail bridges, so this suited me perfectly at the time. Overly fixated detractors will moan about the large headstock, the ‘bullet’ truss rod adjuster, the 3‑bolt neck plate and the underpowered pickups. Personally, I don’t give a hoot what they think and I have never experienced any problems with neck stability or tuning. It remains one of my favourite guitars.
1979 Fender Stratocaster Silver Anniversary – Fender’s first commemorative (25th) anniversary guitar, finished in lustrous Porsche silver. This comes complete with its certificate of authenticity and anniversary (4‑bolt) neck plate. Like most Anniversary models, it is too heavy for a Strat but I like it nevertheless. Ignore the rather crass ‘ANNIVERSARY’ logo on the upper horn. Remember, this is the where the whole anniversary model trend began. It is amazing to think that this guitar is already 45 years old and, here we are now at the 70th anniversary. This means that this very clean example is closer in years to the 1954 Strat than it is to the 2024 anniversary model by a clear 20 years. Crazy!
1983 Fender Stratocaster ‘Dan Smith’ – Fender was restructuring at the time under the guidance of finance director Dan Smith, charged by CBS with rejuvenating Fender’s fortunes. Keeping manufacturing costs under control while producing better quality instruments was key to success. Now, I am going to be heretical. I have never liked the original Stratocaster’s 1 volume, 2 tone control layout. This model dispenses with the second tone control leaving one master tone. The consequential empty hole in the scratchplate was used for the jack socket, meaning all the electrics were in one place – good idea. The ‘iconic’ jack socket plate of the past was discarded (at least for a while). Similarly, the Freeflyte® vibrato system dispensed with the cavity on the rear of the body, simplifying the construction process further. The resulting ‘two knobber’ Strat, as it was humorously nicknamed, is certainly an oddity in the Fender canon. Everybody seems to hate them but I love the simplicity and uniqueness. Lovely colour too.
1983 Fender Stratocaster Elite – Another CBS‑era Stratocaster and another oddity. If you are looking for a traditional approach, look elsewhere. Delving under the familiar façade is a guitar that bears hardly any relationship to the first ones off the production line in 1954. The electrics feature ‘noiseless’ pickups (with a dummy coil), active electronics, unique 3‑button pickup selection, unique knobs and that is just for starters. The bridge assembly is a Freeflyte hardtail and the jack socket is now on the edge of the body. It was a short‑lived experiment but with many influential features that would reappear over time. The weight associated with the 25th Anniversary models was also being addressed.
Over the years, I have owned modern FMIC‑era Stratocasters and they have all moved on to better homes. After becoming captivated by vintage guitars, the more modern guitars just felt mass‑produced, generic, lacking character and personality. That can’t be said of the ones listed here.
Not all Stratocasters are Stratocasters. Confused? You will be…
1982 Fender Bullet H2 – After Fender withdrew the lovely offset ‘student’ models including the Musicmaster, Duo‑Sonic, Mustang and Bronco, they were replaced with the Bullet range. When I first started collecting, I hated what they’d done but I’ve come to find them intriguing. This Bullet H2 is actually a very good instrument. OK, so the Telecaster neck on a Stratocaster body does look odd but dig behind the aesthetics and the quad single coil pickups combined into two hum‑cancelling pairs, along with the unique pickup selection proves to be quite interesting. Fender were, again, experimenting with the Stratocaster fundamentals to see what would work and what wouldn’t before using features on the Strat. The now quite rare ‘Made in USA’ Bullet H2 was an inevitable but fascinating dead end but one I’m glad they tried out. Remember that this was long before the Mexican built guitars fulfilled the role of the now‑defunct Bullet.
