October 2026 – A Timeline of Guitar History in 400+ Snippets: Part III

Prelude

HOT DIGGITY DOG! What the heck dude! Now wait jus’ a doggone minute! This article was not meant to exist but it does. How did that happen? Why zat den? All will be explained in good time. For now, bienvenidos queridos amigos. Willkommen, liebe freunde. Bienvenue chers amis. ‘Ello maties. What up dawg. Once again, you are genially granted admission to the bizarrely brilliant biosphere of CRAVE Guitars, as we begin the final run up to the end of 2026. Autumn is definitely now with us up here in the northern hemisphere. It’s usually at this point that I make some sort of wise‑ass comment. However, at the time of writing, I don’t have anything worthy of my regular wise‑ass‑ness. I’m not usually struck mute. I got nothin’!? I must be losing it (whatever ‘it’ is). Seems a good time to give y’all a break from my perpetually pretentious and pompous prattle (Ed: keeping the alliterative assonances going, though).

“I just go where the guitar takes me” – Angus Young (1955‑)


This Month at CRAVE Guitars…

Previously on… Part I of the guitar timeline covered the period 5300BCE‑1899 and Part II covered the much shorter but very intensive period, 1900‑1959. Part I had all the prefatory blurb, Part II was largely blurb‑less, and this Part III has all the concluding blurb, so there isn’t much need for any surplus blurb this month. Apart from the fact that there was never intended to be a Part III, it should be no surprise that, as there is one, it follows on from Part II. There is genuinely not a lot else to add at this point.

Follow the links below for the preceding two articles in this series should you wish to view/review the story so far (each link opens a new browser tab)…

August 2026 – A Timeline of Guitar History in 400+ Snippets: Part I
September 2026 – A Timeline of Guitar History in 400+ Snippets: Part II

As with Parts I & II, no AI was used in researching and writing this article; simply the author’s feeble neurons, synapses and shedloads of patience. ‘Quotes of wisdom’ continue the theme of insights into the guitar. Only a small number of hard‑earned images again this month.

“I’m just a guitarist in a kick‑ass rock and roll band. What more could I ask for?” – Eddie Van Halen (1955‑)


The Rationale for the Article

Why are we here? No, it is not some philosophical existential enquiry. Sorry. While that is unquestionably an important question to ask, it doesn’t really relate to vintage guitars (or does it?) More prosaically, why is there a Part III when it was originally planned to be a 2‑part saga? Well the draft Part II grew to such an extent that I felt it was too much for readers to absorb in one go, so I split it in two at the last moment (very Hollywood!). So here we are (again) with a revised supplemental conclusion.

As you might expect from the title, Part III is a direct continuation of the previous two articles. It is also the concluding episode. Genuinely this time. Honest. The three parts together set out the long and storied history of the guitar, so no further justification is really necessary.

The guitar had achieved a commanding status that really coalesced during the 1950s with the introduction of mass produced solid body electric guitars coinciding with the advent of rock & roll, reflecting progressive and permissive cultural and social change in America and the UK. The ‘swinging’ 1960s multiplied that trend manifold and the 1970s continued the astonishing profoundly reformist emancipation of society and the democratisation of popular music that mirrored it (NB. the 1970s were termed ‘the “me” decade’ by author Tom Wolfe in his book, ‘The “Me” Decade and the Third Great Awakening’ (1976), referring to move towards ‘atomized individualism’ after the communal counterculturalism of the 1960s).

The guitar’s pre‑eminence has continued well into the 21st Century. Its status, however, is now challenged strongly by digital music creation, production, distribution and sale. In 2026, AI is an additional major new factor, with which the industry is struggling to grapple. AI, though, has no idea whatsoever what a guitar is or how it is played or the delicate nuances nurtured by skilled musicians who spend decades honing their unique expertise. Guitars at the time of writing remain resolutely in the analogue domain. For now.

The guitar’s omnipresent domination may now be under threat, as it has been many times in the past (think of the disco boom of the 1970s and the pop‑synth boom of the 1980s, both of which boldly and dismally signalled ‘the death of guitar music’). The world’s favourite instrument must continue to adapt if it is to secure a relevant and prosperous future. That is a subject for further debate and this retrospective chronology is not the place for such a discussion.

“The guitar is the coolest instrument in the world” – Steve Vai (1960‑)


A Timeline of Guitar History: Part III – 1960‑2026

Here we go then, with the remainder of the 20th Century (1960-1999) and the 21st Century so far (2000‑2026), setting out in the final 200 entries covering the last 66 years of our extensive 5,500‑year historical journey.

As with the last two articles, for those with an attention deficit, the infographic below provides a significantly abbreviated alternative version.