1981 Fender Lead I – Alongside the budget Bullet, Fender wanted to fill the gap between the budget line and the long‑established, much more expensive pro‑level models. The mid‑range ‘Made in USA’ Fender Lead came in three different types (I, II and II depending on pickup configuration). The neck is all‑Strat, while the body is definitely derived from the Stratocaster but the proportions aren’t quite ‘right’ and it can look ungainly from the wrong angle. The Van Halen‑like single humbucking bridge pickup and dual selector switches provide a different range of sound compared to a conventional Stratocaster. It is a very nicely put together instrument and plays very well. However, the Fender Lead is one model that certainly justifies the description of one of the ‘lost Fenders’ of the CBS‑era. Over in Japan at the same time, Fender was experimenting with the format in other ways, without affecting Fender’s valuable American‑made Stratocaster reputation. Ultimately, though, the Lead was another, albeit fascinating, dead end. Sorry, no floorboard photo of this one. For the curious, the neck is a stanard Stratocaster neck and fingerboard but with the ‘Lead’ decal on the headstock.
These six guitars go to show what can be done to differentiate models using a stable platform on which to try out new and different things (although that is tautology because, by definition, new is different).
The Official 2024 Fender 70th Anniversary Stratocaster®
To celebrate the last seven decades, Fender has an enviable array of 70th anniversary Stratocasters. The following images courtesy of the fine people at FMIC, show two contrasting 70th anniversary Stratocaster models, revealing the immaculate manufacturing and echoing the specification difference between 1954 and 2024 models. Expect these to be classified as ‘vintage’ around the time of the Stratocaster’s centennial in 2054. The UK retail prices for these two beauties as at July 2024 are:
Top – Limited Edition 70th Anniversary 1954 Stratocaster® Heavy Relic®. Price: £4,899GBP Bottom – 70th Anniversary American Professional® II Fender Stratocaster®. Price: £2,169GBP
At the time of writing, the cheapest 70th anniversary commemorative Stratocaster made by Fender appears to be the Mexican made, Fender 70th Anniversary Player Stratocaster PF, 2‑Colour Sunburst, priced at a mere £699GBP. Bargain.
For further information on 70th anniversary Stratocaster models, take a look at Fender’s website and any retailers stocking Fender products.
If you want a piece of commemorative Fender history that is sort of affordable, go for one of the 2024 70th anniversary models. The Stratocaster won’t have another 70th anniversary after all. Let’s face it, you probably couldn’t afford a genuine original 1954 Strat which, for info, is probably somewhere in the region of $60,000‑$200,000 in 2024. That’s an awful lot of pocket money in anyone’s book. Expect another anniversary model at 75 (in 2029).
CRAVE Guitars’ hobbyhorse moment – 1970s Fenders
Excuse me for a moment, while I have a personal, opinionated rant, outburst, tirade, bombast, invective, broadside, diatribe, polemic and a few other nouns to similar effect. Hold on to your hats, folks, here we go…
I wholeheartedly reject the cynics’ simplistic argument that states that all pre‑CBS Strats are great and everything else since, particularly from the 1970s, was rubbish. That sweeping generalisation is widely promulgated as ‘fact’ and it isn’t helpful when looking at individual instruments. I would go as far as to say that such assertions are ignorant and biased and I steadfastly refuse to jump on that bandwagon (NB. Another American idiom that comes from mid‑19th Century, when political candidates would use an actual open wagon during campaigns and parades to appeal to voters. People would literally jump onto the vehicle to show support). The ‘golden era’ of the 1950s had their own major gaffs. Just look at the very early Fender Esquires without a neck truss rod or the early Gibson Les Pauls with the wrong neck angle!
However, I recognise that I am in the minority and what I say will potentially undermine my credibility in some people’s views. Just wait until collector prices spiral beyond all reasonable sensibility then that perspective will change. The elitists will talk up the 1970s’ Strats (the next‑in‑line to increase in value now that the 1960s are largely unobtainable – even post‑1965 CBS‑era ones!). The greedy prospectors will want to attract top dollar and get the credit for being ahead of the game. All I am saying is that there are good and bad examples throughout the last seven decades and that one shouldn’t assume that something is the truth just because enough self‑opinionated people with an axe to grind say it is true. Just sayin’.
The guitar that I have owned longer than any other is my 1977 Fender Stratocaster hardtail. I think it looks lovely, plays very well and sounds great. I don’t have any issues with the polyester finish, the stability of the 3‑bolt neck joint, the ‘bullet’ truss rod adjuster, the pickups, the 3‑way pickup selector switch or the ‘F’ on the neck plate. If it was a ‘bad’ guitar, I wouldn’t have kept it for 46 years. I am still happy with it and grateful for the opportunity to own and play it whenever I feel like it. Suck on that, sycophants!
Some people bang on endlessly about the dire quality of CBS‑era Strats. Well, that didn’t deter possibly the world’s G.O.A.T. guitarist, one James Marshall Hendrix from using them. If he could do what he did armed with a CBS‑era Strat, perhaps the naysayers should moderate and reconsider their often over‑stated prejudices and criticisms. Get over it people. If ya don’t like ‘em, don’t buy ‘em and shut up with the whinging and whining already. I am sure that too many people simply accept and reiterate this apocryphal and questionable ‘fact’ without doing their own due diligence. Meanwhile, I seem isolated in my regard for 1970s’ Fenders but I stand by it. It’s called integrity.
Guitarists tend to hate change. CBS introduced a raft of new features. For instance, the ‘large headstock’ appeared in December 1965. Allegedly, Leo Fender designed the larger headstock to accommodate a larger, more visible logo before he sold the company that bears his name, so don’t blame CBS for that one. Even the stylised ‘F’ that appeared on the neck plate caused apoplexy. Why? Many associate Fender’s innovative Micro Tilt neck adjustment (sometimes referred to as Tilt Neck adjustment) and its 3‑bolt neck plate with CBS‑era Stratocasters but the feature wasn’t actually introduced until mid‑1971. There were some issues with over‑sized neck pockets, which is what actually caused the ‘neck instability’ problem. After a decade, Fender reverted to 4‑bolt neck joints (and smaller headstocks) by mid‑1981. Traditionalists also reacted negatively to other ‘new’ features including the ‘bullet’ truss rod adjuster at the headstock end of the neck, cast bridges, cast bridge saddles, and more stable and durable polyester finishes. It didn’t matter whether changes were better or worse, some stuck to quasi‑religious dogma and collective prejudice. I challenge such ill‑perceived hallowed ground. All this malarkey just goes to show that you can’t please anyone any of the time. Nuff said. Deep sigh. Count to 70…
The Fender Stratocaster: Judgement Day
After all this, you might be curious as to what I think about the venerable Fender Stratocaster. I guess it is time for me to give my personal opinion. To do this, I have to recognise its past, present and future and to acknowledge its highly respected place in music. I respect the genius of Leo Fender, although he had nothing to do with the ‘real’ Stratocaster since 1965. I also have to set aside all the diverse views of others and concentrate on my own assessment for a few paragraphs. Here, I am going to be controversial and provocative, so brace yourselves.
Let’s begin with the attraction of the exalted icon that is the Fender Stratocaster. If I didn’t have one, I would want one. No question there. There is also a reason why my longest‑owned guitar is a Stratocaster. It carries with it a strong sense of a comfortable long‑term relationship. However, a strong obsession to own one doesn’t carry an enormous amount of weight when considering what the Stratocaster actually is and does. Stratocaster ownership at its most basic for many people could be construed as a tick‑in‑the‑box exercise and, perhaps, the ‘genuine article’ represents an aspirational status symbol.
Going back to basics though, the Stratocaster is fundamentally (now) just a mass‑produced musical instrument, constructed out of the same materials using the same manufacturing processes as numerous others. There is little to differentiate one factory product from the next. Think back to Wikipedia’s description at the start of this article. Bland and straightforward. The Stratocaster may have been space age and futuristic back in the 1950s and now it is possibly the most ubiquitous of electric guitars on the planet alongside the Telecaster, Les Paul, SG and ES‑335, so we tend to take its presence in our lives for granted nowadays. It even looks a bit traditionalist, like a septuagenarian wearing a pair of pressed corduroy trousers and comfy slippers. Some of its appeal is the aesthetic as much as its functionality. As a professional musician’s tool, the Stratocaster’s excellence set a high standard early on and it continues to fulfil its pro‑level role today. Again, I’m not arguing against all that. If the Stratocaster didn’t exist, there is still plenty of choice amongst the alternatives. In the absence of the Strat, professional working musicians like Hendrix, Beck, Gilmour, Clapton, Rodgers and Gallagher would simply have been driven to use something else.