1960Gibson introduced the Hummingbird square‑shouldered dreadnought flat top steel strung acoustic guitar, with solid Sitka spruce top and solid mahogany back and sides. A stylised hummingbird was engraved on the pickguard
1960Fender introduced the ‘Blonde’ series of valve amplifiers, manufactured until the style was discontinued in 1964
1960Fender introduced the offset solid‑body Jazz Bass with a narrower neck to broaden appeal and to complement the existing Fender Precision bass
1961The original single‑cutaway Gibson Les Paul was discontinued and an all new Les Paul Standard was introduced by Gibson with a radical double‑cutaway design that would be renamed the SG in 1963. Les Paul did not approve of the new look, despite his name appearing on the headstock. The original single‑cutaway Gibson Les Paul design would be re‑introduced in 1968
1961Fender introduced the offset solid‑body 6‑string Bass VI (originally just VI). Unusually, it wasn’t a bass or a guitar and neither was it a baritone. The Bass VI had a scale length of 30”, between a bass and a guitar and was tuned an octave lower than a normal guitar’s standard EADGBE tuning. Like the Jazzmaster, the Bass VI had a vibrato. The model was discontinued in 1975
1961Gretsch updated the 6128 Duo Jet guitar with a double cutaway body, retaining the chambered body and giving the Jet a more modern aesthetic
1961Valco introduced the innovative National and Supro guitar lines with hollow resin‑bonded fibreglass (Res‑O‑Glas) bodies
1962Marshall Amplification was founded by English drummer and retailer Jim Marshall (1923‑2012) in London, England, UK
1962Fender introduced the upmarket Jaguar offset solid body short‑scale (24”) electric guitar to complement the Jazzmaster that had been launched in 1958
1962Following the Hummingbird, Gibson introduced the Dove square‑shouldered dreadnought flat top steel strung acoustic with solid Sitka spruce top and solid flame maple back and sides. It featured an engraved pickguard with mother‑of‑pearl dove inlays
1962Maestro (a Gibson brand) introduced the FZ‑1 Fuzz Tone effect pedal, the first widely available fuzz/distortion guitar effect pedal
1962Ernie Ball Inc. was founded by American musician and entrepreneur Roland Sherwood Ball (1930‑2004) in San Luis Obispo, California, USA initially to market guitar‑related products. The company is best known for its guitar and bass strings
1963Gibson hired legendary American Chrysler automotive designer Ray Dietrich (1894‑1980) to style and launch the company’s Firebird guitar and Thunderbird bass. The innovative ‘reverse’‑bodied instruments featured neck‑through body construction and new mini pickups. There were four Firebird models I, III, V and VII and two Thunderbird bass models II and IV
1963Following the end of an endorsement deal, Gibson officially re‑named the double cutaway Les Paul as the SG (Solid Guitar). There were four models, the Junior (single P90), Special (dual P90s), Standard (dual humbuckers) and Custom (triple humbuckers)
1963Guild introduced the S‑100 (SG‑like) and the curious S‑200 Thunderbird solid body electric guitars
1963Rickenbacker introduced the iconic 360 hollow body electric guitar. A 12‑string variant, the Rickenbacker 360/12, was made famous by The Beatles and The Byrds in the mid‑1960s
1963Marshall introduced the legendary JTM45 valve amplifier head, rated at 45W. Alongside the amp, Marshall also introduced the now‑legendary closed‑back 4×12” speaker cabinet. The JTM45 model was discontinued in 1966
1964Fender introduced the ‘blackface’ series of valve amplifiers, manufactured until the style was discontinued in 1967
1964Fender introduced the short scale (24”) dual pickup solid‑body electric Mustang ‘student’ guitar with a unique innovative vibrato mechanism
1964Larry and Joe Macari founded Sola Sound Ltd. in London. The company made guitar effect pedals and amplifiers that were sold through the Macari’s Musical Exchange shops. Sola Sound made effects for in‑house brand, Colorsound from 1967
1965Kustom Amplification was founded by Charles A. ‘Bud’ Ross (1940‑2018) in Chanute, Kansas, USA. The brand was notable for its distinctive ‘Naugahyde tuck‑n‑roll’ styling used until c.1975. Ross sold Kustom to Baldwin Piano Company in 1972, after which Ross went on to found ROSS effects in 1974
1965American innovator and entrepreneur, Hartley Peavey founded Peavey Electronics in Meridian, Mississippi, USA. Peavey started marketing electric guitars and basses from 1978. Peavey remains one of the largest global musical equipment and pro audio manufacturers
1965Fender Musical Instruments was sold to the giant media company, CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System) for $13m. The company’s founder, Leo Fender was barred from competing with his former business for 10 years, after which he was involved with the formation of Music Man in 1974
1965Fender introduced the offset solid body Bass V, the world’s first commercial 5‑string bass, by adding a high ‘C’ string. Unusually, it only had 15 frets despite its long 34” scale. The Bass V was discontinued in 1971
1965Fender introduced the offset Electric XII 12‑string solid‑body electric guitar, the final guitar designed by Leo Fender for the company that bore his name. The model was intended to compete with the popular Rickenbacker 360/12. The Electric XII was discontinued in 1969
1965Gibson introduced the ‘non‑reverse’‑bodied Firebird and Thunderbird bass to replace the ‘reverse’‑bodied models introduced in 1963. The new shape was simpler and cheaper to produce than its predecessor. Fender threatened Gibson with legal action over the Firebird’s body shape, citing Leo Fender’s 1958 US patent for offset body guitar design as used on the Fender Jazzmaster
1965Ovation was founded by aeronautical engineer and inventor Charles Kaman (1919‑2011), in Hartford, Connecticut, USA. Kaman used his technical background to develop the innovative Ovation ‘Lyrachord’ roundback electro‑acoustic guitar
1965British company Sola Sound introduced its most famous guitar effect pedal, the Tone Bender fuzz, based on the earlier American Maestro Fuzz Tone
1965Dunlop Manufacturing was founded by Scottish immigrant to the USA, entrepreneur and businessman Jim Dunlop (1936‑2019) in Benicia, California, USA to sell guitar‑related products
1965Maxon, an effect pedal brand name used by Nisshin Onpa, was established in Tokyo Japan. Maxon famously made effect pedals for Ibanez until 2002
1965Japan started to import significant numbers of cheap guitars into the US market, many of them flagrant clones of established American models. The competition ultimately led to the infamous ‘lawsuit era’ scandal of the 1970s
1966Fender introduced the short scale (30”) offset solid body ‘student’ Mustang Bass to complement the Mustang 6‑string guitar
1966Ted McCarty stepped down from his role as president of Gibson and acquired Bigsby. McCarty became president of the new company
1966The first wah‑wah effect pedal was created by Bradley J. Plunkett and Lester Kushner at Warwick Electronics Inc., distributed by Thomas Organ Company and named after trumpeter Clyde McCoy (1903‑1990). The effect was subsequently renamed the V846 VOX Wah‑Wah. A US patent was filed in 1967 and granted in 1970
1966Hiwatt (as Hylight) was founded by British audio engineer Dave Reeves in Surrey, England to build high power valve amplifiers. Reeves was also contracted to build amplifiers for Ivor Arbiter’s Sound City brand
1966Fender introduced their first solid‑state amplifiers based on existing successful valve amplifiers like the Twin Reverb and Bassman. Traditional vacuum tubes were replaced by silicon transistors. Fender’s transistor amps were not commercially successful and Fender discontinued solid‑state amplifier production by 1971
1966Danelectro was acquired by the giant media company MCA Inc. (Music Corporation of America). In addition to the main brand, a budget range of guitars was introduced under the Coral name. By 1969, Danelectro had ceased manufacturing
1966The iconic circular Fuzz Face guitar effect pedal was introduced by British entrepreneur Ivor Arbiter (1929‑2005). The Fuzz Face was another adaptation of the Maestro Fuzz Tone. In 1969, the Arbiter name was sold to rival Dallas and the merged company was re‑named Dallas‑Arbiter
1966Yamaha introduced their first made‑in‑Japan steel strung acoustic guitar, the FG180 as well as their first electric guitars, the SG‑2/3/7 and the SB‑2 electric bass. Yamaha’s first nylon strung classical guitars were introduced in 1967
1967Having pioneered humbucking guitar pickups at Gibson, American electronic engineer Seth Lover began working for rival company Fender
1967Fender introduced the ‘silverface’ series of valve amplifiers, manufactured until the style was discontinued in 1981
1967Gretsch was acquired by the Baldwin Piano Company. Production lasted until 1981 when Baldwin ceased manufacturing of Gretsch products
1967Fender introduced the short scale single‑pickup Bronco ‘student’ guitar with a unique innovative vibrato mechanism The Bronco was the final addition to Fender’s ‘student’ range that included the Musicmaster, Duo‑Sonic and Mustang
1967Danelectro, recently acquired by MCA, introduced the Coral Electric Sitar developed by session guitarist Vinnie Bell (1932‑2019) to capitalise on the Indian influence on Anglo‑American psychedelic rock and pop music in the late 1960s
1967Guitar manufacturing firms, Valco and Kay Musical Instrument Company merged, only for the resulting business to go bankrupt in 1968
1967Jean Larrivée Guitars Inc. was founded by Canadian luthier, Jean Larrivée (1944‑) in Toronto, Canada to make premium classical and acoustic guitars
1967Laney Amplification was founded by musician Lyndon Laney (1948‑2026) in Birmingham, England
1967Guitar effect brand Colorsound was established by brothers Larry and Joe Macari in London, England to supplement the existing Sola Sound business
1967Thomas Organ Company introduced the Cry Baby Wah effect pedal, basically a copy of the VOX V486 wah. Dunlop Manufacturing acquired the Cry Baby name in 1982 and released the GCB95 Cry Baby Standard Wah
1967Shergold Guitars was founded by former Burns of London employees Jack Golder and Norman Houlder in London, England
1967Swedish musical instrument manufacturer, Hagström introduced the world’s first 8‑string bass guitar (with 4 courses of paired strings), the H8. The short‑lived H8 was discontinued in 1969
1968Effect pedal manufacturer, Electro‑Harmonix was founded by Mike Matthews (c.1942‑) in New York City, USA, initially with the Muff fuzz and Linear Power Booster effects. The original company went out of business in 1984
1968Fender introduced the Telecaster Bass, a variant of the Precision bass, based on the original Precision bass design from 1951. It wasn’t technically a reissue as the model hadn’t previously been called the Telecaster bass
1968Following musician demand from the likes of English guitarist Eric Clapton, Gibson reintroduced the single cutaway Les Paul, which had been discontinued in 1961. The classic Gibson Les Paul model has been in continuous production since
1968Fender introduced the semi‑hollow Telecaster Thinline electric guitar, initially with standard Telecaster pickups and, from 1972, with ‘wide range’ humbucking pickups. The Telecaster Thinline was discontinued in 1980
1968Dan Armstrong (1934‑2004) designed the innovative clear Plexiglas (a.k.a. Acrylite, Lucite, Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)) guitar for Ampeg. The instrument featured innovative interchangeable pickups. The model was discontinued in 1971
1968HH Electronics was founded by Mike Harrison in Cambridgeshire, England to build solid‑state amplifiers, PAs, mixers and speaker systems. HH went bankrupt in 1984
1968British company, Orange Amps was founded by musician, electronics designer and retailer Clifford Cooper (1942‑) in London, England
1968American guitar manufacturer Mosrite filed for bankruptcy and was finally shut down in 1969
1969Gibson’s parent company, Chicago Musical Instruments Ltd (CMI), was acquired by South American conglomerate Ecuadorian Company Limited (ECL). ECL then changed its name in 1974 to Norlin Musical Instruments (a contraction of NORton Stevens of ECL and Arnold BerLIN of CMI)
1969Mesa Engineering was founded by musician and electronics repair man, Randall Smith (1946‑) in Petaluma, California, USA. The company was famous for introducing Mesa/Boogie Mark and Dual Rectifier valve amplifiers
1969Morley was a brand established by Tel‑Ray Electronics Inc., founded by American brothers Raymond and Marvin Lubow in Los Angeles, California, USA to make guitar effect pedals. Uniquely, Morley used photoelectric circuits rather than potentiometers to control the company’s effects. Chicago‑based Sound Enhancements Inc. acquired Morley in 1989
1969Alembic Inc. was founded by American/Australian sound engineer Owsley Stanley (1935‑2011) in Novato, California, USA to build high‑end electric basses, guitars and preamps
1972Although he had been building valve amplifiers for several years, reclusive Howard ‘Alexander’ Dumble (1944‑2022), based in Bakersfield, California, USA released his legendary amp model, the Dumble Overdrive Special. All Dumble amps were hand‑made personally by Dumble, largely to special order. Only about 300 Dumble amps were made during his lifetime
1969Gibson produced their first low impedance electric guitars, the Les Paul Personal and Professional models. They would evolve into the better‑known Les Paul Recording model in 1971. Low impedance pickups were favoured by guitarist Les Paul for use in the recording studio
1969Pignose Amplifiers was founded by Richard Edlund and Wayne Kimbell in Chicago, Illinois, USA. The diminutive Pignose guitar amplifier was a portable battery‑powered unit, rated at 5W with a single 5″ speaker
1969American effect pedal manufacturer Electro‑Harmonix introduced its most famous product, the Big Muff Pi (π) fuzz pedal
1969Willie Nelson acquired ‘Trigger’, named after Roy Rogers’ horse. The iconic guitar was a Martin N‑20 nylon strung classical acoustic guitar purchased after his previous Baldwin guitar had been accidentally damaged
1970American writer and businessman, George Gruhn (1945‑) opened the Gruhn Guitars shop in Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Gruhn was co‑author of the industry reference, ‘Gruhn’s Guide to Vintage Guitars’ (1990, revised 1999)
1970The Randall Amplifier Company was founded by Don Randall (1917‑2008) in Irvine, California, USA. Randall had been a manager at Fender in the company’s early years and was notable for naming the Telecaster and Stratocaster guitars
1970C.F. Martin & Company introduced the budget Sigma brand guitar range made in Japan to compete with cheap foreign imports into the USA. Production was moved to South Korea in the 1980s. Sigma guitars were discontinued in 2007
1971Seth Lover designed the ‘Wide Range’ humbucker pickup for Fender, using unique CuNiFe (copper/nickel/iron) magnets. The ‘Wide Range’ pickups were used on the Telecaster Custom, Deluxe and Thinline, as well as the upmarket offset semi‑acoustic Starcaster
1971Larry DiMarzio (1948‑) founded DiMarzio Inc. (incorporated in 1975) in Staten Island, New York, USA to produce after‑market guitar pickups
1972The multinational Roland Corporation was founded by Ikutaro Kakehashi (1930‑2017) in Osaka, Japan. Roland manufactured electronic musical instruments, as well as musical hardware and software. Roland contributed significantly to the development of the MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) standard for synchronising and controlling electronic instruments
1972Ovation introduced the Breadwinner 1251 electric guitar with ergonomic styling, innovative ‘lyracord’ finish, toroidal pickups and active electronics. The model was discontinued in 1979
1972MXR Innovations was founded in Rochester, New York, USA by Keith Barr and Terry Sherwood. The first effect pedals made were the MXR Dyna Comp, Phase 45, Phase 90 and Distortion+. The company closed down in 1984
1972The BOSS brand was formed as a separate division within the Roland Corporation to manufacture compact guitar and bass effect pedals
1972Musitronics Corporation (a.k.a. Mu‑Tron) was founded by former Guild employees, Mike Beigel and Aaron Newman in Rosemont, New Jersey, USA to manufacture effect pedals. The company ceased production in 1979
1972Godin Guitars was founded by Robert Godin in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Godin went on to become the largest guitar manufacturer in Canada
1972Fernandes Guitars was formed from its predecessor, Saito Musical Instruments, founded in 1969 in Niizo, Japan
1973Cort was founded by Jung‑gyu Park in partnership with American importer Jack Westheimer. Cort was based in Seoul, South Korea to mass produce guitars and basses. Production was expanded into Indonesia and China, making it one of the largest global guitar manufacturers. Cort manufactured guitars under its own name as well as for many other brands
1973Hamer Guitars was founded by Paul Hamer and Jol Dantzig in Wilmette, Illinois, USA. Hamer was widely regarded as one of the first ‘boutique’ guitar builders. Hamer is now part of Fender
1973Collings Guitars was founded by American luthier Bill Collings (1948‑2017) in Austin, Texas, USA to build high‑end acoustic, electric and archtop guitars as well as mandolins and ukuleles
1973Fylde Guitars was founded by English luthier Roger Bucknall (1950‑) in The Fylde, Lancashire, England to build handmade one-off custom acoustic guitars. Fylde relocated to Penrith, Cumbria, England in 1996
1973DOD Electronics was founded by David Oreste Di Francesco and John Johnson in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA to manufacture reliable low‑cost guitar and bass effect pedals. DOD and parent company DigiTech were acquired by Cort in 2022
1974Gibson’s newly renamed parent company, Norlin Musical Instruments, moved production of Gibson guitars from its traditional home in Kalamazoo, Michigan to Nashville, Tennessee, USA
1974Gibson introduced the Marauder solid body bolt‑on electric guitar with innovative pickups and electronics designed by musician and guitar pickup specialist, Bill Lawrence (1931‑2013). The related S‑1 was released in 1975
1974Music Man was founded by Forrest White and Tom Walker in partnership with Leo Fender, based in Fullerton, California, USA to make guitars, basses and amps. Music Man’s best known instrument was the Stingray Bass. Music Man was acquired by Ernie Ball in 1984
1974Travis Bean Guitars was founded by American luthier Travis Bean (1947‑2011) and business partner Gary Kramer in California, USA. The company was famous for its solid body guitars with through‑body aluminium necks. Travis Bean guitars were discontinued in 1979
1974Guitar manufacturer, B.C. Rich was founded by Bernardo Chavez Rico (1941‑1999) in Los Angeles, California, USA. Rico had been building guitars since 1969
1974The Charvel guitar company was founded by Wayne Charvel (1941‑2026) in Azusa, California, USA. Charvel is now owned by Fender
1974Gordon Smith Guitars was founded by Gordon Whitham and John Smith in Greater Manchester, England. Gordon Smith was acquired by Auden Guitars in 2015
1974After selling Kustom amps in 1972, Charles A. ‘Bud’ Ross founded ROSS effect pedals in Chanute, Kansas, USA. Early American ROSS pedals included the Compressor, Distortion and Phaser R1. Ross became defunct shortly after moving production to Taiwan in c.1980
1974Taylor Guitars was founded by American luthier and entrepreneur Bob Taylor (c.1954‑) and Kurt Listug in El Cajon, California, USA to make high‑quality acoustic and electro‑acoustic guitars
1974Lowden Guitars was founded by luthier, George Lowden (1952‑) in Bangor, County Down, Ireland to make premium acoustic guitars
1975The Harmony Guitar Co. ceased production. Stock was auctioned in 1977 and the brand name was sold off. The brand was resurrected by Singapore‑based Bandlab Technologies in 2018 and resumed making guitars in the USA
1975The ESP Company Ltd. was founded by Hisatake Shibuya (1937‑2024) in Tokyo, Japan to manufacture electric guitars and basses. ESP launched the budget LTD range in 1995
1975The Roland Corporation introduced the Jazz Chorus solid‑state combo guitar amplifier with a built‑in analogue Chorus effect. Models included the famous JC‑120, producing 120W into 2×12” speakers
1976The Santa Cruz Guitar Company was founded by Richard A. Hoover and investors in Santa Cruz, California, USA to make premium grade acoustic guitars
1976Dean Guitars was founded by American luthier Dean Zelinsky (1957‑) in Chicago, Illinois, USA to specialise making guitars favoured by heavy metal musicians. Dean Guitars and sister company Luna Guitars filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in the USA in mid‑2026 following legal action from Gibson
1976After leaving Travis Bean, Gary Kramer, with business partner Denis Barardi, founded Kramer Guitars with in Neptune, New Jersey, USA. Early Kramer guitars featured distinctive cast aluminium necks with wooden inserts. Kramer went bankrupt in 1989 and the brand name was subsequently acquired by Gibson in 1997
1976Music Man introduced the innovative solid body electric Stingray Bass alongside the Stingray guitar, both incorporating new humbucking pickups and ground‑breaking on‑board active electronics
1976Yamaha introduced the SG2000 solid body double cutaway electric guitar, designed in collaboration with Mexican/American guitarist, Carlos Santana. The SG2000 was effectively the first original‑design Japanese guitar to compete with the American Gibson Les Paul
1976Seymour Duncan was founded by Seymour W. Duncan (1951‑) and his wife Cathy Carter in Santa Barbara, California, USA to manufacture aftermarket guitar pickups
1976The innovative EBow (Electronic Bow) was introduced by Heet Sound at the NAMM Show in the USA. The battery‑powered hand held device used an electromagnetic field to induce string vibrations, creating a bowed string‑like effect
1976The Floyd Rose Locking Tremolo System (actually a vibrato) was designed by American musician and engineer, Floyd D. Rose (1948‑). The invention was granted a US patent in 1979
1976Schecter Guitar Research was founded by David Schecter in Van Nuys, California, USA initially to make guitar parts and then electric guitars from 1979. Schecter is now owned by Hisatake Shibuya who also owns ESP/LTD
1976TC Electronic was founded by Kim and John Rishøj in Denmark to produce a wide range of professional music audio equipment including guitar effect pedals and studio effects. TC Electronic is now owned by the holding company Music Tribe
1977Gibson introduced the innovative RD (Research & Development) series of guitars and basses featuring complex on‑board active electronics designed by synthesizer pioneer Robert Moog (1934‑2005) while he worked for Norlin. The RD line was discontinued in 1982
1977American guitarist Eddie Van Halen created his famous ‘Frankenstrat’ guitar made from a wide range of sources including Schecter, Fender, Floyd Rose, Gibson and others. The guitar, with its distinctive striped finish influenced subsequent ‘superstrat’ guitar designs. The EVH brand was formed in 2007 as a subsidiary of Fender to sell electric guitars and amps
1978EMG Inc. was founded by Rob Turner in Long Beach, California, USA, to manufacture innovative active guitar pickups. EMG is now based in Santa Rosa, California
1979Ibanez introduced the legendary TS‑808 Tube Screamer Overdrive Pro effect pedal, with its distinctive green enclosure and square footswitch. The iconic original model was superseded by the TS9 in 1981
1979Trace Elliot was founded by retailer Fred Friedlein in Romford, Essex, England to make bass amplifiers and speaker cabinets. Trace Elliott is now owned by Peavey Electronics
1979Steinberger was founded by Ned Steinberger (1948‑) in Brooklyn, New York, USA to make innovative headless guitars and basses. Gibson acquired Steinberger in 1987
1979Kahler International, Inc. introduced the Kahler Tremolo System (actually a vibrato), invented by Gary Kahler and Dave Storey in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
1980G&L Musical Instruments was founded by George Fullerton (1923‑2009), Leo Fender and Dale Hyatt in Fullerton, California, USA to make electric guitars and basses. G&L were the initials of George and Leo. G&L ceased production in 2025 and Fender (the company) acquired the rights to the brand name
1980After leaving Charvel, American luthier Grover Jackson (1949‑) founded Jackson Guitars in Glendora, California, USA. Fender acquired both Jackson and Charvel from the Japanese Akai Musical Instruments Corporation in 2002
1980Vigier Guitars was founded by French luthier Patrice Vigier (1957‑) in Grigny, Essonne, France. Vigier is famous for its unique Excalibur Surfreter Supra Fretless Guitar
1981Baldwin Piano Company ceased production of Gretsch instruments. In 1985, Fred W. Gretsch, the original founder’s great grandson and nephew of Fred Gretsch Jr, acquired the Gretsch brand name and offshore production resumed in Japan in 1989
1981Fishman Transducers Inc. was founded by Larry Fishman (1948‑) in Andover, Massachusetts, USA to make pickups, primarily for acoustic guitars
1982Fender introduced the budget Bullet series of guitars and basses, designed by luthier John Page (1957‑), head of Fender’s R&D department. The Bullet series replaced Fender’s Musicmaster, Mustang and Bronco ‘student’ guitars
1982Fender resurrected the Squier brand for its lower‑priced models of Fender guitars and basses manufactured in the Far East
1982Warwick GmbH & Co. Music Equipment was founded by Hans‑Peter Wilfer (1946‑) in Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany to manufacture bass guitars
1983Fender introduced the innovative Fender Elite Stratocaster, Telecaster and Precision models featuring ‘noiseless’ pickups and active electronics
1983The not‑for‑profit Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was established. The organisation began inducting artists in 1986. The physical Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum building subsequently opened in 1995
1983While Gibson had produced one‑off and custom guitars since the 1920s, Gibson introduced its Custom Shop facility within its main Nashville factory. Gibson formally created a separate Custom Shop facility in 1993
1984Hughes & Kettner was founded by Hans and Lothar Stamer in Neunkirchen, Germany to build high gain valve amplifiers and, latterly, solid state amps
1984Jackson introduced the archetype for heavy metal ‘superstrat’ guitars, the Jackson Soloist, generally based on a modified Fender Stratocaster design. The Soloist was originally designed by American luthier Grover Jackson while he was at Charvel
1984Tom Anderson Guitarworks was founded by American luthier Tom Anderson in Newbury Park, California, USA to make high‑end electric guitars
1984Faltering American guitar, bass and amp manufacturer, Music Man was acquired by Ernie Ball Inc. and renamed Ernie Ball Music Man (EBMM)
1985CBS sold Fender to an investor group led by William Schultz (then president of Fender) for $12.5m. Fender’s Fullerton factory was not part of the sale, so Fender had to open a new flagship factory a few miles away in Corona, Riverside County, California, USA
1985Paul Reed Smith Guitars (shortened to PRS) was founded by American luthier Paul Reed Smith (1956‑) in Annapolis, Maryland, USA. PRS guitars were strategically positioned between Fender and Gibson instruments
1985Heritage Guitar Inc. was founded by three former Gibson employees in Gibson’s original manufacturing facilities in Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
1986Soldano Custom Amplification was founded by American Michael Soldano (1960‑) in Los Angeles, California, USA to build high gain valve amplifiers. Soldano is now based in Seattle, Washington State
1986To save the company from bankruptcy, Gibson was sold to guitar enthusiasts Henry Juszkiewicz and David Berryman. Juszkiewicz ran Gibson until 2018
1987Fender opened a major manufacturing facility south of the US border in Ensenada, Mexico. Mexican Fender guitars and basses were strategically positioned between the Far Eastern Squier and Made‑in‑USA Fender models
1987The Fender Custom Shop was established as a division within the company’s Corona factory by ‘master builders’, guitar designer John Page and luthier Michael Stevens to make high‑end one‑off and special order guitars
1987Ibanez introduced the Jem solid body electric guitar, typical of the heavy metal ‘superstrat’ style of guitars that were popular in the 1980s. The Jem was co‑designed with American virtuoso guitarist Steve Vai (1960‑) and included artist signature models. Jem guitars featured the distinctive ‘Monkey Grip’ cut‑out handle on the bass side of the body
1987G&L Musical Instruments introduced the Stratocaster‑like Comanche guitar model with three innovative Magnetic Field Design Z‑Coil pickups. The Comanche represented a significant evolution of Leo Fender’s original Stratocaster
1989National Reso‑Phonic was formed by Don Young and McGregor Gaines in San Luis Obispo, California, USA to build high quality resonator guitars based on original National and Dobro instruments
1989Bogner Amplification was founded by German immigrant Reinhold Bogner in Los Angeles, California, USA to make high‑end boutique valve amplifiers
1990Yamaha introduced its Pacifica range of solid body electric guitars generally styled on the Fender Stratocaster. The hugely successful Pacifica range was designed in the USA by Rich Lasner and Leo Knapp
1990PRS started using CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines to increase production volumes and improve consistency standards. In the same year, Taylor became the first major company to use CNC machines as part of its acoustic guitar production
1992AER (Audio Electric Research) Music GmbH was founded by Udo Rösner, Michael Eisenmann and Susanne Janz in Velbert, Germany to manufacture high quality professional acoustic guitar amplifiers
1992Breedlove Guitars was founded by Larry Breedlove and Steve Henderson in Bend, Oregon, USA to manufacture high quality acoustic guitars, combining traditional and modern construction techniques
1991Fender Musical Instruments Corporation (FMIC) moved its headquarters from Corona, California to Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
1991Industry legend, Leo Fender died of complications from Parkinson’s disease in Fullerton, California, USA at the age of 81
1991DigiTech introduced the innovative Whammy WH‑1 effect pedal that used a foot treadle to manipulate the pitch of a guitar signal
1992Mesa Engineering introduced the classic Mesa/Boogie Dual Rectifier high gain valve amplifier. The Dual Rectifier has become a definitive milestone in heavy rock music
1993Parker Guitars was founded by American luthier Ken Parker (1952‑2025) with input from pickup pioneer Larry Fishman, based in Chicago, Illinois to manufacture the unique Parker Fly guitars. In 2003, Parker sold the company to the US Music Corporation. Parker ceased production in 2016
1993The German PLEK was introduced by A+D Gitarrentechnologie GmbH. PLEK was a specialised CNC machine used to setup guitars and basses to consistent and exacting standards
1994Reclusive boutique effect pedal builder, Bill Finnegan, from Boston, Massachusetts, USA launched the legendary Klon Centaur guitar overdrive effect pedal. The original model was discontinued in 2008. In 2026, Finnegan took legal action against Behringer for copyright infringement involving the latter’s cloning of the original Klon design
1994Paul Reed Smith introduced the PRS McCarty guitar model in recognition of the former Gibson and Bigsby president who had mentored luthier Paul Reed Smith in later years
1995Fender exhibited the first relic guitars at the NAMM Show. The divisive and controversial concept of using ‘relic’ processes was intended to reproduce, the appearance of ageing and play wear. The faking method had been in development since 1989 and continues to be popular to the current day
1995The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, designed by Chinese/American architect Ieoh Ming Pei (1917‑2019), based in Cleveland, Ohio, USA, opened its doors to the public
1996American guitarist, luthier and inventor Howard ‘Buzz’ Feiten II (1948‑) filed a US patent for the Buzz Feiten Tuning System (BFTS). The system was a means of minimising inherent tuning problems associated with traditional fretted guitars. The patent was granted in 1998
1996Paul Reed Smith moved PRS manufacturing from Annapolis to a new, larger factory in Stevensville, Kent Island, Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA
1996Line 6 was founded by Susan Wolf, Marcus Ryle and Michel Doidic in Calabasas, California, USA to pioneer digital guitar amplifier, speaker cabinet and effect modelling. Line 6 was acquired by Yamaha in 2013
1997Ashdown Engineering was founded by Mark Gooday in Heybridge, Essex, England, formerly chief engineer and MD of Trace Elliott, to build amplifiers, speaker cabinets and effects
1997Gibson Music Corp. acquired the bankrupt Kramer brand that had gone out of business in 1989. Modern Kramer guitars are now built by Gibson subsidiary, Epiphone
1997Suhr Guitars was founded by luthier John Suhr and Steve Smith after Suhr left his job as Senior Master Builder at the Fender Custom Shop. Suhr Guitars, based in Lake Elsinore, California, USA set out to make premium quality electric guitars
1998Line 6 introduced their breakthrough product, the POD guitar amp modeller famed for its red, kidney bean‑shaped unit, which featured numerous digital renditions of classic amplifier models, speaker cabinets and effects
1998C.F. Martin & Company introduced the X‑Series DXM acoustic guitars, manufactured in Mexico and making extensive use of composite materials rather than traditional tone woods
1999Gretsch expanded production with affordable Electromatic and Synchromatic guitars manufactured in Korea. A limited number of premium ‘made‑in‑USA custom shop’ guitars were made available to wealthy musicians and collectors. Gretsch Enterprises acquired Bigsby from Ted McCarty in the same year
1999Taylor Guitars developed and patented the innovative NT (New Technology) neck joint for the company’s acoustic guitars
2000The Experience Music Project (EMP) was established by Microsoft co‑founder, Paul Allen (1953‑2018) in Seattle, Washington, USA to celebrate musical culture and history. It was renamed the Museum of Pop Culture (MOPOP) in 2016 when it broadened its appeal to include science fiction and fantasy
2001Paul Reed Smith introduced the PRS Single Cut guitar model intended to compete head‑to‑head with the Gibson Les Paul
2001Ted McCarty, former Gibson president, owner of Bigsby and mentor to luthier Paul Reed Smith died in Twin Falls, Idaho at the age of 91
2001Keeley Electronics was formed by Robert Keeley in Edmond, Oklahoma, USA to build guitar effect pedals. Keeley had built a strong reputation for modifying BOSS and Ibanez effect pedals before developing effects under his own name
2002Fender entered into an agreement with the Gretsch family to produce, market and distribute new Gretsch guitars. Fender also acquired guitar manufacturer Jackson and its subsidiary guitar brand Charvel in the same year
2005Gibson Music Corp. started a copyright infringement law suit against Paul Reed Smith over the PRS Single Cut guitar model. The litigation failed and PRS subsequently reintroduced the Single Cut guitar
2006Fender introduced the Jaguar Bass guitar. It represented a new take on an old design, as there was no ‘original’ Jaguar Bass to reissue
2006Fractal Audio Systems was founded by Cliff Chase in New Hampshire, USA to pioneer high‑end digital guitar amplifier modelling. Fractal introduced the digital Axe‑Fx rack‑mounted modelling pre‑amp and effects processor targeted directly at professional working musicians
2007Fender Musical Instruments Corporation acquired Ovation’s parent company, Kaman Music Corporation (KMC), as well as the Hamer Guitars brand. Fender also secured global distribution rights for Takamine Guitars and established the EVH (Eddie Van Halen) guitar and amp brand in the same year
2007Gibson introduced the innovative but divisive Robot Guitar automatic tuning system, displeasing many concerned traditionalists and conservatives
2007C.F. Martin & Company discontinued the Far Eastern‑built Sigma Guitar line to focus its resources on the main American acoustic guitar brand
2007JHS Pedals, a range of successful guitar effect pedals, was launched by British manufacturer and retailer John Hornby Skewes
2007Blackstar Amplification was founded by former Marshall employees Ian Robinson and Bruce Keir in Northampton, England to build amplifiers and effects
2009Legendary American jazz guitarist, songwriter, luthier, inventor and Gibson endorsee, Les Paul died of complications from pneumonia in White Plains, New York, at the age of 94
2010The Cumberland River overflowed its banks and caused the Nashville Flood, which resulted in significant damage to Gibson’s manufacturing facility and inventory in Nashville, Tennessee, USA
2011German company Kemper GmbH debuted the Kemper Profiler digital processor/amplifier at the NAMM Show, designed by inventor Christoph Kemper to recreate faithfully the sounds of numerous classic amps and speaker cabinets
2011Gibson’s guitar manufacturing facilities were raided numerous times by the US Department of Justice (DoJ) after alleged violations of the Lacey Act (1900) for the illegal importation of protected woods into the country
2012Industry legend, Jim Marshall OBE, the pioneer of British Marshall guitar amplifiers, died in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England, at the age of 88
2013The international online marketplace for selling and buying musical equipment, Reverb.com was founded by David Kalt (1967‑) in Chicago, Illinois, USA
2013Line 6 digital amp and effects modelling company was acquired by the giant Japanese Yamaha Corporation
2014Fender sold Kaman Music Corporation (and its main brand, Ovation) to Drum Workshop. German company GEWA Music acquired KMC in 2020
2017Line 6, famous for its POD products, introduced the innovative next‑generation Helix amp modelling and effects processor
2018The Songbirds Guitar Museum opened in Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA. It was re‑opened in 2021 as a non‑profit organisation and was renamed the Songbirds Guitar & Pop Culture Museum
2018Taylor Guitars introduced the innovative V‑Class bracing for the sound boards of its acoustic guitars. V‑Class bracing was perhaps the first major change to acoustic guitar construction in a century
2018After ongoing financial difficulties, Gibson filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the US. Gibson entered into a ‘restructuring support agreement’ with lenders, resulting in $135m of funding for Gibson to re‑focus on its core businesses. Henry Juszkiewicz stood down from his role as Gibson’s president
2019Fender Musical Instruments Corporation acquired the Bigsby brand from Fred Gretsch Enterprises
2019Gibson filed a multi‑million dollar lawsuit in the US against Dean and Luna Guitars for alleged trademark infringement, ultimately forcing the targeted companies into liquidation in 2026
2021Gibson Music Corp. acquired amplifier manufacturer, Mesa Engineering from Mesa’s founder Randall Smith
2023  Yamaha Guitar Group, a subsidiary of the giant Japanese conglomerate, Yamaha Corporation acquired Córdoba Music Group (CMG), which included Cordoba Guitars, Guild Guitars, DeArmond pickups and other related brands
2024Gibson issued a Cease and Desist Order for trademark infringement against the US President and Donald Trump Guitars for their blatant copies of the Gibson Les Paul
2024After 100 years in business, major American guitar retailer Sam Ash filed for bankruptcy in the USA resulting in the closure of all its retail stores. The company continued as an online retailer
2025Leo Fender’s final commercial venture, the American guitar manufacturer G&L, founded in 1980, ceased production after parent company BBE Sound Inc. closed. Fender acquired the intellectual property rights of both G&L and BBE but none of the assets or inventory, effectively winding up G&L
2025Fender Musical Instruments Corporation applied to the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) for Leo Fender’s name and his likeness to be formally trademarked by the company
2025German manufacturer of musical instruments since 1887, Höfner GmbH filed for bankruptcy. In 2026, the company was acquired by long‑standing German business, GEWA Music, which had also owned Ovation since 2014
2026Following a German legal court’s decision in its favour, Fender launched a series of aggressive legal campaigns against competitors for copyright infringement, trademark enforcement and legal protection regarding Fender’s Stratocaster guitar body design

For those who prefer a purely visual interpretation of guitars as a counterpoint to either the infographic or the linear listing, here is a purely pictorial illustration of 16 key milestones in guitar evolution from 1960 to 2026.

“I’m only myself when I have a guitar in my hands” – George Harrison (1943‑2001)


Influence and Impact of the Guitar

Understanding how guitar innovation, evolution and development occurred over the last 5,000+ years helps one to appreciate the vast impact of the guitar and its numerous variants/derivatives on mankind. While its roots may lie in local folklore, peripatetic storytelling and religious rituals, often performed by itinerant performers, the guitar has risen from humble origins to achieve global contemporary significance for its primary role in creative music. As its influence spread globally, the guitar became a regular cultural symbol of regional and national identity, for instance European classical, Spanish flamenco, Mexican mariachi, Argentinian tango, Brazilian Bossa Nova/Samba, American folk and British pop/rock.

“I’ve always loved the electric guitar: to hold it and work it and hear what it does is unreal” – David Lynch (1946‑2025)

The guitar has long been associated with shifts in societal, economic, technological and political paradigms, reflecting change through popular entertainment, youthful rebellion, societal commentary, fierce protest and an abundance of emotional stories about interpersonal relationships. Musical genres reflected these shifts in the zeitgeist including rock & roll, folk revival, heavy metal, punk rock, new wave, grunge, indie, among many others.

Guitar music has long resonated with people’s basic need for individual identity and collective cohesion. It has become an integral part of ever‑changing fashionable trends for adolescence angst, liberal freedoms and conscious social justice. During the 20th Century, guitar music supported civilian lives through tough economic depressions, two deadly (and unnecessary) world wars, lethal health pandemics, rapid expansion of scientific exploration, the geopolitical cold war and a multitude of other challenges to humanity’s very existence. It looks like the 21st Century may be re‑running the turmoil of the previous 100 years without learning much along the way.

The guitar has been ever‑present, heavily influencing the post‑classical ‘three pillars’ underpinning western contemporary music, blues, jazz and country, from which today’s diverse genre landscape was actively propagated. The guitar is a consistent and pervasive image not only in music but also familiar in art, TV & film, theatre, live performance, literature, advertising and popular media, as well as more recently across the Internet.

“The guitar saved my life. It gave me something to hold onto when everything else was falling apart” – Eric Clapton (1945‑)

The electric guitar sparked an unprecedented revolution in musical genres in the 1960s and 1970s, creating world famous role models such as Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton, Jimmy Page, Jeff Beck and Eddie Van Halen, among many others. An explosion of creativity led to consumers’ relentless passion for new musical experiences. Guitar music in the 21st Century continues to evoke intense memories and sentiments seamlessly spanning generations and geographical boundaries. The instrument has genuinely become an emblem for the positive power of music that goes way beyond the modest twelve notes that underpin western musical tradition.

“I never stop being amazed by all the different ways of playing the guitar and making it deliver a message” – Les Paul (1915‑2009)

For many musicians, playing the guitar provides educational opportunities, skills development, cathartic mindful escapism and supports affirmative mental health & wellbeing. The industry supports a global multi‑billion dollar contribution to many economies. For many working musicians, guitar playing provides a lifelong profession and income. For a few, global fame and celebrity were attained and occasionally perpetuated. For others, guitar playing provided brief popular exposure followed by subsequent anonymity. For some, sadly, the fire of fame flamed bright only to lead to tragic ends. Playing the guitar becomes an extension of the individual, providing a symbolic gateway for musical expression, emotional release and creative freedom. For audiences, attending live performances is an important collective experience. We should also recognise that playing a guitar is also tremendous fun, regardless of technical skill, a joyful (and sometimes frustrating) activity that cannot be underestimated. The guitar has been notable for not requiring musical technical literacy as a prerequisite for creating credible music.

Over the centuries, the guitar has transcended its basic function as just a humble 6‑stringed musical instrument. It has become an icon of singular and shared identity, fashion, lifestyle, artistic inspiration and profound communal unanimity. The guitar’s global reach, accessibility, portability, popularity, adaptability and broad‑ranging versatility have made it a unifying foundation of human mien. Guitars can also be beautiful objects in their own right. The resulting obsession brings together a like‑minded community of interest as well as a community of place. Guitar music provides a universal language that anyone can understand regardless of race, religion, political stance, gender, language or nationality. The humble guitar has contributed to infinitely diverse musical genres, enough to cater for any taste.

It is no understatement to say that the guitar has become deeply embedded in human cultural heritage spanning both time and place. It is perhaps no surprise that the guitar has become so beloved with an enviable primacy and longevity.

“I had no aspirations to be a musician, but I picked up a guitar for two seconds and haven’t put it down since” – Slash (1965‑)


Final Thoughts on ‘A Timeline of Guitar History in 400+ Snippets: Parts I‑III’

I have to say that this exercise, as a necessary companion piece to ‘An A‑Z of Vintage Guitar Gear’, became a mammoth search, identification, compilation, corroboration and consistency‑checking exercise that took many weeks in the making. I declare that I actually learned a lot during the arduous process, so it was far more than simply completing a laborious abstract administrative activity.

There are some entries in the ‘A‑Z…’ that aren’t included in the timeline and vice versa. The eventual web site feature page of the timeline will unite all three parts. It will also include some items that aren’t in the articles (including some key entries that arguably should have been included above). Likewise the infographics and pictorial interpretations will also differ. All these differences are purely for practical reasons.

There are undoubtedly a lot of familiar names that readers might remember that aren’t specifically listed including, Akai, Analog Man, Bad Cat, Behringer, Binson, Chapman Stick, Columbus, CSL, Echoplex, Eko, Fret‑King, Greco, Gus, Jen, JHS, Kawai, Korg, Leslie, Magnatone, Mayones, Orville, Pro Co, Roger Mayer, Shin‑ei, Vintage®, Wilkinson, etc. Ultimately, not everything could make the cut or I’d be doing this forever. There were literally hundreds and thousands of potential entries to consider. When selecting what made the grade, some were easy, others vague, some were borderline, others arbitrary and many, many had to be excluded. A simple fact of life. What remains, I hope, are entries that represent a significant contribution the whole.

“When we started I wasn’t the singer. I was the drunk rhythm guitarist who wrote all these weird songs” – Robert Smith (1959‑)

The outcome of this project may not seem that difficult to the reader but, believe me, it took some doing. However, I think it has proved to be a very useful exercise and hopefully one that others will find both interesting and informative. While I am sure that a lot of it will be familiar, I hope that there is something new herein for people to discover. Quite a bit of the information is relevant to the topic of vintage guitar gear.

One factor that became obvious to me is the ‘incestuous’ nature of the guitar industry. Many of the key people and businesses operated within relatively small circles on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. The same names kept coming up over and over again in different permutations. Perhaps that interconnected and interdependent web of entities isn’t surprising and is possibly not an uncommon in other industries. Just sayin’.

One of the things ‘missing’ from this entire timeline is a record of the social and cultural context within which the guitar’s advancement occurred. Adding the wider milieu would have made this article far too large and way too heavy‑going. It doesn’t mean that I haven’t covered the ‘bigger picture’, though. The broader world view covering the ‘Historical Context 1650-2020’ was an integral part of CRAVE Guitars’ fourteen part, ‘The Story of Modern Music in 1,500+ Facts’ articles published between March 2019 and May 2020 (barring December 2019). That series of articles presented the broad social and cultural environment that paralleled the evolution of music over the same period. ‘The Story of Modern Music’ was considered too tangential to justify a discrete web site feature. As a result these ‘events in global civilisation’ are too ultra vires to be published separately, so the only relevant source at the time of writing remains in the articles mentioned above. Sadly, that series of articles also had to have images sourced from Google Images removed post facto due to legal, pecuniary and credibility risk.

“I don’t find the songs; they find me. I just strum my guitar and wait for a lyric to come” – James Taylor (1948‑)

While this exercise is not a rigorous academic work, maybe others will be able to use it as a valuable resource to share forward. After all, while this timeline is entirely a result of my own hard work, I had to extract the relevant information from sources that were already in existence (including CRAVE Guitars’ own), I cannot therefore claim full ownership of anything herein. A huge thank you to all those who preceded me and who helped to make these articles possible. Mucho gracias.

As previously mentioned, there will inevitably be errors and omissions. However, I hope these should be relatively minor and therefore forgivable. I also don’t claim it to be comprehensive – the proverbial ‘tip of the iceberg’ and all that. Maybe it can be a starting point for others to expand upon. After all, as the nine part ‘Potted History of the Guitar…’ showed, there is a much bigger story behind each of the 400+ entries in the ‘Timeline…’ as well as the 150 entries in the ‘A‑Z…’. In total, there is way more than enough to keep one going for one lifetime spent down the metaphorical rabbit hole. Sadly, there is no miraculous Wonderland at the end of said bunny pit!

Lastly, I know that I bang on endlessly about not using AI for my research and writing. I remain agnostic about AI as it is in 2026. So… just out of curiosity, this seemed an ideal opportunity to test AI’s abilities against solid human research methodology. I asked AI to find me information that I knew for a fact already. On the majority of enquiries, AI FAILED completely to provide accurate information. However, on every occasion AI did produce a result, even if it was incorrect. This is very worrying because wrong information is worse than no information. There is nothing wrong in saying “I don’t know”, especially if there is no definitive source information available. Not good. This doesn’t bother me because I try very hard to be diligent and I know the relevance of the information I was seeking, so it was relatively easy to spot the errors. What bothers me more is that other, less meticulous data consumers, will undoubtedly not only accept erroneous information without thinking critically and checking validity, but also that they will then promulgate those falsities to such an extent that it ultimately appears to become ‘the truth’. That, I believe, is a very serious issue and a significant case of metaphorical caveat emptor. Be careful about what you read and cautious about what you believe, even here.

“Technically, I’m not a guitar player, all I play is truth and emotion” – Jimi Hendrix (1942‑1970)


CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Album of the Month’

In Part I, I applauded Spanish classical guitarist, Andrés Segovia. In Part II, I celebrated delta blues guitarist, Robert Johnson. So Part III deserves a guitarist with an equally prominent reputation. This time, though, the featured album isn’t a compilation. Of all the guitar players in all the world since the dawn of rock & roll, one stands head and shoulders above all others. While I am not one to put anyone on a pedestal, this one guitarist has been repeatedly acknowledged for his remarkable influence on contemporary music. For once, perhaps surprisingly, I’m going to go with the flow. Drum roll please… this month’s accolade goes to…

The Jimi Hendrix Experience – Are You Experienced (1967): ‘Are You Experienced’ was the debut studio album by the The Jimi Hendrix Experience. The album was released in May 1967 on Polydor in the UK and in August 1967 on Reprise Records in the US. The album’s track list was largely different for the UK and US markets. Despite different track listings, both original albums comprised 11 tracks covering around 39 minutes. More recent re‑releases have combined the tracks (usually totalling 17), including many famous tracks such as Foxy Lady, Manic Depression, Red House, 3rd Stone From The Sun, Are You Experienced, Purple Haze, Hey Joe and The Wind Cries Mary.

‘Are You Experienced’ (why does the title not end with a question mark?) has been widely recognised as one of the greatest debut rock studio albums of all time. It was also commercially successful, selling over one million copies in the few months following its release. Whether you like or dislike Jimi Hendrix and whatever you think of this album, there is no doubt that it was a ground‑breaking milestone in rock music history. The Experience comprised the classic line up of Jimi Hendrix on guitar and vocals, Noel Redding on bass and Mitch Mitchell on drums. This album’s status is matched only by its equally prestigious follow‑up, ‘Electric Ladyland’ (1968).

A bit of trivia; Jimi Hendrix apparently didn’t like the UK album cover of ‘Are You Experienced’. The alternative cover art used by Reprise Records for the American market is more psychedelic, more Jimi and more ‘1960s’. For what it’s worth, I agree with Jimi. The UK cover could be from any period, unlike the US version.

Jimi Hendrix (1942‑1970) released only three studio albums, one live album and one compilation album during his lifetime, which together defined his status as an all‑time guitar hero for many. Everything that has been released since Hendrix’s death has further cemented his reputation. As with legendary American delta blues guitarist Robert Johnson who occupied this slot in the last article, Hendrix died in mysterious circumstances at the age of 27, thereby becoming another unfortunate inductee into the infamous ’27 club’. Other peer members from the same period include Janis Joplin and Jim Morrison. Hendrix has become one of the most inventive, celebrated and influential electric guitarists of all time. Arguably, without James Marshall Hendrix (NB. actually born Johnny Allen Hendrix), we wouldn’t have much of the diverse and wonderful guitar music we enjoy today.

BELIEVE IN MUSIC!

“I’m the one that’s got to die when it’s time for me to die, so let me live my life the way I want to” – Jimi Hendrix (1942‑1970)


Tailpiece

Well, this three‑part epic extravaganza is pretty thorough, if I say so myself. A good job done, even if it is not 100% perfect. Sometimes, good enough is, well, good enough. I hope that the time travelling trip from 3500BCE to 2026CE has proved worthwhile and, perhaps, ephemerally entertaining.

Changing a 2‑part series into a 3‑part series has meant a re‑organisation of the forward plan of CRAVE Guitars article topics. The November article was intended to be significantly lighter in tone but that particular tome has now had to be cancelled, rather than just postponed. Please come back and join me for a new CVG adventure next month, whatever it might be.

As we are at the end of October, it may be apt to celebrate Allhallowtide (NB. deriving from at least the 15th Century and stemming from earlier religious origins) comprising All Hallow’s Eve, All Saint’s Day and All Soul’s Day from 31 October to 2 November inclusive. The Halloween that many of us are most familiar with in many western countries (corresponding to All Hallow’s Eve) has become a largely secular tradition based in pagan origins including the Celtic festival of Samhain. The season also celebrates the Mexican Día de los Muertos (Day of the Dead), which is celebrated annually on 1and 2 November. Shpooky. Disfruta y adiós por ahora, compadres.

“When the power of love overcomes the love of power, the world will know peace” – Jimi Hendrix (1942‑1970)

Finally, as Warner Brothers’ closing caption for Looney Tunes’ animations in the early 1930s (NB. credited to Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising) stated, “That’s All Folks!” A suitable sign‑off for this ambitious temporal performance, methinks. If you got this far, thank you for joining me along the way and patiently bearing with me throughout.

Truth, peace, love, and guitar music be with you always. The CRAVEman, signing off for now. Until next time…

CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Quote of the Month’: “Everything. Ends. Eventually”

© 2026 CRAVE Guitars – Love Vintage Guitars.


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September 2026 – A Timeline of Guitar History in 400+ Snippets: Part II

Prelude

SCOOBY‑DOOBY‑DOO, WHERE ARE YOU? Time to break out the Scooby Snacks, Shaggy.Yup. It is time for another CRAVE Guitars’ grand tour. I trust that all is well with you and yours wherever you are and whatever you’re doing. A warm early autumn greeting from CRAVE Guitars. This year has passed very rapidly. Time flies (N.B. From the Latin, ‘tempus fugit’, literally meaning, ‘time flees’. Roman Poet Virgil (70‑19BCE) used it in his epic poem, ‘Georgics’ (29BCE)). Come on people, admit it, you don’t get popular culture (Scooby Doo) and Roman classical literature (Virgil) used in a single paragraph very often. Come with me. You have entered into the weird and wonderful alternate dimension of CVG, a.k.a. CRAVE Vintage Guitars.

“You don’t play a guitar with your fingers, you play it with your heart” – Carlos Santana (1947‑)


This Month at CRAVE Guitars…

Previously on… (NB. A ‘recap’ is commonly used by TV series at the start of a programme to review key moments from one or more previous episodes and to set up the episode being watched. Recaps are often complemented by a ‘next time on…’ sequence at the end of a programme. The first documented use of the ‘recap’ was the American ABC TV series, ‘The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp’ (1955‑1961)). I digress. Again. Now, where was I? Oh yes. Previously on…

Last month, I set out the first part of a guitar history timeline from ancient times (c.3500BCE) to the end of the 19th Century (1899). The main exposition to the subject matter was also set out last month, so there is little point in reiterating it here, as what was said then applies equally to this article. Follow the link below to view/review the preceding article should you so desire (opens a new browser tab)…

August 2026 – A Timeline of Guitar History in 400+ Snippets: Part I

“Guitars – what more can I say? They rule!!!” – Zakk Wylde (1967‑)

I should mention at this point that the timeline originally comprised 400 entries. Between the first and second parts being published, this had increased to 400+ after further intensive research. A lot more had to be ditched to keep it close to the original plan. The articles’ title now read “A Timeline of Guitar History in 400+ Snippets”.

Also, Part II was originally intended to be the concluding article covering the last 125 years. However, given the size and density of the project, as well as the fact that the 20th Century in particular was an incredibly eventful period in guitar history, the decision was taken to split the entries into two roughly equal parts. Ultimately, now, the three parts together will represent a continuous piece of work, broken down for easier accessibility.

As with Part I, no AI was used in researching and writing this article; it is the result of authentic analogue biological processes. Quotes continue the theme from last month of insights into the guitar. Only a tiny smattering of images again this month.

“To stand up on a stage alone with an acoustic guitar requires bravery bordering on heroism. Bordering on insanity” – Richard Thompson (1949‑)


The Rationale for the Article

Easy one this. As you might expect, Part II is a direct continuation of the previous article and Part III will follow on next month, so no further justification is necessary.

Up to the end of the 19th Century, classical and folk music were predominant, largely determined by one’s place in the social hierarchy we call the class system. The dawn of the 20th Century saw musical genres transformed beyond all recognition, reflecting significant shifts in modern civilisation taking place globally. Democratisation of music opened up much broader access for ordinary people to experience the new musical trends emerging from the grass roots of society.

“I believe every guitar player inherently has something unique about their playing. They just have to identify what makes them different and develop it” – Jimmy Page (1944‑)

New musical genres enabled the guitar to transition from just an accompanying acoustic instrument to become central as a lead instrument, especially with the introduction of resonator and then electric guitars. The instrument became prevalent across most, if not all, modern musical forms, becoming the world’s favourite instrument in the process.

For many readers, this more contemporary period will be of more topical interest. I hope so. If you’ve read this far, I don’t want to lose you now.

“I don’t know of a guitar player that has only one guitar. They’re never happy with one. I’m never happy with just one of them. I woke up and ended up with six, even if you can only play one at a time!” – Les Paul (1915 2009)


A Timeline of Guitar History: Part II – 1900‑1959

So, without any further ado, let’s delve straight into the timeline covering the first chunk of the 20th Century with the next 150 entries. As with the last article, for those with an attention deficit, the infographic below provides a significantly abbreviated alternative version.