If I reluctantly have to admit that I am a low‑level guitar collector – both in number and in value – the Stratocaster compares favourably with many other electric solid body guitars. However, it is not the be‑all‑and‑end‑all of electric guitars. It just cannot be. There are things that other instruments do better than the Strat and against which the Stratocaster simply cannot compete. It plays well, sounds great, it is (generally) light and a very flexible instrument, well‑suited to many musical genres, especially when adapted to a specific guitarist’s need. Beyond that, though, I don’t regale the Stratocaster with the exaggerated plaudits that many Fender die‑hards do. It is one of innumerable instruments available on the market today and it has to earn its keep against stiff opposition. It isn’t unassailable and it doesn’t constitute an absolute monopoly. Admittedly, the world would be far worse off if there were no Stratocasters but great music would still be made. The Stratocaster just happens to have been around a very long time and has been hugely influential in the development of modern music. BUT, it is the guitarist that makes the magic, not just the instrument. It is the synergy between the two – the guitarist and their guitar – that makes some great music unique. Give any cheap Strat knock‑off to a guitar legend and they’ll make it sound great. Give a great Strat to a novice and it won’t.
If Gibson made a mid‑range electric, with a body built out of multiple cuts of wood, with a bolt‑on maple neck, it would be criticised from launch until it was withdrawn. Gibson has actually tried to do just that several times but you won’t find one in the shops today. So, the Strat’s construction really isn’t anything special today, and neither are the electronics. The basic specification just doesn’t stand out in today’s crowded marketplace. The Strat has traded on its heritage and its legacy for decades. Its future is also constrained by the very same thing. Others have taken the concept further, for instance the super‑Strats of the 1980s.
Vintage prices for all‑original pre‑CBS Strats are unashamedly unobtainable for the average player and, in most cases that status is only warranted by scarcity, hyperbole and the economics of supply and demand. The ‘law of lucre’, as I call it, strikes again. Regular readers will know that I have an anathema for wealthy elitists solely seeking profit from precious artefacts locked away in their personal vaults, thereby barring access to the hoi polloi (NB. from ancient Greek meaning ‘the many’ or ‘the common people’). Many of us will never get their hands on the rarest early models and we cannot judge for ourselves whether they are really special musical instruments or not. The result is that the 1954‑1965 Strats are put on such a high pedestal that most of us can only look up at and aspire to ownership, and regretfully a wish that will probably never be achieved. That, though, has nothing to do with today’s genuine pragmatic merit. There is simply too much vintage mojo lore out there to make any real‑world sense of it all.
Extrapolating that previous point further. If you’ve got this far, you’ll have seen the outrageous prices that famous vintage Stratocasters, owned by famous guitarists and carrying the vital photographic and paperwork records, go for on the vintage guitar market. While I can understand the appeal of owning an important part of music heritage, do the actual guitars themselves really deserve 7‑figure prices that elitists can afford to spend on them for dubious reasons? When the uber‑expensive guitars were originally made, they were just another Stratocaster off the Fender production line. The only difference between the ‘celebrity’ guitars and ordinary Stratocasters is purely down to their provenance. The sad thing is that they are now way too valuable to be played regularly on stage where people can see and hear them being used for their intended purpose. The same holds true for guitars behind museum glass cases and horded away in elitist collectors’ personal treasuries. It is a lofty, rarefied atmosphere well out of my, and I’m sure most people’s, reach. You can probably tell that I’m not a fan of this hoarding practice. However, it is what it is and there is no point bleating about such an anti‑pluralist system. Doh! I just did.