1902Five businessmen backed Orville H. Gibson to form the Gibson Mandolin‑Guitar Mfg. Co. Ltd. in Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA. The new company introduced its first archtop guitar, the L‑1 model. In 1926, the L‑1 name was re‑used as a flat top acoustic guitar
1902C.F. Martin & Co. introduced the ‘OOO’ (Auditorium) model, a small‑bodied flat top acoustic guitar with a slightly shorter 24.9″ scale length (rather than Martin’s usual 25.4″ scale)
1903Luthier Anastasios Stathopoulo and his family emigrated from Izmir in Turkey to settle in Long Island City, Queens, New York City, USA where they established a musical instrument business
1904Chicago‑based harp manufacturer, Lyon & Healy acquired the Regal Musical Instrument Manufacturing Company
1906Stromberg Guitars was founded by Swedish immigrant Charles A. Stromberg (1881‑1956) making banjos and mandolins in Boston, Massachusetts, USA
1907Anastasios Stathopoulo opened a shop in New York City making banjos and mandolins. The shop was called the ‘House of Stathopoulo’
1908American luthier Chris Knutsen (1862‑1930), born Johan Christian Kammen in Norway, known for his harp guitars between 1895 and 1906, started making Hawaiian steel guitars in Seattle, Washington, USA. Knutsen relocated to Los Angeles, California in 1914 and began to make harp ukuleles as well as Hawaiian guitars to meet popular demand
1909Anastasios Stathopoulo filed his only US patent for a bowl back mandolin musical instrument. The patent was granted the same year
1909Clarence Leonidas ‘Leo’ Fender (1909‑1991) was born in Anaheim, California, USA. He would become one of the industry’s greatest pioneers and a hugely influential figure
1915Anastasios Stathopoulo died and his son, Epaminondas (‘Epi’), took over at the company that would later become Epiphone in 1928
1915American department store and mail order giant Sears, Roebuck and Company introduced the Silvertone brand, used by the company until 1972. Silvertone guitars, basses and amps were manufactured for Sears by Harmony, Danelectro, Valco, Kay and Teisco
1915Lester William Polsfuss (1915‑2009), a.k.a. Les Paul, American jazz, country, and blues guitarist, songwriter, luthier and inventor was born in Waukesha, Wisconsin, USA
1916Fred Gretsch Jr. relocated Gretsch to a spacious 10‑story building in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York City, USA
1916Sears, Roebuck and Company acquired the Harmony Company to supply ukuleles and guitars for their retail and mail order business
1916C.F. Martin began building guitars for Oliver Ditson Co. of Boston, Massachusetts and New York, USA, including the first ‘dreadnought’ acoustic guitar named after the British Royal Navy ship, HMS Dreadnought. Martin wouldn’t use their own name on a dreadnought guitar until 1931
1917The first jazz track was recorded – ‘Dixie Jass Band One‑Step’ by the Original Dixieland Jass Band (ODJB) for the Victor Talking Machine Company
1918Orville H. Gibson died of chronic endocarditis (a form of heart disease) in New York, at the age of 62
1920Chicago Musical Instrument Company (CMI) was founded by Russian immigrant Maurice Henry Berlin (1895-1984), based in Chicago, Illinois, USA making guitars, brass instruments and electronic organs. CMI would later acquire Gibson Guitars in 1944
1920The first blues vocal track was recorded in New York City by an African American singer Mamie Smith (1891‑1946) – ‘Crazy Blues’ for OKeh Records
1921Stromberg‑Voisinet was formed by Henry ‘Kay’ Kuhrmeyer (1894‑1956), Charles G. Stromberg (1873‑1960) and Frank C. Voisinet (1876‑1937) in Chicago, Illinois, USA to build mandolins and guitars. The company would be renamed Kay in 1931
1921American designer and sound engineer, Lloyd Loar (1886‑1943) started working for Gibson Mandolin‑Guitar Mfg. Co. Ltd. Loar helped to design and refine the Gibson carved archtop mandolins and guitars with the aim of increasing flagging sales
1921Gibson employee and engineer Thaddeus ‘Ted’ McHugh (1859‑1945) was credited with inventing the adjustable truss rod. A US patent was filed in 1921 and granted in 1923. McHugh also designed the height‑adjustable bridge
1922Gibson introduced the Lloyd Loar‑designed L5 acoustic archtop jazz guitar, one of the first guitars to use f‑holes. Gibson also introduced the F5 mandolin, also designed by Lloyd Loar in the same year
1923The first commercial country & western track was recorded in New York City by Alexander Campbell ‘Eck’ Robertson (1887‑1975) – ‘Fiddlin’ John Carson’ for OKeh Records. Robertson had recorded several tracks for Victor Talking Machine Company the previous year but these were not widely available
1923Italian guitarist, inventor and luthier, Mario Maccaferri (1900‑1993) established his reputation as a classical guitarist and maker of classical and gipsy jazz guitars
1923Musician, designer and engineer, Lloyd Loar began working on an experimental electrostatic pickup at Gibson before he left the company in 1924
1923Chicago‑based mail order and department store retailer, Montgomery Ward & Co. introduced Airline as one of its house brands. A range of Airline electric and acoustic guitars were sold between 1958 and 1968 to tap into the explosion in popular guitar‑based music. Airline is now an independent family‑owned business based in Chicago, Illinois, USA since 2024
1923As part of Sears, Roebuck & Company, Harmony became the largest manufacturer of musical instruments in the USA, producing over 250,000 units in a year
1924Austrian‑Hungarian immigrant and musician, Sam Ash (1897‑1956) opened the first Sam Ash Music Store in W 48th Street in Manhattan, New York City, USA. The location became the famously so‑called ‘Music Row’. The Sam Ash retail chain went out of business in 2024 after 100 years
1925Swiss immigrant Adolph Rickenbacher (1886‑1976) founded Rickenbacher Manufacturing Company, manufacturing metal and plastic products. The company would later become Rickenbacker
1925Hagström was founded by Albin Hagström (1905‑1952) in Älvdalen, Dalecarlia, Sweden to make accordions from 1932. The company didn’t start making electric guitars until 1958 and basses in 1961. Hagström ceased production in 1983 (revived in 2004)
1926Gibson introduced the flat top L‑1 acoustic guitar, famously used by legendary American delta blues guitarist and singer, Robert Johnson. The moniker L-1 had previously been used for Gibson’s first archtop guitar
1927The National String Instrument Corporation was founded by vaudeville entertainer George Beauchamp (1899‑1941) and luthier John Dopyera (1893‑1988) in Los Angeles, California, USA to make resonator guitars
1927John Dopyera filed for a US patent for the tricone resonator guitar. The patent was granted the same year
1928The first signature guitar, based on the Gibson L‑1 acoustic with a deeper body, was released to recognise popular American jazz singer and guitarist, Nick Lucas (1897‑1982)
1928Epaminondas Stathopoulo changed the name of his company to the ‘Epiphone Banjo Company’. The Epiphone name combined Epaminondas’ nickname, ‘Epi’ and the Ancient Greek word phōnē, meaning sound or voice. Epiphone stared making acoustic guitars, followed by archtop guitars from 1931 and amplifiers from 1935
1928American luthier, John Dopyera left National and founded the Dobro Manufacturing Company with four of his brothers. The name Dobro is a contraction of ‘DOpyera’ and ‘BROthers’
1928Clayton Orr ‘Doc’ Kauffman (1901‑1990) filed the world’s first patent for a mechanical vibrato unit (often erroneously called tremolo), the Vibrola. Kauffman’s US patent for an “Apparatus for producing tremolo effects” was granted in 1932
1929Chicago‑based Stromberg‑Voisinet advertised the first commercial electric guitar, although none are known to exist. The company ceased trading in 1931
1930C.F. Martin announced the OM (Orchestra Model) flat top acoustic guitar and introduced their first guitar featuring 20‑frets and a 14th fret neck‑to‑body joint. The ‘14/20’ design became widely adopted by Martin from 1934
1930While still working at National, George Beauchamp filed a US patent for a Dobro acoustic guitar with a single inverted resonator cone. The patent was granted in 1932
1930American brand Harmony Musical Instruments, part of Sears, Roebuck & Company, sold over 500,000 units, a record at the time
1931Ro‑Pat‑In Corporation was founded by engineer Adolph Rickenbacher and inventor George Beauchamp in Los Angeles, California, USA. The company would become Rickenbacher from 1934 and Rickenbacker from 1950
1931Gretsch started manufacturing acoustic guitars in Brooklyn, New York City, USA
1931Kay Musical Instrument Company was formed from the demise of instrument manufacturer Stromberg‑Voisinet by founder Henry Kay ‘Hank’ Kuhrmeyer, based in Chicago, Illinois, USA to make guitars, mandolins, banjos and ukuleles
1931C.F. Martin started selling dreadnought 6‑string flat top acoustic guitars under its own name. Martin introduced the D‑1 and D‑2 (later renamed the D‑18 and D‑28). Martin had been making dreadnought acoustic guitars for Oliver Ditson Co. since 1916. The dreadnought rapidly became an industry standard and Martin’s design has been widely emulated today
1932Prototyped in 1931, Ro‑Pat‑In Corporation started to manufacture a Hawaiian lap steel guitar with an electromagnetic horseshoe pickup, the Electro A‑22 (a.k.a. the ‘frying pan’, nicknamed because of its circular aluminium body and long neck). A US patent was filed in 1934 and granted in 1937. The guitar became the first solid body electric lap steel guitar. The model was discontinued in 1939
1932The earliest examples of mains powered guitar amplifiers started appearing following the introduction of electrolytic capacitors and rectifier vacuum tubes (valves)
1932Renowned luthier John D’Angelico (1905‑1964) opened a workshop in Manhattan, New York City, USA to make premium acoustic jazz guitars
1932Henri Selmer partnered with luthier Mario Maccaferri to produce acoustic ‘gypsy jazz’ guitars (closely associated with virtuoso jazz guitarist Django Reinhardt). Maccaferri designed the ‘Modèle Jazz’ with an internal resonator, steel reinforced neck, D‑shaped sound hole and a single lower squared‑off cutaway. Selmer continued production until 1952 (with oval sound holes) after Maccaferri left in 1934
1933Adolph Rickenbacher renamed the Ro‑Pat‑In Corporation to Electro String Instrument Corporation and instruments were re‑branded ‘Electro’
1933George Beauchamp was sacked by the board at National String Instrument Corporation and joined Adolph Rickenbacker at Electro String Instrument Corporation
1934National String Instrument Corporation and Dobro Manufacturing Company merged to form the combined National Dobro Corporation
1934The Gibson factory at Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA resumed full‑time instrument production after the height of the Great Depression
1934American musician and inventor Paul Tutmarc (1896‑1972) founded Audiovox Manufacturing Company to manufacture lap steel guitars
1934Gibson introduced the Super 400 (priced at $400) acoustic jazz guitar. The design heavily influenced both Stromberg and D’Angelico archtop jazz guitars, as well as Gibson’s direct competitor Epiphone
1934Gibson launched a line of lower‑priced instruments under the Kalamazoo brand name for musicians adversely impacted by the Great Depression
1935Gibson hired American jazz guitarist Alvino Rey (1908‑2004) to work on the design of a prototype electric guitar pickup. Gibson appointed electrical engineer Walter Fuller (1917‑1997) to develop the electromagnetic bar pickup, often called the ‘Charlie Christian’ after the jazz guitarist
1935Epiphone introduced the Emperor Masterbuilt acoustic jazz guitar, larger than the Gibson Super 400, fuelling stiff competition for high‑end archtop jazz guitars in the US
1935Rickenbacker introduced the solid body electric Electro‑Spanish Model B guitar made from Bakelite with a bolt‑on rounded neck, as opposed to the square necks used on Hawaiian lap steel guitars. The Model B was considered the world’s first production, solid body electric guitar
1935Paul Tutmarc developed the first electric fretted bass guitar, the Audiovox Model 736 Bass Fiddle, some 16 years before Fender introduced the Precision bass
1935Supro guitars was launched as a low‑cost in‑house brand by its parent, National Dobro Corporation. Supro was discontinued in 1968 when then‑parent company Valco went bankrupt. The Supro brand was revived in 2014
1935American salesman, Manny Goldrich (1904‑1968) founded the famous Manny’s Musical Instruments & Accessories Inc. retail store on ‘Music Row’, W 48th Street, Manhattan, New York City, USA. In 1999 Manny’s was sold to competitor Sam Ash Music
1936Gibson introduced the Advanced Jumbo flat top acoustic guitar with Sitka spruce top and rosewood back and sides The guitar was designed by American country & western singer/songwriter Raymond Otis Whitely (1901‑1979). Only 300 were produced before Gibson replaced it with the J‑200 Super Jumbo in 1937
1936Gibson introduced the EH‑150 6‑string lap steel guitar and amplifier for $150, the company’s first production electric Hawaiian steel guitar
1936Gibson released the (Electric Spanish) ES‑150 and EH‑150 amplifier for $150. The ES-150 was the first commercially available electric ‘Spanish’ guitar. The ES‑150 was basically a modified Gibson L‑50 archtop fitted with a single ‘Charlie Christian’ bar electromagnetic single coil neck pickup
1937US Patents were granted to George Beauchamp for his electromagnetic horseshoe pickup design, originally filed in 1933 and 1934
1938Leo Fender, a qualified electronics technician, opened the Fender Radio Service in Fullerton, California, USA to repair radios, phonographs, amplifiers and PA systems
1939Harry DeArmond (1906‑1999) developed the first commercially available detachable guitar pickups, the RH/RHC for ‘round hole’ flat top guitars and the FH/FHC for ‘f‑hole’ archtop guitars. DeArmond worked with Rowe Industries to bring the pickups to market. Other DeArmond pickups include the Rhythm Chief, Dynasonic and Gold Foil, popular in the 1950s‑1970s. DeArmond pickups were used on Guild, D’Angelico, Epiphone, Fender, Martin, Airline and Silvertone guitars
1939Les Paul began building his homemade experimental electric guitar prototype, called ‘the log’. The instrument comprised a 4”x4” strip of pine, onto which he attached a neck, bridge, pickups, Epiphone hollow guitar body ‘wings’ and a ‘Doc’ Kauffman Vibrola. Les Paul presented it to the Gibson board in 1941, who rejected the concept as too unusual
1940Les Paul signed an endorsement deal with Gibson, which included him appearing with the ES‑300 electric archtop jazz guitar in the company’s advertisements
1940Gibson introduced the first electromagnetic pickup with adjustable pole pieces and Alnico magnets, designed by in‑house engineer Walter Fuller, intended to supersede the bar pickup. The P13 pickup was the predecessor to the P‑90 introduced after the end of WWII in 1946
1940Valco was formed following a restructuring of the National Dobro Corporation by a stakeholder group of former owners Victor Smith, Al Frost and Louis Dopyera. Valco manufactured guitars and amplifiers under a variety of brand names including National, Airline and Supro, as well as making guitars for other companies such as Sears Roebuck and Montgomery Ward using Harmony, Kay and Silvertone brands
1943Leo Fender joined forces with former Rickenbacker engineer and inventor of the Vibrola tailpiece, ‘Doc’ Kauffman to create K&F Manufacturing Corporation to build lap steel guitars and amplifiers in Fullerton, California, USA
1944Chicago Musical Instrument Company (CMI) acquired Gibson
1945Les Paul invented and pioneered the use of echo‑delay and multi‑track studio recording techniques
1945Schaller GmbH was founded by toolmaker and mechanic, Helmut Schaller (1923‑1999) in Postbauer‑Heng near Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany. Schaller is a musical instrument hardware manufacturer
1946Ampeg was founded by Everett Hull and Stanley Michaels in Linden, New Jersey, USA to manufacture transducer pickups (the ‘AMplified PEG’) for upright acoustic basses. Ampeg would later build specialist bass amplifiers
1946‘Doc’ Kauffman and Leo Fender parted ways and the latter founded a new business to build guitars and amplifiers called Fender Electric Instrument Company
1946Gibson introduced its premium P‑90 single coil pickup following the end of WWII. Gibson didn’t file a US patent for the P‑90 until 1955. P‑90s came in two forms depending on mounting, the ‘dog ear’ and ‘soapbar’ variants
1946Fender introduced the ‘woodie’ series of valve amplifiers, built up to 1948 and Fender ‘tweed’ series amplifiers, built up to 1960
1946Framus (Fränkische Musikinstrumentenerzeugung) was founded by Fred A. Wilfer (1917‑1996) in Erlangen Germany to resettle displaced workers from post‑WWII Luby in Czechoslovakia. The company was formed to make stringed instruments. Framus closed in 1975 and was resurrected in 1995 as part of Warwick GmbH & Co Music Equipment KG
1946Following WWII, nylon strings widely replaced traditional gut strings on most classical instruments, including classical acoustic guitars
1946Carvin Corporation was founded by Lowell Kiesel (1915‑2009), based in San Diego, California, USA to manufacture guitar pickups
1946What would become the Teisco brand in 1964, Aoi Onpa Kenkyūjo was founded by guitarist Atswo Kaneko and electrical engineer Doryo Matsuda in Tokyo, Japan
1946American former motorcycle racer, mechanic and inventor/designer, Paul Bigsby (1899‑1968) formed The Bigsby Electric Guitar Company, based in Downey, California, USA to build lap/pedal steel guitars, solid body electric guitars and accessories
1947Gibson’s introduced the GA‑50T valve amplifier, the first amp to feature a built‑in tremolo effect
1947Danelectro Corporation (short for ‘Daniel electric‘) was founded by electrical engineer, Nathan ‘Nat’ I. Daniel (1912‑1994), based initially in Red Bank and then in Neptune City, New Jersey, USA
1948Gibson hired American businessman Ted McCarty (1909‑2001) from the Wurlitzer Company. He became vice president in 1949 and president of the company in 1950. McCarty rapidly expanded Gibson’s design and manufacturing capability during 1950s
1948Paul Bigsby built a bespoke solid body electric guitar for country music artist Merle Travis. It was widely regarded as a milestone in solid body electric guitar design and was said to have heavily influenced Leo Fender’s guitars. Bigsby built two other guitars for George Grohs and Tommy ‘Butterball’ Paige
1948Epiphone introduced the Emperor hollow body electric archtop guitar, associated with legendary jazz guitarist Joe Pass (1929-1994)
1948Fender introduced its Champ valve amplifier, initially called the Champion 800, rated at 5W into an 8” speaker. Also widely introduced was the Princeton valve amp with 4W into an 8” speaker
1948The Japanese brand, Teisco was introduced to sell affordable musical instruments. Teisco was one of the Japanese companies that imported budget instruments into the US and UK from 1960. In 1967, the brand was discontinued and, in 1969, the name was acquired by Kawai Musical Instruments Manufacturing Co., Ltd. The brand was revived in 2018
1949Leo Fender and George Fullerton started developing a prototype for a new solid body electric guitar design that would initially be called the Broadcaster. The guitar was formally re‑named the Telecaster in late 1951
1949Gibson introduced the hollow body ES‑175 electric archtop jazz guitar. It featured f‑holes, a single Florentine cutaway and, initially, a single P‑90 pickup
1949Watkins Electric Music (better known as WEM) was founded by brothers Charlie and Reg Watkins in London, England to manufacture PA systems, guitar amplifiers and electric guitars. WEM also became famous for its portable Copicat tape echo effect unit
1950Fender appointed V.C. Squier Company to supply strings for the company’s new electric guitar models
1950Fender introduced the first mass produced solid body electric guitar, the forerunner of the Fender Telecaster, the single and dual‑pickup Fender Esquire. Fender renamed it the Broadcaster before they were forced to remove the name (the so‑called ‘Nocaster’) due to a legal dispute with Gretsch. The model was officially renamed the Telecaster in 1951. The model has been in continuous production since
1950Gibson president, Ted McCarty was heavily involved in many pioneering guitar design innovations during Gibson’s ‘golden age’ between 1950 and 1966. McCarty oversaw the introduction of the Gibson Les Paul Model, ES‑335, Flying V, Explorer, SG and Firebird, as well as the humbucking pickup and tune‑o‑matic bridge
1950Jennings Musical Instruments (JMI) Ltd. was founded by Thomas Walter Jennings (1917‑1978) in Dartford, Kent, England to make guitar amplifiers. The company changed its name to Jennings Musical Industries in 1956. The company would formally become VOX in 1957
1951Leo Fender’s Fender Electric Instrument Company was incorporated in Fullerton, California, USA
1951Fender introduced the revolutionary solid body electric fretted Fender Precision Bass guitar alongside the newly re‑named Telecaster guitar
1951Gibson introduced the Super 400CES (standing for Cutaway Electric Spanish), a high‑end 18”‑wide electric archtop jazz guitar
1952Gibson introduced the Ted McCarty‑designed solid body electric guitar, the Les Paul Model gold top with a carved maple top over a mahogany body, a set mahogany neck, dual P‑90 single coil pickups and a trapeze tailpiece
1952Jimmy D’Aquisto started work as an apprentice to master luthier John D’Angelico in Manhattan, New York City, USA
1952Valco introduced its first solid body guitars under its National and Supro brand names. The Valco brand name never appeared on an instrument
1952The Guild Guitar Company was founded by guitarist and music retailer Avram ‘Alfred’ Dronge (1911‑1972) in Manhattan, New York, USA. Guild employed many former Epiphone employees after the latter moved to Philadelphia following a damaging industrial dispute
1952Fender introduced the famous Twin combo valve amplifier with two 12″ speakers and two 6L6 valves and a rated output of 25 watts. Fender also introduced the Bassman series, the first dedicated bass amplifiers
1953Engineer and inventor, Paul Bigsby filed a US patent for the innovative Bigsby vibrato tailpiece. The patent was granted in the same year
1953Ted McCarty designed the Tune‑O‑Matic adjustable bridge with wire retainer, first used on the Gibson Super 400 archtop jazz guitar
1953Gretsch introduced the single cutaway 6128 Duo Jet with a chambered mahogany body, intended to compete with Gibson and Fender
1954After a brief spell with Gibson, German luthier Roger Rossmeisl (1927‑1979) was appointed by Rickenbacker to design their electric guitars and basses
1954Fender introduced the innovative 3‑pickup Stratocaster solid body electric guitar designed by Leo Fender, George Fullerton and Freddie Tavares. The Stratocaster has remained in continuous production to‑date
1954Leo Fender filed a US patent for the Fender Synchronized Tremolo (vibrato). The patent was granted in 1956
1954Gibson introduced the upmarket black (ebony) and gold Les Paul Custom using Ted McCarty’s adjustable Tune‑O‑Matic bridge
1954Gibson introduced the entry‑level single‑cutaway, slab‑bodied Les Paul Junior guitar with a single P‑90 bridge pickup. The Junior’s body was changed to a double‑cutaway in 1958 and was discontinued in 1963
1954Danelectro started production of a line of guitars using its distinctive ‘lipstick’ pickups, with covers made from actual cosmetic lipstick tubes
1954Gibson introduced the J‑160E acoustic/electric 6‑string flat top guitar. The model was later made famous by John Lennon of The Beatles
1955Valco introduced the National 1104 Town & Country solid body electric guitar. The Town & Country also appeared under the Airline brand
1955Fender introduced the Tremolux valve amplifier, the first Fender amp with a built‑in tremolo effect. The design was patented in 1956
1955Gibson introduced the intermediate‑level single‑cutaway, slab‑bodied Les Paul Special and TV guitars with dual P‑90 pickups. The Special’s body was changed to a double‑cutaway in 1958 until it would be replaced by the Les Paul SG (Solid Guitar) Special from 1961 and SG Special from 1963
1955Gibson introduced their first thinline guitar model, the hollow‑body carved archtop Byrdland, named after guitarists Billy Byrd and Hank Garland. The Byrdland was based on the deeper L‑5CES and with a short 23½” scale. The guitar was available in both Florentine and Venetian cutaway form
1955Prototyped in 1954, Gretsch introduced the single cutaway 6120 Chet Atkins Hollow Body with endorsement by American country guitarist Chet Atkins (1924‑2001). The body was changed to a double cutaway thinline design in 1962 and re‑name as the ‘6120 Nashville’ in 1964
1955Zemaitis guitars was founded by London‑born luthier Tony Zemaitis (1935‑2002) based in London, England. He was born as Antanas Kazimeras Žemaitis, of Lithuanian descent
1956Fender introduced the short scale single pickup solid‑body electric Musicmaster ‘student’ guitar. It would be followed by the Duo‑Sonic (also 1956), the Mustang (1964) and the Bronco (1967)
1956Danelectro introduced the world’s first 6‑string electric bass guitar (a.k.a. the Tic‑Tac Bass)
1956Hartley Peavey (1941‑) built his very first amplifier constructed from surplus parts. He would later go on to found Peavey Electronics in 1965
1956Mosrite guitars was founded as Mosrite of California by Semie and Andy Moseley with investment from Reverend Ray Boatright. Mosrite started out to build electric guitars initially in Bakersfield and then in Los Angeles, California, USA. Mosrite went bankrupt in 1968
1956Aria Guitars Co. was founded by Shiro Arai (1930‑2019) in Nagoya, Japan. Aria initially retailed acoustic guitars before they started to manufacture acoustic guitars from 1964 and electric guitars from 1966
1957Wandrè Guitars was formed by artist and luthier, Italian Antonio Vandrè Pioli (1926‑2004). The instruments, known for their futuristic eccentric and experimental features, were sometimes referred to as ‘sound sculptures’. Wandrè guitars ceased production in 1968
1957Epiphone was acquired by Gibson’s parent company, Chicago‑based CMI (Chicago Musical Instruments) and the two companies were merged
1957Gibson introduced the milestone P.A.F (Patent Applied For) humbucking pickup designed by American electronic engineer Seth E. Lover (1910‑1997)
1957Gretsch introduced the Filter’Tron humbucking pickup designed by American inventor and engineer Joseph Raymond Butts (1919‑2003)
1957Rickenbacker introduced the iconic 4000 series bass guitar with its distinctive neck‑through body and ‘cresting wave’ body shape, designed by Roger Rossmeisl
1957The Ibanez brand was created in Nagoya, Aichi, Japan as a subsidiary of Hoshino Gakki Kabushiki, a.k.a. Hoshino Musical Instruments
1957Jennings Musical Industries (JMI) was renamed VOX Amplification Ltd. The rebrand was widely regarded as the founding of VOX in the UK
1958British amp manufacturer VOX introduced the legendary AC30 combo valve amp, rated at 30W
1958Fender introduced the upmarket Fender Jazzmaster offset solid body electric guitar, intended to attract conservative jazz guitarists from major rival, Gibson
1958Gibson changed the gold top Les Paul Model to the cherry sunburst Les Paul Standard with dual PAF humbucking pickups. Arguably, the iconic Les Paul Standard ‘burst is Gibson’s most famous and desirable model. It was replaced in 1961 by the Les Paul Standard SG, renamed simply as the SG in 1963 after Les Paul’s endorsement agreement with Gibson ended
1958Gibson introduced the ES‑335 semi‑hollow thinline electric guitar with an innovative solid centre block intended to reduce feedback in high gain situations. The semi‑acoustic centre block design ironically imitated Les Paul’s failed ‘the log’ prototype (1939‑1941)
1958Gibson introduced the ground‑breaking and futuristic Modernistic series of guitars comprising the Flying V and Explorer solid body electric guitar models. A third model was proposed (and patented), the Moderne, although no known originals are known to exist. The Moderne was finally released in 1982‑1983 (with just 143 sold)
1958The budget Gibson Les Paul SG Junior, Special and TV models were redesigned with new slab body, double‑cutaway guitars, replacing the original single cutaway ones
1958Airline guitars, manufactured by Valco, sold through the Montgomery Ward department store and mail‑order business, were introduced and remained for sale until 1968 when Valco went bankrupt
1958Rickenbacker introduced the semi‑acoustic 300 series guitars designed by German luthier Roger Rossmeisl
1958British string manufacturer Rotosound was founded by brothers James and Ron How in Blackfen, Kent, England, although the Rotosound brand name wasn’t used until 1963
1958Swedish manufacturer, Hagström started making electric guitars and basses
1959Gibson introduced the lower priced Melody Maker solid‑body electric ‘student’ guitar, initially based on the outline of the Les Paul and using new covered single coil pickups
1959Fender introduced the ‘Brownface’ series of valve amplifiers, manufactured until the style was discontinued in 1963
1959Burns Guitars London was founded by Alice Farrell and Jim Burns (1925‑1998) in London, England to build electric guitars and basses
1959Japanese brand Takamine – inspired by Mount Takamine – was founded as Ozhone Musical Instrument Manufacturing in Sakashita, Gifu, Japan to make acoustic guitars. The company was renamed Takamine Musical Instruments Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1962

For those who prefer a purely visual interpretation of guitars as a counterpoint to either the infographic or the chronological listing, here is a graphical illustration of 18 key milestones in guitar evolution from 1900 to 1959.

“Doesn’t matter what guitar you play, as long as you’ve got passion!” – Eric Johnson (1954‑)


Final Thoughts on ‘A Timeline of Guitar History in 400+ Snippets: Part II’

Like the film, ‘Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back’ (1980), this article is the meat in a timeline sandwich, so there aren’t any ‘final’ thoughts at this stage. A retrospective critique will now be reserved for the end of Part III. While it isn’t the beginning and it isn’t the end, it remains a crucial part of the guitar’s story and the validity of the entries are just as important as the other parts.

I have to admit that 1959 feels like a less than ideal intermission point. It would have been better to break at, say 1949 instead of 1959 but that would then imbalance the overall topic. In some ways, though, the end of the 1950s was a watershed in cultural, social and musical change. It is also a relevant year for the author, experiencing the world that would by home for the first time. So, 1959 it is.

“Guitars have been the obsession of my life. I first picked one up at the age of four and I’ve been a guitar junkie ever since” – Johnny Marr (1963‑)


CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Album of the Month’

This could be pretty much any album from the history of guitar music recordings. However, one had to be chosen, so I have gone for something that represents both a landmark in both guitar music as well as recording. The pick wasn’t actually an album at the time but it has become an essential collection of tracks for most guitar aficionados and for anyone with an interest in guitar history. I reckon it’s a fitting choice for this article, deriving from the first half of the 20th Century. Drum roll please. This month’s accolade goes to…

Robert Johnson – The Complete Recordings (1990): Given the expansive mythology surrounding Robert Johnson (1911‑1938), in the real world he only recorded 29 songs with 13 alternate takes in two separate occasions. The first recording sessions took place between 23 and 25 November 1936, in San Antonio, Texas, USA. The second recording sessions took place on 19 and 20 June 1937, in Dallas, Texas. This compilation album comprises 41 tracks, which represents all but one known tracks, covering a total of 107 minutes. It therefore represents a definitive milestone in the history of the blues and guitar music.

There isn’t room here to go into all the fascinating truths, myths, legends and fictions surrounding American delta blues guitarist, singer/songwriter and Mississippi native Robert Leroy Johnson and his trusty Gibson L1 acoustic guitar. Despite his limited recording portfolio recorded during his short life (he died in mysterious circumstances at the age 27, thereby unwittingly founding the infamous ’27 club’), he has become one of the most celebrated and influential of all guitarists, transcending the acoustic blues tradition of which he was part. Other virtuoso instrumentalists like jazz guitarist Charlie Christian (1916‑1942) and gypsy jazz guitarist Django Reinhardt (1910‑1953) can also be regarded as similarly influential in terms of early recorded guitarists. Without these guys, we wouldn’t have the diversity of guitar music we enjoy today.

BELIEVE IN MUSIC!

“Hello Satan, it’s time to go. Me and the devil, walkin’ side by side” – Robert Johnson (1911‑1938)


Tailpiece

Wow, this is turning into a genuine epic. It was as I was editing the original full Part II, it became obvious that it was just too much for a single article. If I was struggling to edit it due to its enormity, then readers would also have a hard time wading through so much information. There was little point in being counter‑productive. It was only very close to publication date that I decided to make the change. Without a great deal of time to reflect, I can only trust that the outcome hasn’t been overly compromised.

“Some people tell me that the worried blues ain’t bad. Worst old feelin’ I most ever had” – Robert Johnson (1911‑1938)

Please come back next month and join me for the third and now‑final part of the esteemed guitar’s timeline. Adiós por ahora, mis amigos.

Truth, peace, love, and guitar music be with you always. The CRAVEman, signing off for now. Until next time…

CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Quote of the Month’: “Unwise people all too often confuse power, money and information with wisdom, wealth and knowledge. Wise people understand the difference and live wisely”

© 2026 CRAVE Guitars – Love Vintage Guitars.


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June 2020 – Whazzup at CRAVE Guitars

Prelude

WELCOME BACK ONCE again guitar fans and hello to any new visitors. We are now half way through an extraordinary 2020 and the world is still turned upside down in so many concerning ways. While there may be glimmers of light at the end of the tunnel for COVID‑19, there is still a long way to go and there will be profound ramifications that it will leave in its sizeable wake. At the end of last year, we had no inclination as to what was about to befall, yet here we are now. Perhaps us hooman beans really aren’t as clever as we seem to think we are (shock, horror – hold the front page!). It seems that we also still have some way to go before all people are deemed equal and can live their lives freely, responsibly and peacefully. The first half of 2020 has passed by very quickly and, frankly, good riddance to it. I don’t like wishing life away but it has been 6 months that I’m sure we could all have done without, everything being on‑hold.

Well, here we are and no more historical facts, quotes or predictions on which to ponder this month. I said at the very end of the last article that I would get back to pontificating about ‘cool & rare American vintage electric’ guitars and, at last, I can deliver on that promise/threat (delete as applicable).

There are 3 themes on which I’d like to embark this month. Firstly, I mentioned in my December 2019 article that I had bought some gear (big surprise… not) during last year but I didn’t go any further than to list what they were, without any indication as to the whys and wherefores behind the spending spree. Secondly, after 18 months, most of the 42 repatriated guitars have now been properly assessed and worked through as far as I am able. So far, I haven’t given any real sense about what I found and what I learnt from the exercise. Thirdly, there have been a number of purchases during the first half of 2020 and in due course I can reveal what those are and how they relate both to the existing ‘collection’ and to the ‘wanted’ list from that same December 2019 end‑of‑year/look‑forward roundup.

I think that there is more than enough material to occupy one article, so without further ado, let us begin at the beginning. Sitting comfortably? Good. Then, we’ll begin…

2019 CRAVE Guitars’ Purchases

An Introduction to the 2019 CRAVE Guitars

2019 was certainly an interesting year. Due to circumstances, I started out not anticipating much in the way of guitar purchases. The relatively modest vintage guitar ‘wanted’ list from December 2018 included a Danelectro of some sort, a Fender Starcaster and a Gibson Melody Maker. These had all featured on the target list for more than one year, so it seemed a fairly realistic expectation. What actually happened was a bit more fruitful than I foresaw and I think it deserves some rationale to indicate why they weren’t random purchases. In fact, 2019 resulted in nine new additions to the CRAVE Guitars family, spanning five decades (1940s‑1980s with at least one from each). I couldn’t really afford the outlay but, although it meant sacrifices in other areas, it has probably been worth a bit of hardship. I hope you find this array of short stories moderately interesting.

1982 Fender Bullet H2

This is what happened when esteemed Fender designer John Page was tasked with creating a low cost student model to carry the ‘Made in U.S.A.’ decal and replace the outgoing Mustang and Musicmaster? The result was the Fender Bullet. I’d already acquired a 1981 Fender Bullet which was essentially a Telecaster‑on‑a‑budget model. Several aspects of the first iteration intrigued me and I set about looking for a second generation model, with the more Stratocaster‑like body outline. Initially, I was looking for a ‘standard’ one with twin single coil pickups and the integrated bent steel pick guard and bridge assembly, just like the ‘Tele’ Bullet. Instead, I found a cool Fender Bullet H2 in great all‑original condition in very smart red and white with a maple neck. This version has a more robust standard integrated hardtail bridge/tailpiece with through‑body stringing. The H2 features what at first glance appear to be standard twin ‘humbuckers’. However, looks can be deceiving. The pickups aren’t actually traditional humbuckers – they are actually 4 single coil pickups arranged as two pairs in humbucking configuration. In addition to a normal 3‑way pickup selector switch, the H2 has two additional buttons that ‘split’ the humbucking pickup pairs to give a wide range of tonal options including genuine single coil sounds (unlike most tapped or split humbuckers). When it arrived, one of the 4 pickups wasn’t working and it had to be sent to a pickup expert to fix. Thankfully, it was a weak connection between the coil and pickup lead, so easily sorted. Like the earlier Bullet, the H2 has a very nice standard Telecaster neck. The diverse sounds available from this guitar are nothing short of remarkable and it makes me wonder why this particular unique configuration hasn’t been widely used since. The early USA‑made Bullets were misunderstood and tend to attract a lot of unfair criticism from purists. As a result, like the Fender Leads of the time, they weren’t manufactured for long. Judging it on its own terms, this is really not the cheap Stratocaster imitation it may seem at first glance. I realised that the Fender Bullet H2s are both cool and quite rare, so fit the CRAVE criteria. I never envisaged that it would be so fascinating and collectable while still being affordable. This Bullet H2 came with its original (if battered and stickered) Original Hard Shell Case (OHSC).

1975 Fender Starcaster

The Fender Starcaster (and, no, that isn’t a spelling error) has been a long‑standing ‘wanted’ guitar, ever since I got a 1960s Coronado. There is very little similarity between the two models but as there are very few semi‑acoustic electrics in the brand’s history, I was once again curious. Unusually, I bought this one from a retailer, so I probably paid more than I normally would have considered but it was worth it. Where the Coronado is fully hollow, the Starcaster has a solid centre block running under the pickups and the massive hardtail bridge/tailpiece assembly. Surprisingly, the Starcaster has through‑body stringing like a Telecaster. While the Coronado has DeArmond single coil pickups, the Starcaster uses the sublime Seth Lover ‘wide range’ humbuckers as used on several Telecaster variants from the 1970s. While both the Coronado and the Starcaster use bolt on maple necks, they are, again, very different and the latter is unique to the model with a maple fingerboard. Both the Coronado and Starcaster were reissued by Fender in 2013 although neither are a patch on the originals. The vintage Starcasters are instantly recognisable because of the distinctive bridge assembly and the 5 controls (2 volume, 2 tone plus master volume). When going over the guitar on arrival, I found it was a rare very early 1975 (pre‑production?) model. It has been well used but is still in remarkably good condition with the sort of genuine patina that only age can bestow. The tobacco sunburst and sunburst flame maple is just gorgeous. It is also a fantastic guitar to play with a great neck and I really like the (in‑vogue) offset body shape. Even better, it doesn’t play or sound like any other Fender, ever made. The Starcaster didn’t prove popular on its original release and wasn’t produced for long before being quietly discontinued in 1982. I can understand why it didn’t sell in large numbers but that misses the point about its exclusive charms. Make no mistake, the Starcaster is a high quality instrument just waiting to be rediscovered. This beauty is not to be confused with cheapo far‑eastern Strat imitations from the 2000s that unfortunately carried the ‘Starcaster by Fender’ moniker. The case, while vintage, is not an original Fender Starcaster case. Obtaining a Fender Starcaster was a long‑standing aspiration achieved, which can now be removed from the ‘wanted’ list. These babies are now becoming extortionately expensive on the vintage market, as the ‘collectorati’ are now cottoning onto them. Seems I got this one just about in time‑ish.

1979 Fender Stratocaster Anniversary

I already have a 1977 Stratocaster hardtail and I was kinda looking around for one from the early 1970s with a vibrato before they become unaffordable (rapidly heading that way now). Along the way, I became distracted by the 1979 Anniversary Stratocaster. I missed out on a couple before I finally attained one (once again at a higher price than I intended, unfortunately). The Anniversary is distinctive in that it was Fender’s first foray into limited edition commemorative models, celebrating 25 years since the original Stratocaster’s introduction in 1954. I was attracted by the classic look of silver, black and maple fingerboard. Whether one can regard a massive 10,000 examples as a ‘limited edition’ is debatable. It also comes with a very unsubtle ‘Anniversary’ logo emblazoned on the bass horn plus a much more understated 25th anniversary neck plate which carries its serial/issue number. This one comes with its original certificate of authenticity and most (but not quite all) of its case candy, as well as its ABS OHSC, all of which is nice to have. Like all Anniversary models, this one is heavy at 10lbs (4.6kgs) but I can live with that because of the part this model plays in electric guitar heritage. It looks cool, sounds great and plays very nicely, although the action is a little high. Fundamentally, though, it is essentially a standard Stratocaster with a few aesthetic embellishments. This guitar is in excellent, almost mint condition, which suggests that it was kept as a memento rather than an instrument to be played, which in my view is sacrilege. These aren’t especially rare instruments and many purists would say they aren’t cool. Well, I’m going to stand my ground and say that I like it, which is why it now has a safe home here at CRAVE Guitars.

1983 Fender Stratocaster Elite

This is the first of a pair of Fender Elites that I bought in 2019 (and the second Stratocaster!), both of which I think are quite desirable. As background, the Elite series was only produced in 1982 and 1983 before it was withdrawn shortly before CBS sold Fender in 1984. It is the innovative electronics that really set the Elites apart. The signal chain starts with 3 ‘noiseless’ single coil pickups including an additional dummy coil to reduce hum. These pickups are distinguishable by the Fender logo covers with no visible pole pieces. Instead of a 5‑way pickup selector switch, there are 3 on/off buttons, 1 for each pickup, giving 8 permutations in all (including all ‘off’). This arrangement provides easy access to more sounds than the standard Stratocaster of the time. The switching is unusual but also very intuitive (far better than Fender’s current S‑1 switching). The signal then passes through an on‑board active pre‑amp powered by a 9V battery. The controls are different too and not just the nice soft‑touch logo knobs. There is the usual single master volume complemented by two master tone controls, comprising Fender’s propriety MDX (MiD‑range eXpander) boost and TBX (Treble/Bass eXpander) circuit. The Strat’s iconic jack plate is also absent, with the output moved to the body edge. The bridge assembly is also unique, here it is a top‑loading hardtail Fender Freeflyte bridge. In use, it plays just like a Strat, although it is a touch on the heavy side. The sounds though are, as you might expect, quite different from a normal Stratocaster. Before the purists clamour with cries of sacrilegious iconoclasm, the electronics went on, albeit modified, to be used in both the Eric Clapton and Buddy Guy signature guitars, so the Elite wasn’t an abortive experiment. This example looks particularly cool in creamy Olympic White with a lovely rosewood fingerboard. This Elite is in lovely all‑original excellent condition and comes with its ABS OHSC. Like many 1970s and 1980s Fenders, these are now becoming more desirable on the vintage market. These original Elites are not to be confused with the similarly named but otherwise standard Elite series instruments issued by Fender between 2016 and 2019.

1983 Fender Telecaster Elite

More?! OK then. Onto the second in the pair of Fender Elites. This one is a 1983 Telecaster Elite in lovely translucent Sienna Burst with a gorgeous rosewood fingerboard. Like the Stratocaster Elite, it is a fascinating variant on the classic design. The electronics here comprise dual‑coil noise‑cancelling Alnico 2 pickups routed through an on‑board active 9V preamp with 2 volume controls allied to the same MDX (mid‑range) and TBX (high‑range) tone controls as found on the Stratocaster Elite. Like its sister model, it has the unique top‑loading hardtail Fender Freeflyte bridge. The body has cool single binding on the top edge, similar to the original Custom Telecaster from the 1960s. For some inexplicable reason, the designers at Fender felt that a Telecaster would look good with a Les Paul‑like scratchplate. They were wrong, it doesn’t. Fortunately, the scratchplate was provided in the case, rather than being attached and even then, it could be stuck on with double‑sided tape. Personally, I prefer it without the scratchplate, revealing the woodgrain through the finish. Like the Stratocaster, the Telecaster is a touch on the heavy side but I can forgive that because of its unique position within the Fender canon. This little beauty is in near mint condition and includes its OHSC. The Elite is far from your average Telecaster and, on my unending quest for something cool and rare, it has found a good home here at CRAVE Guitars. Both Elite models (and there was also a Precision bass in the range as well) are harder to come across than standard models, so the prices tend to reflect their relative scarcity. The Elites are unequivocally ‘curio’ guitars from the last dying days of Fender’s notorious CBS era, so they tend to be frowned upon by purists, which makes them all the more appealing to the maverick side of my enduring addiction to the quirky and idiosyncratic guitars from a generally unloved period of guitar history.

1947 Gibson ES-150

Thus, we move onto the ‘Big G’. The author sadly hit one of those dreaded ‘big birthdays’ in 2019 and without much else to celebrate, I figured that I would mark my passing years with something self‑indulgent. I had been keeping my eyes peeled for a vintage Gibson ES‑150 for several years and watching as the prices escalated to, frankly, silly levels. I couldn’t afford one of the carved top pre‑war models with the Charlie Christian pickup, so I was looking around for a newer model, which would be cheaper. For those that may not know, the Gibson ES‑150 was introduced in 1936 and is acknowledged as the first commercially successful electric Spanish guitar. I eventually found a lovely 1947 ES‑150 from the first year of post‑war production and sporting a single P90 pickup. This one was way, way more expensive than I could normally justify so, because of my impending mortality, I was tempted to go for it. In fact, it is the most I’ve ever spent on a single instrument to‑date. This ES‑150 was residing in Italy, so I imported it before Brexit shuts down all opportunities to access vintage fare from our European colleagues. Owning a really old hollow body non‑cutaway jazz guitar is new territory for me, so it was with some trepidation and excitement that I was delving into this particular art form. The guitar itself is in fine all‑original condition with just surface crazing to the lovely sunburst nitrocellulose finish. There is no serial number or Factory Order Number (FON) which, along with the features, dates it to 1947. Playing it is a different experience altogether, as it needs heavy semi‑flat wound strings to get the laminated top vibrating. Then there is the limited upper fret access to contend with, so it takes some time to acclimatise to the technique. Being deep‑bodied and fully hollow, this one actually works quite well as an acoustic jazz guitar too. As you may know, I really like single pickup guitars, so there is less to get in the way of pure P90 tone. The ES‑150 is currently a bit of an outlier within the CRAVE Guitars family. One thing is for sure, it isn’t going anywhere anytime soon. Definitely not the ideal guitar of choice for metal heads though.

1965 Gibson Melody Maker

This 1965 Melody Maker was a bit of a gap filling exercise. Between 1959 and 1971, Gibson released four versions of their ‘student’ guitar, the Melody Maker. The first was a single cutaway Les Paul shape (1959‑1961), the second was a unique and really cute double cutaway model (1961‑1965), the third iteration was a somewhat crude and short‑lived double cutaway model (1965‑1966) and the final generation was SG‑shaped (1967‑1971). This is one of the rather ‘ugly duckling’ models from 1965 (weirdly often called the ‘type 2’, even though it’s the third body shape), which completes the set. The Melody Maker comprises a slab mahogany body with double cutaways, a set mahogany neck with the typical narrow headstock, one single coil pickup, and comes in a reserved cherry nitrocellulose finish. Unsurprisingly, this model has never been reissued by Gibson, although there has been a Joan Jett signature guitar. The Melody Maker name has re‑appeared a number of times since the 1960s. This example is not in pristine shape but is all‑original and it comes with its OHSC. At least this one hasn’t been butchered over the years unlike many. I was shocked that a recent guitar magazine article (which I won’t name but they really should know better) was recommending that the vintage Melody Maker body should be routed and the pickup replaced with a P90 or humbucker! Unbelievable and indefensible! I think that the narrow single coil pickups give the Melody Maker a distinct tone, which is very underrated by purists. Melody Makers are unique in the Gibson history books and unmolested examples deserve much more credit in my view. They are made from the same materials in the same Kalamazoo factory by the same people as other highly prized models and should be regarded (and treated) as worthy vintage instruments in their own right. They are very light and resonant, making them really easy to pick up and play. Compared to many Gibsons from the 1960s, Melody Makers are still relatively affordable on the vintage market and represent a good starting point for people interested in collecting vintage guitars from a major American brand. Personally, I have to admit that I am not a huge fan of this pointy body shape but now that I own one, it is growing on me.

1989 PRS Classic Electric

Having dipped my toes into the world of Paul Reed Smith (PRS) guitars with an elegant 1988 PRS Standard, I was looking around for other early hand‑finished guitars that were made in PRS’s original facility in Annapolis, Maryland. These early, so‑called ‘pre‑factory’ models are becoming increasingly collectable, especially as they are now beginning to get to vintage age (and price!). The early PRS Customs are becoming incredibly expensive, so my eyes settled on an early PRS model that was initially called the Classic Electric when introduced in 1989. The model was swiftly renamed as the CE after a legal dispute with Peavey over the original name. NB. The CE is not to be confused with the far Eastern PRS SE (‘Student Edition’) guitars. I also had my sights set on the early solid Electric Blue metallic finish, which I think is stunningly beautiful. This example is a very early Classic Electric, being only the 473rd guitar off the production line, distinguished by its 24‑fret, bolt‑on maple neck and the plain headstock carrying the block ‘PRS Electric’ logo (soon to change to the familiar modern ‘Paul Reed Smith’ signature script logo). There are quite a few marks including one significant ding to the body and the finish on the back of the neck has worn down. The wear indicates that it has been well played, which is often a sign of a soundly put together instrument. OK, it doesn’t have the flashy flame or quilted maple cap, faux binding, bird inlays or set neck but it is still a very creditable guitar that plays very well and sounds great. The CE is one of those under‑the‑radar PRSs that the collectors tend to overlook, although genuine owners praise them very highly. PRS finally got around to re‑releasing the bolt‑on CE model in 2016 but the new ones really aren’t the same as these early ‘handmade’ examples. Despite the wear and tear, it is all‑original and comes with its OHSC but no case candy. You can’t have everything. A vintage PRS Custom to add to the Standard and Classic Electric sadly has to remain on the wish list for the time being.