The Stratocaster’s presence today can be viewed a little like MacDonald’s or Starbucks. They are instantly recognisable products and, most of the time, you know exactly what you are going to get. That consistency, reliability and longevity is very important for the conservative brigades out there. There is nothing wrong in that but sometimes a connoisseur meal or an instant coffee will do just as well. Quality, ultimately, is subjective – it actually doesn’t mean that something is good or bad, it means that something is ideally fit‑for‑purpose. People tend to use the words ‘quality’ and ‘characteristic’ interchangeably, confused by what they actually mean. After all, you wouldn’t wear a pair of Christian Louboutin shoes to wade knee deep in a sewer drain and you wouldn’t wear a pair of threadbare dirty trainers to a swanky nightclub. Or would you? Quality is not a measurable absolute, it is relative and subjective.
The worthiness or desirability imbued by a company like Fender and a product like the Stratocaster is ultimately determined by the customer – not by the likes of me… or Fender for that matter. It is the customer that makes an economic decision about whether a product meets the end consumer’s perceived need (or want).
CRAVE Guitars’ whole raison d’être is Cool & Rare American Vintage Electric Guitars, so a new Stratocaster – even a ‘heavy relic’, ‘vintage inspired’, signature model or Custom Shop one‑off – does absolutely nothing for me. Sorry FMIC. For many others, an old, used and imperfect guitar, especially one with a disputed reputation like a CBS‑era Strat, isn’t for them. The beauty of the market is that there is plenty of choice and all options have validity.
Purely from a practical point of view, I personally find the Strat’s 25½” (647mm) scale length just a bit too much of a stretch for my short, stubby fingers. The shorter Gibson scale length of 24¾” (629mm) is sometimes more comfortable and I have a fondness for Fender’s 24” (609mm) short scale guitars, for instance the Jaguar and Mustang et al. I prefer hardtails too, so the vibrato is not a ‘must have’ for me. As mentioned earlier in the article, I simply do not like the Strat’s standard 1 volume, 2 control layout. In addition I sometimes like more oomph from pickups. It’s not just that the Stratocaster generally sports single coil pickups, I am thinking here of the sheer grunt of a good P90 for instance or even the punchy refinement of Fender’s own Seth Lover‑designed CuNiFe (copper, nickel and iron alloy) ‘wide range’ humbucking pickup (1971‑1979), as used on the Thinline, Deluxe and Custom Telecasters as well as the original Starcaster (not the re‑issues!). Incidentally, that last point also goes to prove that the CBS‑era Fender came up with some amazing stuff.
Fundamentally, the Stratocaster, when viewed objectively for what it really is today, is just another guitar, made out of wood, metal and plastic, the same as millions of others. What makes the Stratocaster special is its history and that it is, after everything that has been said, a very good guitar. I am a Stratocaster fan but I am not a Stratocaster fanatic. You may consider my conclusions glib and pedestrian or even blasphemous. Let us be clear, I am not screaming from the rooftop, “Emperor’s new clothes” (NB. A literary folk tale by Danish author Hans Christian Anderson, 1837), but I think I am being genuinely pragmatic and realistic. When push comes to shove (NB. Another American idiom that seems to come from the novel, ‘Black Thunder’ by Arna Wendell, 1936), I like playing a lot of different guitars, the Stratocaster included. They all have their foibles and respective pros & cons. There is no single ‘perfect’ guitar in my view. There simply can’t be. One good thing is for certain, the legendary Fender Stratocaster isn’t going anywhere, anytime soon. There, I have put my candid and forthright opinion on the public record for good or bad. Long live the Fender Stratocaster. Respect!
Final thoughts about the Fender Stratocaster
Seventy years down and who knows how many more to go in the Stratocaster’s illustrious and storied past, present and future. Let us hope that the current economic troubles pass and future generations of guitarists can continue to revel in the guitar’s magic. Whether you are a Strat fan or not, it cannot possibly be overstated just how influential the Stratocaster has been on the music industry from manufacturing, retail, song writing, recording, live performance, collecting and so on.
Whether it’s just me or not, I don’t recall such a fuss being made about the Telecaster at 70. Actually, I shall go against prevailing opinion and say that I actually prefer the Telecaster to the Stratocaster. Why? It seems more versatile despite having at least one fewer pickup, one fewer tone controls and (generally) no vibrato. There is also something so ruggedly utilitarian about the Tele, while the Strat is more svelte and comely. Also, the Tele has had a wider range of variant including the Esquire, the Custom, Deluxe and Thinline. The latter three all introduced during the CBS era and the latter two, I particularly like with their ‘wide range’ humbuckers. Then again, I also like the Jazzmaster, Jaguar, Mustang (and its siblings) and Starcaster, so go figure. Never mind all the other brands out there.