1959 Silvertone 1304

I had a bit of a mad spell towards the end of the year when I was buying several guitars for the sake of it. I was looking for a vintage Danelectro and came across this funky little 1959 Silvertone 1304 with its single cutaway and dowdy brown finish. It is very similar to the Danelectro U1 (differentiated by pickup position and headstock logo), which is no surprise seeing that Danelectro manufactured Silvertone guitars for the Sears & Roebuck retail and mail order company at the time. The 1304 is actually a pretty rare model being only available in Sears & Roebuck’s ‘Wish Book’ Christmas catalogue and related advertising of 1958, 1959 and 1960. The neck and familiar ‘coke bottle’ headstock is also rare, being finished in natural, rather than colour matched to the body, apparently due to supply shortages at the time. It also has the circular electrics cover on the back and the squared off neck joint that confirms its age and lineage. The ever present Lipstick pickup and body‑edge tape will be familiar to Danelectro fans. It also feels, plays and sounds just like you’d expect a vintage Danelectro from the 1950s, i.e. great. This was the last of the Danelectro single cutaway body shapes before they moved to double cutaways in the 1960s. The single pickup and simple controls let you focus on playing and getting the most out of a very cool and groovy (and lightweight due to semi acoustic construction) instrument. It is a lot of fun to pick up and play and hard to put down. The action is a little high but that resistance actually forces one to play differently compared to a more ‘refined’ guitar. Like others in this résumé, it is in fine all‑original condition, although it sadly doesn’t come with an original 1950s case. These cool Silvertone and comparable Danelectro guitars are still amazingly affordable for vintage guitars from the so‑called ‘golden era’, perhaps because they were (generally) made in large numbers and sold to a largely undiscriminating ‘student’ audience at the time.

2019 CRAVE Amps? What Amps?

Right, that’s the 2019 guitars covered, so what else was new? Well CRAVE Amplifiers didn’t achieve anything at all in 2019 – no new additions and no losses. Nada. As it turned out, I was quite happy running two relatively similar modest little units as daily go‑to amplification during the year, a 1978 Fender Champ and a 1978 Fender Vibro Champ both in ‘silverface’ livery. Don’t underestimate these diminutive 5W Class A valve amps, they are really great for what they are. I acknowledge that I’m not a vintage amp specialist, so they are not hugely abundant here at CRAVE Guitars. Owning vintage valve amps demands space, time and effort as well as oodles of filthy lucre, so I’m not in a huge rush to buy up large numbers of vintage amps.

An Introduction to the 2019 CRAVE Effects

CRAVE Effects did a little better during 2019, although there were only five new pedals to join the clan. Having said that, two of those were outstanding examples of the type. As with amps, because I am not a vintage effect expert, I’m sticking to a few well‑known global brands from the 1960s to 1980s, rather than go too far into the realms of the unique, idiosyncratic and unusual.

1987 BOSS RV-2 Digital Reverb

It may seem heretical to many but this is the first vintage digital effect to join the CRAVE club. This Japanese BOSS RV‑2 was sought out principally because there are few vintage compact analogue reverb pedals out there. Yes there are the bulky (and expensive) vintage valve reverb tanks from the likes of Fender but I wanted something small and convenient to add an extra special dimension to the aforementioned Fender Champs, neither of which have on‑board reverb. So, a digital reverb was the way to go with this rather plain looking but flexible 1987 BOSS RV‑2. It provides a range of reverbs and it sounds quite natural without too many sibilant digital artefacts, although not quite the soft and cuddly warm tones of traditional analogue reverbs. Still, it does its job very well and it is from the right era (pre‑1990s), which is why it’s here. Interestingly, the high current draw of the digital circuitry in the RV‑2 means that it cannot be powered by batteries and requires a BOSS PSA power supply in order to do its ‘0’ and ‘1’ digi‑thing.

1969 Dallas Arbiter Fuzz Face

This is the first of two iconic classic pedals acquired in 2019. The humble but fabled English Dallas Arbiter Fuzz Face rose to stardom mainly because of none other than Jimi Hendrix. This isn’t one of the earliest Fuzz Faces that used germanium transistors but one of the first to use silicon transistors, this one dating from c.1969. It is amazing what a few cheap electronic components can end up being turned into. Truth be told, I didn’t actually intend to get this pedal. It came along via an eBay auction and I decided to take a punt and put on a (relatively) low bid and… what happened? No‑one came along at the last minute to beat me and I ended up getting it. Yikes! Yes, it was hideously expensive but not as bad as it could have been. Therefore, while it was not exactly a bargain, I suppose it was still a reasonable price for what it is. Fortunately, it delivers its fuzzy glory in all the right ways, so that’s OK then. It is in excellent all‑original condition and in perfect working order, so my initial reticence was soon overcome. It actually looks pretty cool in red too. By today’s standards, its circular form factor does take up a disproportionate amount of pedalboard real estate but, c’mon, it is a vintage fuzz pedal – what’s not to like? The original Fuzz Face was definitely a batteries only zone back in the 1960s and neither is there an LED status light to indicate when it’s on. Great though it undoubtedly is, this is clearly not one of those pedals you’d want to gig with down the local pub, that’s for sure.

1982 Ibanez PT9 Phaser

At totally the other end of the value scale from the Fuzz Face, we have a fairly widely available and averagely collectable 1982 Ibanez PT9 Phaser. CRAVE Effects has somehow accumulated more phasers than any other kind over the years and that’s probably because the late 1970s and early 1980s experienced a surfeit of these simple analogue modulation effects. Let’s be honest, your average phaser really isn’t the most exciting of guitar effects compared to what else is out there, especially in these days of ubiquitous boutique eccentricities. The PT9 is pretty utilitarian and sounds OK, but not necessarily exceptional, which is probably to damn it with faint praise. I’m guessing that Ibanez chose to change their colour scheme from the previous blue/white PT‑909 Phase Tone to the orange/black PT9 in order to compete on looks with the all‑dominating and very orange MXR Phase 90 of the time. I had been on the track of a PT9 to fill a gap in the collection for a while, so the gap was duly filled. Original PT9s are still relatively affordable phasers and they are, perhaps, a good entry point for neophytes to get into vintage effects before getting into more exclusive and expensive fare. Time to move on… Next!

1981 Ibanez TS-808 Tube Screamer Overdrive Pro

… and here is the second iconic classic pedal procured in 2019. The otherwise ordinary green Ibanez TS-808 Tube Screamer Overdrive Pro rose to hallowed status via another guitarist association, this time with the inimitable Stevie Ray Vaughan. Like the Fuzz Face, the original vintage TS‑808s are now inordinately expensive on the vintage effect market, with prices increasing all the time. This was one of those times when I felt a ‘now or never’ moment and bagged a reasonably good one dating from 1981 at just below average price. At this point, I’m going to proclaim ‘emperor’s new clothes’ and say that, while it is undoubtedly a very competent pedal, does it really deserve the unchallenged accolades above all the other competent overdrive pedals out there? Just why we guitarists spend thousands of pounds/dollars on vintage instruments and vintage valve amps and then rely on some dirt cheap solid state components to make them sound ‘better’ is beyond me. To some extent, the same goes for the Fuzz Face but at least that is a down ‘n’ dirty fuzz pedal! I understand all the well‑rehearsed arguments about compensating mid‑boost and clean low gain drive into the front end of an already cooking valve amp. Perhaps I’m missing something else obvious but I really don’t think so. I also know that it goes against the grain to defer from perceived wisdom and to test the TS‑808’s seemingly unassailable reputation. Don’t get me wrong, I’m not knocking the Tube Screamer and what it does. I just believe it is somewhat overrated for the crazy market prices being asked. Anyhow, one of the green meanies is here now and is part of the growing ranks alongside other Ibanez ‘0’ and ‘9’ series pedals. At least I no longer have to keep scanning the market endlessly for a good one at a reasonable price.

1980 MXR Micro Amp

… and right back to the other end of the value scale again with a humble 1980 MXR Micro Amp. Essentially, all a boost pedal does is to increase the signal level hitting the front end of a (valve) pre‑amp, therefore not only adding a bit of volume, but also hopefully some natural compression and a bit of smooth distortion without affecting the underlying tone. Once again, there is something of a question mark about relying on a few cheap bits of electronics to make vintage gear ‘sing’. Having said that, the Micro Amp does its job perfectly well and it can be a really useful tool in the right circumstances. However, let us be clear that it is not exactly the most exhilarating or far out stomp box out there. As an idle observation, it is funny how things come round again given long enough. Outboard pre‑amp pedals are now a ‘big thing’ in the 2020s, albeit a bit more complex than this little MXR. There are many modern‑day compact pedal pre‑amps out there, including the Hudson Electronics Broadcast, Catalinbread Epoch Pre and Fredric Effects 150 Preamp. At least the unassuming little white MXR Micro Amp doesn’t take up much pedalboard space and is oh‑so simple in operation with only a single ‘Gain’ control. Like most un‑modified MXR pedals back in 1980, the Micro Amp only eats batteries for breakfast and doesn’t come with either an LED status light or DC input.

Help Needed

Vintage guitars, effects and amps need attention from time to time to keep them working at their best. While I can undertake basic maintenance, set ups and general TLC, I know that my skills are finite. I am looking for a guitar tech or luthier who can, from time to time, take on a vintage guitar and do some sympathetic remedial work, whether it involves fretwork, electrics, repairs or whatever. I’m also looking for someone who can do occasional work on effects and amps, which is basically electronics, switches, leads, soldering, etc. With over 60 vintage guitars, more than 50 vintage effects and 6 vintage amps, I need some expert help every so often. If there is someone out there with the requisite skillset for any or all of the above, and who is local to SE Cornwall in the UK, I would be interested in making a connection. Anyone interested? Please contact me at the e-mail address at the bottom of every page on the website.

Tailpiece

Actually, I think this is a good place to pause, so I’ll stop there for now. Nine guitars and five effect pedals is enough for one month.

At this point, I must stress that I did not buy any of these items as a pecuniary investment – anyone familiar with CRAVE Guitars will know that is not my motivation. However, given that savings accounts in the UK are currently offering just 0.01% interest rate, I would prefer to be broke and have great vintage guitars, amps and effects to play with and look at. The last recession that began in 2008 apparently saw 30% wiped off the value of vintage guitars, albeit temporarily. To me, it’s still a no brainer, when funds become available, eBay here I come for some vintage gear hunting. The other thing I would add is that all of the new additions are consistent with CRAVE Guitars larger strategic grand plan to conserve ‘Cool & Rare American Vintage Electric’ guitars, amps and effects as important musical and cultural heritage. Oh, and it’s also an unhealthy obsessive addiction as well but I guess you’ve sussed that out already.

At the top of this article I mentioned that there are three themes to work through and I’ve only covered one of them. I am conscious that the ‘History of Modern Music…’ series resulted in lengthy articles and this is, compared to them, quite short. I’m also a bit fatigued by the demands of lengthy researching and writing exercises. Thus, I’ll leave the rest for future article(s). I reckon that it is best to keep these reflective articles relatively consumable. Besides, there really is no rush, is there? Are we going anywhere, anytime soon? No, I thought not.

Believe me, there is still plenty of stuff to be getting on with here at CRAVE Guitars, so I guess I’ll be getting on with stuff then. Who knows what the world will be like in the coming months. Despite the continuing stresses and challenges of COVID‑19 et al, I hope that you’ll return here in due course for your prescribed diet of diversionary diatribes. Stay home, stay safe and stay (in)sane. Remember this simple but important mantra while civilisation unravels around us, Peace, Love & Guitar Music. Until next time…

CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Quote of the Month’: “I can see where this is going because I’ve been where it went.”

© 2020 CRAVE Guitars – Love Vintage Guitars.

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July 2018 – A Potted History of the Guitar Part V

Hello again and welcome back to the latest, fifth, part in the long history of the guitar, abridged and serialised for your entertainment. After the lengthy but hopefully coherent, tome of last month, I promise this one is a bit shorter and focused back on whole guitars, for easier consumption.

If you wish to recap on previous articles before starting with this part, the previous articles making up the ‘Potted History of the Guitar’ series can be accessed here (each part opens in a new browser tab):

The previous article (Part IV) in the series covering the guitar’s evolution looked at some essential 20th Century technological innovations without which, the electric guitar and modern music would not have evolved within the context of our current civilisation.

The artificial increase in volume provided by the pickup, amplifier and loudspeaker was important to enable the guitar to be elevated from just an accompanying instrument to a lead/solo instrument. This significant expansion in functionality proved massively popular across most non-classical musical genres and would change popular music forever. Crucially, the electric guitar provided a springboard for the musical revolution that occurred from the 1950s, fuelled first by jazz and blues and then by country and the rock ‘n’ roll ‘explosion’. At the same time, post‑war economic growth and social liberalisation in most western societies provided a fertile environment within which the electric guitar and the music it influenced could flourish. Part V explores how those key innovations were first introduced to the guitar world and then became an integral part of what would eventually become today’s musical landscape.

There were considerable challenges in turning prototypes into successful working commercial products. One of the barriers was the capability to manufacture the various elements to consistent quality in large numbers at low enough cost to match supply with demand. Another potential inhibitor was to persuade exiting dealerships and traditional musicians to adopt the new technology. One strategy was to attract big name artists to not only endorse but also to be seen using them in live performance. All of these factors were important in helping to build and then sustain long‑tem interest.

Scientific and technological progress in the first half of the 20th Century, it seems, was inevitable and unstoppable. Guitar builders were taking massive leaps of faith and the risks were great. If the new‑fangled popular music turned out to be a temporary fad or the features offered didn’t catch the consumer’s imagination then all the investment in time, effort and money would be wasted. Manufacturers had to get their products ‘just so’ in a timely fashion, so there was pressure to adapt, get the balance right and to do so within a relatively short space of time.

In hindsight, the answers to these challenges seem relatively straightforward, although it may not have seemed so at the time. As mentioned briefly in the previous part of the story there were essentially two ways to migrate from an acoustic instrument to an amplified electric one…

The first method was, perhaps, an obvious incremental approach achieved by simply adding one of the new‑fangled pickups to an existing hollow‑body acoustic instrument. The modified acoustic guitar could then simply be connected to a portable valve amplifier and speaker. This would be an attractive approach for many well‑established jazz/dance band musicians. However, the potential of this solution – at least initially – was limited by fact that that all that was happening was simply electrifying acoustic guitars. Not surprisingly, it worked for companies already producing credible archtop acoustic guitars, including, for example, Gibson.

The second method was to take a more radical approach and invent an entirely new type of instrument designed from scratch. This was technically far more difficult at the time and carried no guarantee of success. However, a bespoke approach was seen as less of a compromise and more a means of going straight to a visionary objective in one step, as well as doing so quickly without being constrained by anything that had gone before. The forward‑looking pioneers in this field believed that a purpose‑built electric guitar would appeal to a completely different audience and were prepared to take the massive risk of alienating the current generation of risk‑averse musicians in order to grow a fresh following for the new generation of guitars from a low base.

Arguably, both ways were important and both were needed in order to refine the inventions and for the best of both worlds to converge. Without these pioneering efforts, we would not have the diverse range of electric guitars (and other instruments) we have today. The following sections take a brief look at what happened to each of these seemingly opposing strategies and how successful they really were.

Generally speaking, the development of acoustic guitars had taken different courses on the eastern and western sides of the United States, so perhaps it was not surprising that the developments leading to the electric guitar also followed a rough east/west geographical split. In addition, the routes taken to get to the nirvana of the electric guitar were fundamentally different. While there were many inventors, engineers and entrepreneurs working on similar projects, this part of the story focuses on two key enterprises based in Michigan and California during the 1930s. The pace of innovation that occurred in the wake of WWII, through the late 1940s and into the 1950s will be the focus of the next part of the series.

Amplified Archtop Guitars

On the eastern(‑ish, actually the mid-west) side of America, Gibson being Gibson, felt that they were in control of their own destiny. They were intent on doing things their way and in their own time. Although Gibson was no stranger to innovation, perhaps predictably, they chose the ‘safe’ option, which was to add an electromagnetic pickup to their successful range of existing archtop guitars and then take it from there. This was seen as a simple, effective and relatively painless way of making the transition for an existing largely conservative and loyal user base to the new platform. Professional musicians, perhaps conscious of retaining their reputation and credibility could keep the look, feel and timbre of their existing instruments and just plug them into an amplifier to make them louder. While the approach was successful, as we now appreciate, the seemingly straightforward act of electrifying an acoustic instrument isn’t always ideal. Many initially sceptical professional musicians were, however, persuaded to embrace incremental change. They could retain their trusty, mostly expensive, high quality acoustic archtop guitars and also keep their expectant audiences happy.

While their upstart competitors on the west coast may have beaten Gibson to the starting gate technologically (see below), the Hawaiian lap steel market was finite and Gibson was intent on occupying what they saw as their rightful territory in the centre ground. Gibson founder, Orville Gibson had passed away in 1918, long before Gibson electric guitars became a reality. One wonders what Orville would have thought and, perhaps more intriguingly, done if faced with the same set of circumstances.

While acoustic engineer Lloyd Loar was employed at Gibson, he had experimented with electrostatic pickups in the early 1920s, although not very successfully. It would, however, take Gibson another 10 years to make their breakthrough. It fell to Gibson employee, Walter L. Fuller, who had joined the company in 1933 who was responsible for finalising the design of Gibson’s first pickups used on their electric metal‑bodied E150 lap steel guitars, introduced in 1935. The electric E150 was, like the early Rickenbacher Electro lap steel guitars, constructed from sold aluminium. To help entice early adopters, the E150 was offered with a matching E150 amp.

A year later, in May 1936, Gibson introduced their first ‘Electric Spanish’ (ES) model, the hollow body archtop ES‑150. While some may dispute the circumstances, the Gibson ES‑150 is historically significant in that it is generally regarded as the first commercially successful production electric guitar. The Gibson ES‑150 employed the same pickup as used in the previous year’s E150 lap steel. Two large 5” bar magnets were hidden under the top of the guitar, as can be seen by the triangle of mounting bolts, while the hexagonal pickup with its distinctive ‘blade’ polepiece was visible, mounted near the neck. The output jack socket was positioned unobtrusively on the side of the guitar’s lower bass bout. Otherwise, the ES‑150 was a relatively unremarkable example of familiar archtop jazz guitar design of the 1930s. Interestingly, the ES‑150 wasn’t a replacement for another Gibson model; it was a new introduction, supplementing existing instruments.

Like the E150, the ES-150 was sold with an accompanying EH‑150 amplifier and cable. The ‘150’ of its name derived from the guitar’s introductory price of $150.

Importantly for Gibson, the ES‑150 was endorsed by acclaimed jazz guitarist Charlie Christian (1916-1942), which helped to popularise amplified archtop guitars not only for rhythm work but also for lead/solo playing. The distinctive black and white hexagonal pickup used in the ES-150 is still known today as the ‘Charlie Christian’ pickup and is held in high regard by aficionados, despite being very low‑powered in its original form. After 1938, Gibson redesigned the pickup so that it was more powerful – it had a notch in the polepiece below where the wound ‘B’ string would go, in order to balance the output across all 6 strings. A third variation of the pickup appeared on Gibson ES-250s from 1939, perhaps indicating that development of the pickup was ‘work‑in‑progress’.

By the end of the 1930s, Gibson’s Walter Fuller was experimenting with Alnico (aluminium, nickel and cobalt) alloy magnets in pickups. Various guitars of the early 1940s featured early versions of what would become one of Gibson’s most famous pickups, the P90. These developmental designs, used on Gibson ES-250 and ES-300 guitars, were a far cry from the familiar P90 pickups that would follow. Another early version of the P90, called the P-13, appeared on Mastertone Electric Spanish Guitars from 1940, a budget brand owned by Gibson.

Between 1943 and 1945, a substantial proportion of Gibson’s manufacturing capacity was re‑focused on supporting the American war effort. Supply of materials and tooling caused a temporary hiatus in America’s pickup, guitar and amplifier development, not only for Gibson but also for all manufacturers in the industry.

It wasn’t until 1946 that Gibson introduced the fully‑fledged single coil P.U.90, now known simply as the P90, on their ES-150 and ES-300 archtops. The P90 has become one of the company’s most famous and highly respected pickups, and a design that has endured almost unchanged over many decades. The P90 pickup was important to Gibson as it really established Gibson’s dominance in pickup design prior to the introduction of humbucking pickups. The successful P90 became a standard and effectively replaced Gibson’s earlier pickup designs. Although Gibson’s humbucking pickups were intended to replace the P90 in the 1950s, the P90 remains in production today as Gibson’s predominant single coil pickup, testament to the quality of its original design.

Once the concept of electric archtop guitars had been broadly embraced by enough mainstream guitarists, Gibson extended the use of pickups to other guitars. In 1949, Gibson released the ES-175. Like the ES‑150 before it, the model was named after its introductory price of $175. This model was important in the historical timeline because it was designed from the start to be an electric guitar, rather than an acoustic guitar with a pickup. It was also considered a cheaper guitar than Gibson’s upmarket archtops like the acoustic L5 and Super 400. Unlike its predecessors, the ES-175’s all‑hollow body was constructed from laminated boards rather than solid wood and it was the first Gibson to feature a pointed Florentine cutaway. Initially, the ES-175 came with one and then two P90 single coil pickups. By 1957, Gibson switched to their new humbucking pickups to the E‑175.

Following on from the ground breaking ES-150 and the ES-175, Gibson revisited an earlier classic creation by introducing the luxuriously appointed L5CES in 1951. The new model was based on the preceding L5 originally designed by Lloyd Loar in the 1920s. The L5CES was aimed squarely at the high end and was designed to provide the best of both worlds for discerning professional musicians. The ‘C’ stood for the single ‘cutaway’ body comprising spruce top and maple back and sides. The model was produced initially with a smoothly rounded Venetian cutaway and a pair of P90 single coil pickups, followed later by a sharply pointed Florentine cutaway and humbucking pickups. The ‘ES’ continued the ‘Electric Spanish’ nomenclature of other models. By using 2 pickups, the L5CES was intended to be used both acoustically and electrically. A notable user of the electric L5 was Scotty Moore who worked with emerging rock ‘n’ roll singer, Elvis Presley in the 1950s. There were a number of variations on the theme, including the thinline, short scale Byrdland and in the 1970s, Gibson even introduced a solid body version of the L5, called the L5S.

In 1955, Gibson introduced their first production humbucking pickup, designed by Seth Lover. Early versions of the Gibson P.U.490 humbucker have become known as PAF (Patent Applied For) pickups, while ones produced after their patent was awarded in 1959 are known as ‘Patent No.’ pickups. Succeeding versions of the Gibson humbucker right up to the current day have built on the foundations of these early, now legendary, pickups. As they had done in the 1930s, Gibson launched their new pickup first on lap steel guitars in 1956 before phasing them in to replace P90s on the aforementioned ES‑175.