Fender currently has over 100 Stratocaster models on the market across all its lines and price points, barring all the custom options. The downside of being spoilt for choice is deciding which is right for the individual consumer. A massive wall of Stratocasters in a showroom can be intimidating. When I bought my first Stratocaster, I had a choice of fingerboard material (maple or rosewood), colour (fairly limited standard off‑the‑shelf finishes) and bridge type (vibrato or hardtail). That was it. I went for rosewood (always my inclination), natural (it was the 1970s!) and hardtail (more solid and reliable). The pickups at the time, while widely criticised, although I find they have a lovely ‘hollow’ tone to them, which I find unique and tasteful. Heck, what do I know, eh?
At the time of writing, Fender released a very low cost Squier Stratocaster in an attempt to compete with Far Eastern Stratocaster copies that are flooding American and European markets. Not for the first time: it is like the 1970s happening all over again. This time around, though, the knock‑off importers are far more aggressive, ruthless and harder to control through established legal and regulatory frameworks, therefore posing a significant risk to the western guitar‑making economy. The Chinese in particular are not going to be deterred by the likes of Fender taking legal action without Federal support. The deluge of well‑made, cheap copies of US classics like the Stratocaster could mean the end of American guitar supremacy. Once sincerely hopes not.
Time for a quick word about hybrid Stratocasters. The original Fender Stratacoustic was made by Fender 2000‑2005, comprising an acoustic guitar‑type construction with a vaguely Stratocaster body outline. The innovative successor to the Statacoustic, currently known as the Fender Acoustasonic® Stratocaster, was launched at NAMM in 2019 with its ground breaking construction and on‑board modelling electronics. People remain divided as to whether it is a ‘real’ Strat or not. While the Acoustasonic Stratocaster (along with its Acoustasonic Telecaster and Jazzmaster stablemates) has certainly received positive press since its launch, it/they won’t be to everyone’s taste. The Acoustasonics certainly bear little resemblance to the classic vintage guitars that inspired them, either visually or sonically. You pays yer money and makes your choice.
It is difficult to predict where the strategic future lies for the Stratocaster. Fender may have a true icon in their hands but its formidable legacy also limits what they can do with it that hasn’t already been done, either by Fender or someone else. As mentioned above, it is basically the same guitar now as it was in 1954. Better? Worse? Well, the answer to that question depends on the individual consumer and what they crave (sic!). The safe route would be to stick to the formula and make more of the same but will that be enough to sustain a successful business model? One thing is for sure, Fender isn’t going to pension off the venerable Stratocaster off any time soon.
I can’t help wondering that, if the guesstimate of 180‑200 million Stratocasters mentioned earlier in the article is in the right ballpark, where are they all now? Some will have been destroyed (thanks Pete Townshend et al). Personally, I can vouch for four of them but that leaves an enormous number still out there somewhere.
Do I have a dream Stratocaster that I would give almost anything to own? Actually… nope. I know that may sound strange but it’s true. Owning a pre‑CBS Strat would be nice but I don’t feel compelled to sell my soul for one – because that is what it would take – they are SO expensive now and, frankly, not worth it. I have no interest in acquiring an artist‑owned Strat with provenance. It is just an ordinary guitar owned by someone famous. Any more Stratocasters beyond the ones I have already got (and grateful to have) would be around the margins and diminishing returns. I certainly wouldn’t turn down a 1950s or 1960s Strat if I was offered one though. Dear Santa (again)…
So, HAPPY BIRTHDAY Fender Stratocaster! I am willing to speculate that, back in Fullerton, CA in 1954, when Leo Fender, Bill Carson, George Fullerton and Freddie Tavares were formulating a new guitar model to supplement the austere workhorse that was the Telecaster, they had no idea that their new creation would still be highly celebrated 70 years later, almost completely unchanged. While we may take the Strat very much for granted these days, it is clear is that the Stratocaster has a strong future for years and decades to come, as long as Fender strategically looks after their prize cash cow.
CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Album of the Month’
Given the subject matter of this month’s article, it makes sense to feature a diehard Stratocaster player. Of all the guitarists to brandish a Fender Stratocaster from start to finish, this month’s selection may seem to be a bit off the beaten track. Not only is Irish blues rock guitarist Rory Gallagher a massively underrated musician and song writer but also the album I’ve chosen isn’t necessarily the one that most Gallagher commentators would choose. Rory’s reputation as a live performer was phenomenal and many believe that the energy and dynamism never transferred from the stage to the studio. Well that may be true but any recording by the ‘G‑Man’ is better than none. For many guitarists, Rory was hugely influential with a unique flair that subtly blended Celtic folk styles with the fiery blues and conventional hard rock.
Rory Gallagher – Against The Grain (1975) – The late, great Irish guitarist and Stratocaster wielder, Rory Gallagher released his 5th studio album and 7th overall, ‘Against The Grain’ in October 1975. The album was his first for the fledgling Chrysalis record label. It may not be his best or most well‑known blues rock album but it struck a chord (sic!) with me when it came out. That perspective shouldn’t downplay the quality of Rory’s abilities that shine through on this release. ‘Against The Grain’ demonstrates that he was so very much more than just another wannabe bluesman with long hair, denim jeans, a check shirt and a worn out guitar. Note the album cover photographs, which feature his iconic 1961 Fender Stratocaster.
Rory Gallagher – Against The Grain (1975)
The author was lucky enough to see Rory Gallagher with his trusty 1961 Fender Stratocaster (amongst others) a couple of times in the 1970s. He was certainly a livewire powerhouse dominating the stage with his regular band comprising, Rod de’Ath (drums), Gerry McAvoy (bass) and Lou Martin (Keyboards). Sadly, Rory died of MRSA complications following a liver transplant in 1995 at the age of just 45, leaving a lot of people’s lives enhanced by his presence and his music, me included. A fitting tribute to a great Stratocaster player.
There were many other contenders for this month’s plaudits, including ‘Made in Japan’ (1972) by Deep Purple, ‘Performing This Week… Live At Ronnie Scott’s’ (2008) by Jeff Beck, ‘Are You Experienced’ (1967) by Jimi Hendrix, ‘L’ (1976) by Steve Hillage and ‘Live’ (1976) by Robin Trower. It is interesting that there is not much there beyond the 1970s. We desperately need more guitar heroes from modern times to keep things relevant and up‑to‑date.
Tailpiece
Wow! I bet you are all well and truly Strat‑ed out now. Unlike some multi‑part series that I’ve published in the past, this is a one‑off. That means it can stand alone and (hopefully) enjoyed in one sitting. I hope that, in amongst all the somewhat necessary prosaic knowledge about a worthy industry icon, there was something interesting that was new. Believe it or not, I had to do an awful lot of digging to come up with some of the off‑the‑beaten‑track info and I hope it was worth it. Note to self: I must limit writing about guitars and get back to playing them.
Next month will, I think, go back to a reasonably well‑established theme. After that, I am totally clueless about what I’m going to ramble on endlessly about. It seems that we’ll all have to wait and see, won’t we (rhetorical)?
For now, though, it is time to enjoy the balmy late summer season 2024 (up here in the Northern Hemisphere) and hope that unhinged megalomaniacs don’t blast us all out of existence out of malice. There is a very good reason why the Cold War concept of Mutually Assured Destruction was abbreviated to MAD. Just what is their deranged dealio? For the life of me, I cannot comprehend why deranged despots feel compelled to behave the way they do. In the meantime, I will reiterate my naïve but important demand for global peace and the right of every citizen to live in freedom without fear. Apologies again, but this is my only mouthpiece.
Finally, from the lovable lore of Looney Tunes, “That’s all folks!”
Truth, peace, love, and guitar music be with you always. Until next time…
CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Quote of the Month’: “The main difference between solitude and isolation is the positivity of hope and the avoidance of fear”