It wasn’t long before PAF humbuckers were used on many Gibson guitars. Unsurprisingly, they also began to appear in the company’s (relatively) new solid body gold top Les Paul Model and black Les Paul Custom guitars from 1957 as well as on the all‑new semi‑acoustic ES‑335 from 1958. However, that’s getting ahead of this particular part of the story. Fortunately for Gibson, their humbucking pickups proved highly successful across all types of electric guitar and have long since become an industry standard, with many 3rd party pickup suppliers creating their own versions. Even the original Charlie Christian pickups are now being replicated for enthusiasts of the unique sound they produced.

There have, perhaps obviously, been plenty of other electric archtop guitars over the intervening years from a wide range of manufacturers across the globe. While this part of the story recognises this diversity, it cannot do justice to the proliferation of instruments on the market today. Needless to say, many of today’s designs have been inspired by the few milestone instruments mentioned here. Arguably, progress would have taken place anyway, even without these key instruments. However, the guitars covered above are particularly notable in historical terms not necessarily because they were the first or the best but because of the part they have played in the overall heritage.

Again in hindsight, the addition of one or more pickups to an existing acoustic guitar may seem to be an obvious option. However, at the time, it was a significant development by a company that was known for combining innovation with traditionalism. It was a strategic decision by Gibson that achieved that clever balancing act, innovating while preserving their reputation and sustaining their user base during a time of major industry and social change.

When the time came to introduce their own range of solid body guitars in the early 1950s, Gibson already had plenty of experience under their belt to make informed decisions about what would and what wouldn’t work. It is not surprising that other manufacturers followed suit and the electric archtop guitars became mainstream until the 1950s.

The electric archtop guitar proved extremely popular with traditional guitarists looking to continue using archtop jazz guitars while also enjoying the benefits of greater volume provided by amplification. After a commercial nadir in the late 20th Century, archtop electric designs have also proved exceedingly dependable and many models remain popular to the current day, and will probably now endure well into the instrument’s future.

 

The Early Solid Body Electric Guitar

Possibly the main individual associated with the rather awkward birth of the electric solid body guitar was Adolph Rickenbacher (1886‑1976). Shortly after he was born in Basel, Switzerland, Richenbacher emigrated to America in 1891 with relatives following the death of his parents. After settling initially in Wisconsin, Adolph moved to California in 1918. In 1925, he set up the Rickenbacher Manufacturing Company, a tool and die business manufacturing metal and plastic products in Los Angeles.

To begin with, Rickenbacher spelled his family surname with an ‘h’, rather than the ‘k’ we are familiar with today. Rickenbacher later changed his surname, partly to ‘Anglicise’ it and partly to capitalise on the fame of his cousin and WWI flying ace, Eddie Rickenbacker.

Alongside Rickenbacher, the other key person was none other than George Beauchamp, the Texan Vaudeville entertainer and inventor who had already played such a major part in the development of resonator acoustic guitars with the National String Instrument Corporation in the 1920s. In addition to pioneering resonator guitars (see Part III), Beauchamp had been experimenting with pickups and amplified instruments since the mid‑1920s but with little success (see Part IV).

Perhaps ironically, during the late 1920s, Rickenbacher’s company was manufacturing metal resonator guitar bodies for National, so perhaps it is not surprising that Beauchamp and Rickenbacher’s paths should cross. Rickenbacher was even a shareholder in National. According to some commentators, it was Beauchamp’s involvement with Rickenbacher that possibly precipitated the former’s ultimate departure from the newly merged National Dobro Corporation in around 1934.

Beauchamp’s quest for greater guitar volume had led him to explore the idea of using an electromagnetic pickup to create a signal and an amplifier to produce volume. Like many before him, Beauchamp was driven to prove the concept in a practical way and he was largely successful. Beauchamp had started designing pickups and ideas for an electric guitar while still at National and in collaboration with another National employee, Paul Barth. Beauchamp and Barth’s first successful pickup design comprised a pair of U‑shaped magnets arranged in a ‘horseshoe’ shape that housed the pickup’s wire coil and surrounded the guitar’s strings.

In October 1931, Rickenbacher, Beauchamp, Barth and a number of others became business partners and founded the Ro‑Pat‑In Corporation (short for Electro‑Patent‑Instruments), based in Los Angeles. Ro‑Pat‑In’s stated goal was to produce fully electric musical instruments. Their prototype Hawaiian electric guitar from c.1931 exhibited many of the features of the eventual production model, although it was mainly constructed from wood. This was not an acoustic guitar in any shape or form, so it had to function as an electric instrument from the outset.

Ro‑Pat‑In became the first company to design and manufacture a production solid bodied electric guitar in 1932, way before Gibson. Finally, albeit in embryonic form, the fully electric guitar had finally arrived. These early guitars were, perhaps unkindly, nicknamed ‘frying pans’ because of their distinctive shape, comprising small circular bodies, long necks and all-metal construction. The guitar comprised a circular cast aluminium body and neck and incorporated the all‑important ‘horseshoe’ pickup and a volume control.

Wisely, Ro-Pat-In changed its unwieldy name to Electro String Instrument Corporation in 1933. Confusingly, early instruments appeared with the ‘Electro’ (and even ‘Elektro’) name. Even more confusingly, the company used the Rickenbacher spelling inconsistently until it finally became Rickenbacker from around 1950.

Following the name change, the ‘frying pan’ became the Rickenbacher Electro A-22. The profile of the instrument was heightened by steel guitarist Jack Miller who played a ‘Frying Pan’ with Orville Knapp (1904-1936) and his orchestra from 1934. Although he was little‑known at the time, Miller may possibly be able to lay claim to being one of the first artists to popularise the electric guitar.

As previously covered in Part IV of the story, Beauchamp’s 1934 patent application for an ‘electrical stringed musical instrument’ incorporating an electromagnetic pickup was finally awarded in April 1937. The intervening 3‑year period allowed enterprising competitors to take advantage of the new technology and create their own versions. Rickenbacher made a conscious decision not to defend their patent in the courts, thereby effectively opening up the market to competition.

Aluminium often caused tuning problems under demanding stage conditions, so Rickenbacher also experimented with other materials, including plastic and wood. From 1935, Electro released the influential Model B Hawaiian lap steel guitar. The Model B was notable for being made from cast Bakelite, a form of synthetic plastic invented in 1907 by Belgian-American chemist Leo Baekeland (1863-1944) in New York. Model B guitars were originally produced with a single volume control and five decorative chrome panels before models from the late 1930s featured volume and tone controls with white enamelled panels.

Richenbacher and Beauchamp recognised that the market for lap steel guitars was relatively small and there were other opportunities to be exploited. From 1932, Rickenbacker also went on to design more traditional ‘Electro Spanish’ guitars with conventionally‑shaped acoustic wood bodies, f‑holes, a slotted headstock and neck to body join at the 14th fret. By 1935, guitarist and early endorsee Ken Roberts was honoured with a ‘signature’ model that had a neck to body join at the 17th fret, featured a vibrato tailpeice and was the first electric Spanish‑style guitar to have a 25½” scale neck.

Like the ‘frying pans’ before them, both the Model B and the Electro Spanish guitars used the distinctive ‘horseshoe’ pickup. In addition to guitars, Rickenbacher Electro used their expertise to develop other electric instruments including mandolins, violins, cellos and even a harp. To accompany their electric guitars and to make them usable, Rickenbacher Electro also produced guitar amplifiers.

Timing of these guitar developments wasn’t ideal and market conditions were challenging for Rickenbacher. Electro String’s instruments appeared shortly after the Wall Street Crash in October 1929, an event that initiated the Great Depression, a major worldwide downturn that persisted until the late 1930s. Coincidentally, during the 1930s, global political tensions started to increase culminating in the outbreak of WWII. Most of America’s industrial concerns were focused on supporting the war effort for several years and the ensuing recovery was slow. The impact on the uptake of electric guitars during depression‑era America was significant, particularly in rural areas. Despite the difficulties, Electro String Instrument Corporation persevered and had produced over 2,500 ‘frying pans’ by the time the company stopped making them in 1939.

After all his vision, ambition, creativity and drive, George Beauchamp became disillusioned with the direction in which things were moving and he left Rickenbacker in 1940 to follow other pursuits, including his passion for deep sea fishing. Beauchamp died of a heart attack while on a fishing trip near Los Angeles in 1941 at the age of just 42. Beauchamp was largely unrecognised at the time for his many significant contributions to guitar evolution.

Following Beauchamp’s departure, Rickenbacker continued making musical instruments until 1953 when he sold the company to Californian businessman Francis Cary Hall. After the sale, the Rickenbacker company embarked on a whole new era of guitar building and commercial success under Hall’s leadership. Adolph Rickenbacker died in 1976 as a result of cancer in California at the age of 89. The company he founded in 1931 continues to thrive and still bears his name (complete with its ‘k’) today as the Rickenbacker International Corporation (RIC).

End of Part V

This moment seems like another ideal stopping point, albeit covering a fairly short period of intense guitar evolution in the 1930s. Together, Gibson’s and Rickenbacker’s milestone innovations had bridged that all‑important gap between the guitar’s acoustic history and the introduction of commercially produced modern solid body electric guitars in the 1950s. From this watershed point on, nothing in the music world would ever be quite the same again.

It is the emergence of the modern electric guitar, and particularly the now‑familiar solid‑body guitar, as we know it that will be picked up in Part VI. The fascinating battle between industry stalwart Gibson and new‑kid‑on‑the‑block Fender was about to take place. Fender and Gibson started fighting for market supremacy in the 1950s and are still doing so today.

I hope you enjoyed this part of the guitar’s story and trust that you’ll come back for the next exciting instalment – same time, same channel, next month (hopefully!). Until next time…

CRAVE Guitars ‘Quote of the Month’: “Failure may not be an option but the risk of failure is something that most of us have to work damn hard to avoid at all costs.”

© 2018 CRAVE Guitars – Love Vintage Guitars.

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June 2018 – A Potted History of the Guitar Part IV

Without further ado, let’s get stuck into Part IV of the history of the guitar. As the story was left at the end of the last article during the 1920s and early 1930s, something new was needed to ensure that guitars would not only be able to compete with other instruments in a live situation but also become the catalyst for a musical revolution to mirror what was taking place in wider society. Just in case you were lulled into a sense of coherent continuity, this month’s article is a bit different from what has been covered so far.

This part is presented as part of a whole. If you wish to recap on previous articles in the ‘Potted History of the Guitar’ series, you can access them here (each part opens in a new browser tab):

Please remember that this is written purely for entertainment purposes and is not intended as an academic tome. While I have tried to be diligent in my research, there are undoubtedly improvements that could be made, so corrections and clarifications are genuinely welcomed. This is quite a long article, so I hope you are sitting comfortably.

Needing to be heard

The problem for guitarists in the 1920s was a simple but fundamental and frustrating one. The amount of volume that could be attained from purely acoustic guitar designs had got as far as it was likely to get at the start of the 1930s. Guitarists were still struggling to be heard in noisy live music environments as part of jazz, swing, big band and dance orchestras. Despite the strengths of steel strung folk guitars, archtop guitars and resonator guitars, the lack of volume continued to be a problem for guitarists throughout the early part of the 20th Century. A number of clever innovations attempted to help acoustic guitarists cut through the mix but they didn’t really capture mainstream attention and passed into obscurity, leaving demanding musicians still yearning for louder instruments.

Creative inventors, engineers and entrepreneurs were determined to find a workable solution. Perhaps the biggest game‑changing watershed in the entire history of guitar building was about to take place in America in the 1930s. The transformation depended on coincidental and mutually dependent developments; the magnetic pickup, the portable valve amplifier and its associated loudspeaker(s). Undoubtedly, the amplifier came first, simply because it could be driven by other inputs, such as early microphones, while the pickup followed to take advantage of the opportunity. Logic suggests that the converse would make little sense, as a pickup without some means of manipulating the signal s essentially redundant.

By the end of the 19th Century, early microphones were being used in telephone, broadcasting and recording industries. In 1916, the first condenser microphone was invented and in 1923, the first moving coil and ribbon microphones were developed. Given the timing, it seemed logical to experiment with microphones to capture the sound from acoustic guitars. However, the results weren’t particularly successful and the microphone proved to be a dead end for guitarists at the time. A more practical and reliable alternative was required to capture the physical energy produced by a stringed instrument and convert it into a usable electrical signal that could then be amplified and output.

Before starting to look at the early electric instruments that changed modern guitar music forever, it is worth taking a temporary detour to look at the catalysts that led to the step change. Once the technical inhibitors had been overcome and the various elements combined, electric guitars became a realistic and achievable proposition.

The electro magnetic guitar pickup

By the 1920s and 1930s, the science of using magnetism and wire coils to induce an electric current had been understood for several decades. It would, however, take some ingenuity to apply the various scientific principles involved to overcome the specific practical problems experienced by guitarists of the time. Within this context, we need to go right back to basics as a starting point.

An electromagnetic guitar pickup is basically a passive transducer that uses Faraday’s law of induction, named after English scientist Michael Faraday (1791‑1867), to produce an electromagnetic force. The physical movement of the vibrating steel string of a strummed or plucked guitar disturbs the magnetic field and induces a small voltage of between 100mV and 1V through the coil. This differs from a simple microphone, which works by converting pressure variations in the air (sound waves), into the mechanical motion of a diaphragm, which in turn produces an electrical signal (depending on the type of technology used).

A simple electromagnetic guitar pickup is generally constructed from one or more permanent magnets, wrapped many thousands of times in a coil made of fine copper wire. Most early guitar pickups comprised only one magnet and coil, hereafter referred to as single coil pickups. The weak electrical signal is then passed down an electrical lead to a separate amplifier where the signal is multiplied many times to drive a passive loudspeaker that reproduces the original signal at greater volume.

Unlike a microphone, the electromagnetic pickup does not reproduce the actual acoustic sound waves emanating from the guitar. The natural resonance of the instrument may cause the strings to vibrate in a certain way and this variation is picked up by the transducer, which may explain the differences in sound between two instruments using the same pickup, electrics, amplifier and speakers. As a result, at least in the early days, the characteristics of the pickup combined with the rest of the signal chain probably had more to do with the sound that audiences heard, rather than that of the actual instrument itself. There are innumerable permutations in which the basic components of magnets and wire can be configured to produce different outputs and over the years, pickup designers have used these variations to differentiate their pickups from those produced by others.

Gibson employee, Lloyd Loar had experimented with stringed instrument pickups as early as 1924, shortly before he left the company. Loar attempted to produce an electrical signal from vibrations passed from the strings through the bridge to the magnet and coil. Loar’s work did not lead to a successful product and guitarists had to wait a while longer.

American inventor and musician, George Beauchamp, who had been involved with the National String Instrument Corporation and the development of their resonator guitars, was also involved with another resourceful enterprise at the beginning of the 1930s. He teamed up with Adolph Rickenbacher to form the company was originally called Ro Pat In Corporation, which later became Electro String Instrument Corporation and later still, Rickenbacker, a name that most guitarists will recognise. Ro-Pat-In was instrumental in taking a fundamental new approach to electric guitar design.

Through Electro String, Beauchamp filed a patent in June 1934 setting out his pickup design as part of a complete ‘Electrical Stringed Musical Instrument’. Beauchamp’s ‘horsehoe’ pickup design comprised two ‘U’‑shaped magnets encircling the strings. Beauchamp’s application was granted by the U.S. Patent Office in August 1937. The patent was important because it was for a solid body electric guitar using a magnetic pickup, not just the pickup on its own – the development of the instrument will be covered in the next part of the story so, for now, the focus is solely on the pickup.

Ironically, in February 1936, Guy Hart filed a patent on behalf of Gibson for an ‘Electric Musical Instrument’ and this was awarded by the Patent office in July 1937, just 28 days before Beauchamp’s earlier patent application was confirmed.

Although unknown at the time, another single coil guitar pickup patent was filed in September 1944 by American inventor and entrepreneur Leo Fender. That application was for a ‘pickup unit for instruments’, which was awarded in December 1948. Although not as historically significant as other pickup patents, it was a clear indication of the direction that Leo Fender was heading prior to founding the company that would bear his name.

Another important principle of basic physics caused a significant problem for early pickup designers, and it still does even today. In addition to the desirable characteristic of electrical induction for guitar pickups, electromagnetic coils also act as directional antennae. As far as musical instruments go, this unwanted ‘feature’ means that single coil pickups not only pick up string vibrations but they also pick up interference from alternating mains current used by electrical appliances. Depending on position of the pickup in relation to other electrical equipment, of which there are usually many in a live music venue, the interference manifests itself as a continuous and insistent hum, which is then in turn amplified by a guitar amplifier.

One ingenious solution to the problem of mains‑induced hum was to invent a guitar pickup that still produced a signal from string vibrations while eradicating the interference from nearby electrical equipment. The clever answer was the invention of the ‘humbucking’ pickup, which uses two magnets, each with a coil of wire wound in opposite directions. Electrically induced mains interference affects both coils equally and, because each one is wound in opposing directions, the interference is cancelled out, thereby eradicating (or ‘bucking’) the hum. More importantly, not only do the coils still induce a voltage, they output a stronger signal because there are two coils instead of one. As the problem is all but removed at source, there is no hum to be amplified.

Arguments persist as to who invented the humbucking guitar pickup. Many commentators give the accolade to Seth Lover (1910‑1997), who was an electronics designer working for Gibson at the time and filed a patent in June 1955. Lover’s closest competitor in the race to be recognised for the humbucking pickup came from Joseph Butts, who later worked for Gretsch. Butts filed another humbucking pickup patent some 18 months later in January 1957. It was Butts’ application that was awarded first in June 1959, while Lover’s patent was awarded in July 1959. As far as many working musicians were concerned, the invention was successful and that was all that mattered.

Generally speaking (but not always, especially if obscured by a cover), it is relatively easy to spot the difference between slim single coil pickups and their larger dual‑coil humbucking counterparts. The latter normally have two coil bobbins traditionally mounted side‑by‑side. Within these two broad types, there are many, many different makes and styles of pickup to suit most needs.

Hum is not the only affliction that electric guitar builders have to deal with. All electromagnetic pickups, even those produced today, are prone to audio feedback, which is often heard as an undesirable high pitched shriek or howl. Feedback is a phenomenon called the Larsen Effect after the Danish scientist Søren Absalon Larsen (1871-1957) who discovered it. Audio feedback is caused by a sound loop that exists between an audio input such as a pickup or microphone and an audio output such as an loudspeaker fed by an amplifier. The electrical signal from the input is amplified through a loudspeaker and is then picked up again by the input and so on, continuously. The sound of the feedback is shaped by the resonant frequencies and proximity of the various components in the loop, including room acoustics. Most of the time, feedback is considered problematic and often unpredictable. However many guitarists have learned to harness and control feedback in a positive musical way to create additional sounds.

Some contemporary pickup manufacturers go to great lengths to replicate the authentic tonal characteristics of vintage pickups. One of those widely imitated pickups is also probably the most famous of humbucking pickups. Used on Gibson guitars from the late 1950s, the PAF (Patent Applied For), named after the black sticker on the baseplate, has come to define Gibson’s sound for many guitarists. The PAFs are particularly revered, as they were used in sunburst Gibson Les Paul Standards from 1958‑1960, often regarded as the ‘golden years’ for Gibson.

Today, many independent pickup builders not only pay homage to vintage designs but also strive to create their own distinctive reputation. Third party pickup builders may make OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) and aftermarket pickups in a huge range of types. Such companies include Seymour Duncan, Di Marzio, EMG, Lollar and Bare Knuckle, among many others. Pickup choice in the 21st Century is very much down to personal preference and the options are nigh on infinite – very different from the 1930s.

The sounds generated by single coil and humbucking pickups are noticeably different. Not only do single coil pickups tend to produce a weaker signal, they sound thinner and cleaner, while more powerful humbucking pickups tend to sound fatter and warmer. Guitarists noticed this variation and took advantage of the differences to shape their own playing style and develop their distinctive tone. In addition, humbuckers are often considered better suited to overdriving pre‑amplifiers, thereby adding some controllable, distinctive and desirable harmonic distortion, making them popular in higher gain rock music.

By the 1950s manufacturers were commonly using two or more pickups on a guitar for added tonal versatility, initially adding a second or third pickup of the same type, for instance commonly used configurations include 2 humbuckers (e.g. Gibson Les Paul) or 3 single coils (e.g. Fender Stratocaster). Many guitar makers today mix different types of pickups on one guitar to broaden the range of sounds available.

Some pickup arrangements also allow pickups to be engaged in series or parallel or in/out of phase to give musicians a greater number of tonal options. Since the 1970s, pickup designers have enabled the signal from the two coils of a humbucking pickup to be ‘split’ (NB. not ‘tapped’). By using a switch, guitarists may enable a split humbucker to sound either like a traditional humbucker or to emulate the distinctive sound of a single coil pickup. All these various techniques provide guitarists with greater flexibility from their pickup(s).

Simplistically, guitar pickups may also be described either as passive or active. Passive pickups are the basic devices that have been described so far, while active pickups incorporate some form of electronic circuitry in the guitar to modify the signal, normally powered by an on‑board battery. Outwardly, there is often little to distinguish whether pickups are active or not. Putting active electronics into a guitar has been around since at least the 1960s and can range from a simple pre‑amp to boost the pickup signal to elaborate on‑board effects or even low powered amplification.

Since its inception 1930s, the humble guitar pickup has been adapted into many diverse forms. The majority of pickups in the early 21st Century remain passive single coil or humbucking types. However, there have been other pickup innovations along the way diverging from the norm. These alternative technologies include, amongst many other pickup types; hexaphonic (that feed individual string signals to MIDI/synthesizer controllers), piezoelectric (using crystals to induce current), microphonic (converting sound wave vibrations to electricity), electrostatic (using a capacitor to vary electrical capacitance), optical (interrupting a beam of light detected by a sensor), etc.

The understanding of the science behind pickup materials and dynamics between the components has been improved and refined significantly since the 1930s. However, the basic principles behind the passive transducing electromagnetic pickup remain pertinent today and are likely to remain so for the foreseeable future. Magnetic pickups are, by far, the most common type used by electric guitars in the late 20th and early 21st Centuries. This may be about to change.

With the digital revolution, there are numerous innovations occurring today that will lead to radical new pickup designs in the future. Future musicians can expect many new ways of converting the vibrations from humble plucked guitar strings into electrical signals that can be manipulated in ways we cannot yet contemplate. The possibly unstoppable migration from analogue to digital technology will continue. We can only speculate as to how far digital processes will encroach into the hitherto staunchly analogue domain of the guitar. Already, we have seen digital devices that enable the output from a guitar’ pickup to ‘model’ other types of guitar and even other instruments by modifying the signal digitally. We have also seen guitars as being a source trigger for external synthesis and various guitar synths have been around since the 1970s. It seems somewhat ironic that the digital age is enabling ever more accurate simulations of the earliest analogue pickups including the original’s crude and accidental inconsistencies.

While this section of the story is about guitar pickups, it is worth remembering that pickups have also been used successfully on many other types of stringed instrument.

Once the concept had been proven, the next step was to apply actual real‑world pickups in a practical way. There were essentially two methods of implementing an electromagnetic pickup for use on a guitar. One way was to add a pickup to existing acoustic instruments and the other was to invent an entirely new type of guitar with the pickup as an integral part of the design. How these two approaches came about will be covered in the next part of the story.

The pickup on its own, however, is of little use in isolation. Another crucial part of the equation was to take the weak signal from the guitar’s pickup and manipulate it electronically to make it much louder, which is where a completely different solution was needed.

The electric guitar amplifier

Possibly the major challenge with introducing guitar pickups was to turn the tiny voltage produced by the pickups into a sound that provided practical real‑world volume and tone for working musicians playing in noisy bands on the road.

The essential piece of equipment actually comprises two crucial components, the electrical amplifier and one or more loudspeakers. Amplifiers largely fall into two broad categories – either as discrete units comprising the electronics in a ‘head’ unit with loudspeakers installed in a separate cabinet, or with both amplifier and speaker(s) integrated into a single ‘combo’ amp. It is worth looking at the origins of both the electronics and the loudspeaker separately.

For travelling musicians from the 1930s on, amps also needed to be portable, so size and weight were particular considerations, as was electrical safety, durability and reliability. In addition, some degree of industry standardisation to enable interchangeability between instruments, electronics and venues was important.

The Amplifier

In the early days, amplifying a signal from a pickup was all that a guitar amp was really required to do. Controls were very basic, usually just a single input channel with a volume and, maybe, a tone knob. It would take some time before more flexible electronics were added to these basic amplifier circuits. Nowadays, the diversity of amps ranges from the very simple to the incredibly complex. The latter often including, just for starters, multiple switched channels, gain controls, effects loops, digital modelling alongside advanced EQ, flexible on‑board effects and digital interfaces. However, the fundamental principles of amp utility haven’t really changed that much since amps were first invented in the 1920s and when guitarists started to use them in the 1930s.

Put very simply, an amplifier is made up of active electronics that are designed to take an input signal, multiply it many times in strength and output it to a loudspeaker at a volume that is considerably louder than the original input. The electronics of an amplifier comprise essentially two discrete parts, a pre‑amp that controls the incoming signal and shapes it ready to be boosted and output by the power amp section that then drives the loudspeaker(s). It is these two amp sections that determine the overall character and volume of the audio output.

Amplifier output is usually measured in watts and provides a crude indication of power output (volts x amps = watts). The relationship between watts and sound pressure levels heard by the human ear is logarithmic. Generalising, it takes ten times the output power in watts to double the perceived audio volume. In addition, it takes considerably more amplifier power to reproduce low-frequency sound, especially at high volume, so bass amps tend to have higher power output ratings.

While early amplifiers were configured to the environment in which they were most likely to be put, such as practice, studio or stage amps, many modern amps use various techniques to minimise this artificial distinction, such as master volume controls, power attenuators or circuits used to modify amplifier stages to suit.

Up until the 1970s, thermionic valves – also known as vacuum tubes – were a principal electronic component and one that contributed significantly to both the power and sonic character of the amplifier. A valve is a relatively simple device used to control electrical current between its electrodes. The first valve was invented in 1904 by English electric engineer John Ambrose Fleming (1849-1945).

At its most basic, a valve comprises an external glass container used to maintain a vacuum is attached to the valve base. Inside the valve there is a heater, an electron‑emitting cathode/filament and an electron‑collecting anode/plate. Electrical current, in the form of negatively charged electrons, flows through the vacuum in one direction only from the cathode to the anode. An electrical grid can be used to control the current and is the one often used for amplification because the grid can be used to vary the number of electrons reaching the anode and, thereby, controls the amount of gain. Valves are often described by the number of electrodes, for instance; diode, triode, tetrode  or pentode valves (2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively). The humble valve has been used in many applications, such as amplification, rectification, switching, oscillation, and display.

Valves come in many shapes and sizes and vary according to the function they are required to perform in the amp stages. Generally speaking, pre-amp tubes tend to be smaller, while power amp valves tend to be larger.

There are numerous alternatives and variations of valves and there isn’t room to cover the range of technical differences. Thankfully, there has been a degree of commonality in amplifier design over the decades. Typical valves used in pre‑amps include models such as the 12AX7/ECC83. Typical valves used in power amps include models such as the EL-34, EL-84, KT66/77/88, 6L6/5881 and 5150. Valves impart a characteristic ‘natural’ sonic signature and tend to be sensitive to a guitarist’s playing dynamics, which is why they are still widely favoured by many musicians to this day. While technically outdated and obsolete, there is a notable modern‑day industry built around valve production, amp manufacturing and valve amp maintenance.

The valve is the technological precursor to modern semiconductors. Semiconductors are often made of silicon, although they can be made from other materials, such as germanium. A transistor is a solid‑state semiconductor that roughly performs the same function as a valve and is commonly used for amplification. Transistors are smaller, cheaper, lighter, run cooler, are more reliable and more resilient than valves. Some manufacturers produce hybrid amps that aim to take the best characteristics of both valve and transistor technologies.

Taking things even further away from archaic valve technology, electronics using complex digital microprocessors are commonplace. Not only can DSP (Digital Signal Processor) chips produce their own sounds but also they enable a single unit to model a multiplicity of amplifier models that would be impossible using traditional technology. In addition, they can also emulate multiple effects, speaker cabinets, microphone placements, studio interfaces, and so on. Reliable and robust digital processing amps able to be used equally well at home, in the studio and on stage are once again attempting to usurp territory previously held by archaic analogue amps.

Specialist amps are made to make the most of other, albeit similar, electric instruments. For instance, electro‑acoustic guitars (acoustic guitars with pickups) produce a wider frequency range and tend to be ‘cleaner’ sounding than electric guitar amps, which has led to increasingly elaborate amp electronics to cater for the particular needs of acoustic guitar players. Bass amps and speakers are also engineered specifically to provide for the demanding amplification used by bass guitarists. There are no hard and fast rules, the lines are not always clearly drawn and there is inevitably some interchangeability between the general types.

One of the keys to success is to match the characteristics of the amplifier stages to the loudspeakers, so it is worth looking next at the humble loudspeaker and the important part it plays in the guitar sound’s signal chain.

The Loudspeaker

The latter part of the 19th Century was ripe for invention in the field of sound reproduction. As with other sections, only a few of the key milestones can be covered here. Prior to the invention of the modern loudspeaker, megaphones and bulky ‘radio horns’ had been used to increase acoustic volume. However these proved impractical because of their size and weight, limited frequency range and low sound pressure levels.

German teacher, Johann Philipp Reis was, perhaps, the first to develop a rudimentary type of experimental electric loudspeaker in 1861. Alexander Graham Bell was the first to patent his loudspeaker design in 1876 for use in his telephone, shortly followed by Ernst W. Siemens who patented his ‘magneto-electric apparatus’ in 1874. Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla were also experimenting with sound around the same time. By 1898, Horace Short was working with compressed air drivers and Oliver Lodge was developing a ‘dynamic’ speaker using magnets and moving coils with horns to amplify sound. Danish‑American engineer Peter L. Jensen (1886-1961) is often cited as co‑inventor of moving coil speakers in 1915 and he started applying the technology for use in real world situations. Jensen founded his company, Magnavox, in 1915 to market products for telephones and public address (PA) systems. Magnavox is now part of the massive Philips corporation.

Things changed considerably in the 1920s with the introduction of the first amplified moving coil loudspeaker using a conical paper speaker diaphragm, which was invented in 1925 by Edward W. Kellogg and Chester W. Rice, both of whom worked for General Electric in New York, USA. Their research was important as it established both the principle of the amplifier to boost a signal and a speaker able to reproduce a wide and uniform frequency range. Rice filed a patent for the electrodynamic direct radiating ‘loud speaker’ in 1925, which was awarded in April 1929. Their speaker was introduced to the market under RCA’s Radiola brand in 1926.

Early speakers used powered electromagnets, as permanent magnets were scarce at the time, although Jensen released a fixed magnet speaker in 1930. Lightweight Alnico alloy magnets became available after WWII, making the technology more accessible enabling further innovations to take place. Other inventions along the way included, for example, 2‑way systems using a crossover to separate frequency bands (1937) and coaxial speakers (1943). Once the concept of the moving coil speaker had been proven in practical applications, it has become the de facto standard within the music industry for nearly a century.

The loudspeaker, as we know it today, is essentially a mechanical electroacoustic transducer that serves the opposite function to a microphone in that it converts an electrical signal into sound waves. A traditional moving coil speaker is passive in that it relies on an already amplified signal being fed to it and it doesn’t require its own power supply. The incoming amplified signal is fed into a coil of wire, known as the voice coil, suspended between the poles of a permanent magnet. The voice coil is attached to the apex of a conical diaphragm known as a speaker cone, originally made of paper. The outer edge of the cone is mounted within a fixed metal chassis, usually within a cabinet. The electrical signal makes the voice coil move back and forth rapidly within the magnet thereby pushing on the cone to produce sound waves. The more air that the moving speaker cone displaces, the louder the perceived sound is. Different sizes and types of speaker are used to deliver different sound frequency ranges. Generally, larger speakers are used to deliver lower bass frequencies and smaller ones used for higher treble frequencies.

Loudspeakers are usually attached to a flat panel (baffle) with circular holes cut into it such that the sound waves produced by the speaker cones can escape directly into the listening environment. The baffle with its speaker(s) is normally mounted inside either an open‑back or closed‑back wooden cabinet.

Like amplifier outputs, speaker output is usually measured in watts, which is the electrical power needed to drive the speaker. More watts generally, although not always, indicates greater volume. Like all electrical devices, a speaker provides some opposition to the signal being fed into it, called impedance, measured in ohms. Some speakers are ‘hard to drive’ and have a low impedance, which means that it requires greater current from the amplifier to result in the same output level than a high impedance speaker. As a result, it is important to match a speaker’s characteristics to the amp that is driving it.

Most loudspeakers, even those produced today, are relatively inefficient devices with only about 1% of the electrical energy being converted into acoustic energy. Most of the remaining energy is converted into heat. The sensitivity of the speaker describes how much relative electrical energy is converted into sound pressure level, measured in decibels.

The other important factor for loudspeaker performance is its frequency response. Human hearing generally covers the range 20-20,000 Hertz (cycles per second). People’s sensitivity to frequencies is not uniform and it varies depending on pitch. Human hearing is usually most sensitive in the 2,000-4,000 Hertz range.

Famous names in the field of loudspeaker manufacturing today include Celestion, Jensen, Weber, Electro Voice, JBL, Bose, Fane, Altec Lansing, Mackie, and Peavey amongst many others.

Despite its many drawbacks, the moving coil loudspeaker was (and generally still is) the most effective mechanism for the job and they remain in very wide use today. Speakers come in a multiplicity of shapes and sizes and are used in so many different ways. However, like the pickup and amplifier, the basic principles of speaker design can be traced back to the early part of the 20th Century.

 

Guitar Amps

Initially, bulky battery‑powered valve amps and speakers were used in PA systems and in movie theatres of the time. Because of their bulk and relative fragility, these early systems tended to be fixed installations. From c.1927, portable AC mains‑powered amps became available and musicians started to adopt the technology.

In 1928, Stromberg‑Voisinet advertised the first electric instrument and amplifier package. However, it was not a commercial success and no verified examples exist today. In 1929, Vega introduced a portable amplifier to be used with banjos.

It wasn’t until 1932 when the Electro String Instrument Corporation – later to become Rickenbacker – was formed to bring the electric guitar to market that things really took off. Electro launched a ‘high output’ guitar amp to accompany their new solid body electric lap steel guitars, as Hawaiian music was highly popular at the time across America. The first commercial solid bodied electric guitar and amplifier made by Electro String essentially established the format for early combo amps comprising an electronic amplifier mounted inside a wooden cabinet along with a speaker. The new combo amp also had a carrying handle to make it portable and, shortly after, the company added metal corners to protect the cabinets in transit.

In 1933, Dobro introduced the first guitar amp combo with twin 8 inch speakers. By around 1935, the demand for amplified electric guitars became unstoppable and the electric guitar music revolution had begun. Other companies such as National, RCA Victor, Audio-Vox, Vivi‑Tone, Premier, Vega, Kay, Valco and Volu‑Tone, promoted their own amps to musicians, with varying degrees of success during the 1930s and 1940s. Gibson was also experimenting with amplifiers in the early 1930s although none were made commercially available at the time. Most of the early valve amplifiers were low powered by today’s standards, usually less than 10-15 watts and using small speakers, often of 10 inches or less in diameter.

In 1938, American electronics technician, Clarence Leonidas ‘Leo’ Fender (1909-1991) established Fender Radio Service to repair a wide variety of electronic equipment. He found that musicians would come to him for PA and amplifier repairs and rentals. Seeing the potential of the music industry and started to focus more on musical equipment manufacture. Fender began a short‑lived venture in 1944 with Clayton ‘Doc’ Kauffman, a former employee of Rickenbacker called K&F Manufacturing Corporation with the intention to build Hawaiian lap steel guitars and amplifiers.

In 1946, after Kauffman and Fender parted company, Leo founded the company with which he will forever be associated, Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Company, based in Fullerton, California. Shortly thereafter, they introduced the first guitar amps carrying the Fender name. Early Fender combo amplifiers included the Fender Princeton (1947-1979) and Champion 800 (1948-1982).

In 1952, shortly after Fender introduced their Broadcaster guitar which would become the legendary Telecaster, the company introduced what would be, perhaps, its most celebrated combo amp, the famous Fender Twin. The Twin moniker derived from its dual 12 inch speakers. The Twin has been released in many versions over its long history, with its power output ranging from its original 25 watts to a high of 135 watts in the late 1970s. The perennial Fender Twin remains in production today and has become an industry standard.

Meanwhile, based in Kent, England Tom Jennings (1918-1978) founded British company Vox in 1947 to produce musical equipment. It wasn’t until 1958 that Vox released its first guitar amp, the 15‑watt AC15. A year later, at the request of The Shadows’ guitarist Hank Marvin, Vox introduced its most famous model, the AC30, intended to compete with America’s powerful Fender Twin amp. The AC30 proved to be a very successful product and in updated form, it remains in production today.

It wasn’t until the 1950s that mass produced guitar amplifiers really became commonplace and incorporated many of the features now expected from an amp including, for instance, multiple tone controls, tremolo and reverb.

In addition, contemporary popular music of the time was developing rapidly and guitarists began to experiment by overdriving their amplifiers to distort the guitar’s sound at much higher volumes. From the mid‑1960s guitarists sought to control the level of overdrive and distortion (also known as clipping) as a creative tool. One particular characteristic of natural valve distortion is that clipping also tends to compress the signal as the volume is increased, meaning the output tends to sound ‘thicker’, rather than louder, emphasising the guitar’s sustain.

Guitarist Dave Davies of English band The Kinks is often credited with popularising guitar distortion. On one occasion, Davies himself admitted to slashing the speaker cone of his Elpico AC55 ‘little green amp’ with a razor blade out of frustration and in the process of doing so, he made it sound distorted and nasty. The Kinks’ song, ‘You Really Got Me’ (1964) is often cited, rightly or wrongly, as the first hit record featuring heavy guitar distortion (using a Vox AC30).

The search for new guitar sounds in the 1960s helped to ignite the drive for compact guitar effect pedals, initially with simple fuzz and wah effects. A whole industry developed during the late 1960s and 1970s including brands such as Electro‑Harmonix, MXR, Maestro, Boss and Ibanez, amongst many, many others. Effects have ever since been used to complement guitars and amps as an integral part of a musician’s signal chain. The market for effect pedals has grown into a massive industry in its own right.

The development of guitars, amps and popular musical styles of the 1950s defined the template on which succeeding generations of guitarists would build incrementally. Many modern amps and amplifier innovations hark back to the best examples of this ‘golden’ period. Driven by the success of the 1950s, particularly the popularity of Fender amps, the quest for more volume seemed unquenchable. The first 100 watt amps were made by Leo Fender for surf guitarist Dick Dale, while Jim Marshall of legendary British amplifier manufacturers Marshall did the same for Pete Townshend and John Entwistle of rock band The Who.  Dr. Jim Marshall OBE was affectionately nicknamed, ‘the father of loud’.

High power, high gain valve guitar amps became the norm at the end of the 1960s and into the 1970s. It was not uncommon to see large stages filled with gargantuan ‘stacks’ of loudspeaker cabinets powered by banks of high powered amps. Marshall is the brand most associated with the classic guitar stack, which at its simplest comprises a 50 or 100 watt amp on top of two 4×12” closed back speaker cabinets, thanks again to Pete Townshend of The Who as well as the likes of Jimi Hendrix and Eric Clapton. The guitar stack has since become inextricably linked with hard, heavy and metal rock music. Music and its essential components very much reflected the cultural and social changes of the times.

There have been several technological challenges to the humble valve. A concerted trend away from vacuum tubes towards solid state transistor amps occurred in the 1970s, led by companies like Roland, Peavey and H/H. Other manufacturers adopted a best‑of‑both‑worlds approach by making hybrid solid state/valve amps, led by Leo Fender during his time with Music Man.

Arguably, Fender, Marshall remain the two predominant and recognisable amplifier brands and, respectively, have come to define the ‘American sound’ and ‘British sound’ respectively. Notably, unlike Fender, Gibson has never had much commercial success with building guitar amps, despite producing some credible models along the way. There are now a myriad of other amplifier manufacturers including famous brand names such as Mesa Boogie, Peavey, Ampeg, Randall, Rivera, Bogner, PRS and Supro in America, and Vox, Orange, Blackstar, Victory, Hi-Watt and Laney in the UK. Outside the USA and UK, there are many successful brands including Hughes & Kettner, Engl, Line6, Roland, Yamaha, BOSS, etc. In order to keep production costs down, many budget models are now produced in the Far East, while the majority of small boutique amp builders cater for the high‑end, being manufactured in limited numbers in America and Europe.

Many other famous brand names have passed into history, such as Traynor, Sunn, Multivox Premier, Univox, WEM/Watkins, Sound City, H/H, Selmer, Cornford and Carlsbro although, to be fair, some of these continue to operate in some form or other and may well be rejuvenated at some point. There are far too many brands, past and present, to mention here.

Ironically, there is increasing interest in capturing the retro sound and looks of the earliest guitar amplifiers. Many companies are now recreating classic analogue models of the past, often incorporating modern adaptations for reliability, safety and convenience to meet the demands of today’s guitarists. There are many boutique amp builders looking to take the best of old and new and present something different from the current mainstream manufacturers.

At this point, no article focusing on guitar amps would be complete without mentioning Dumble amplifiers. Dumble amps are made in very small numbers by Alexander ‘Howard’ Dumble in L.A., California, often by request of well‑heeled professional musicians. The Dumble Overdrive Special is widely regarded as the zenith of limited production boutique amps and, as a result of their quality and rarity, new or used examples have gained almost mythical status and demand extremely high values on the open market.

Despite the remarkable sustained popularity of valves, digital modelling technology is now making major inroads into the tube’s traditional territory. As the technological advances behind digital modelling processors that began with the iconic Line 6 Pod through to ever‑improving digital advances from companies like Fractal and Kemper. The audible difference between the ‘antiquated’ originals and modern digital recreations is rapidly diminishing to the point where professional musicians see a competitive advantage in moving to a digital platform.

Despite stiff competition from solid state and digital circuits, the valve guitar amp currently remains the de facto standard for many discerning professional guitarists, despite the decidedly old-world technology involved. It will be interesting to see how long genuine valve amplifiers will continue to prosper in the face of the digital revolution. Only time and hindsight will tell. It is likely that valve, analogue solid state and digital technologies will be able to coexist for many years yet.

Get connected

Guitars need to be connected to an amp in order to work, often with effect pedals in between. Before wireless and/or digital technology takes over completely, the venerable guitar lead has been the necessary link between input and output since the 1930s. At each end of a traditional interconnecting lead is a remarkable piece of analogue kit that most guitarists rarely think about but cannot live without. Similarly, guitars, amps and effects also have the other part of the same connection.

The essential connector in question is the ¼“ (6.35 mm) jack plug and its associated socket, which originally dates from c.1878. The first jack connector was invented by George W. Coy and was used for the first commercial manual switchboard at the telephone exchange in New Haven, Connecticut, USA. It is astonishing that, after nearly 1½ centuries, this enduring piece of industry standard equipment is still in ubiquitous use today, long after it became obsolete in telephone systems.

End of Part IV

This has been a self‑contained article that departs from the usual topic of guitars per se. While it might seem a lengthy, in‑depth examination, it only just scratches the surface. As I don’t have the space, knowledge or resources to write comprehensively on the subject, I highly recommend that readers wanting to delve into the historical detail take a look at the innumerable resources available on the ever‑present hinterwebby thing. NB. Credit to all original photographers for images used from Google Images.

Arguably, without the complementary inventions of the electromagnetic pickup, the dedicated valve amplifier and the moving coil loudspeaker, the revolution in guitar technology that started in the 1930s and which really took off in the 1950s would not have been possible. It is notable that the scientific principles underpinning today’s electric guitars are still relevant nearly a century later. It is, at least to me, remarkable that, technically, we haven’t really evolved a great deal over the intervening decades. Advances have been incremental refinements, rather than ground breaking. Digital technology may change all that. Watch this space.

At long last, in Part V, the story will finally unleash the breakthroughs that led directly to the early electric archtop and solid body guitars. The next revolution in guitar music making was about to happen. Who could possibly have anticipated the impact that the congruence of the three seemingly innocuous bits of music technology covered above would have when brought together.

I hope you have enjoyed the journey thus far and thank you for reading. I also hope that you’ll come back and join me on the next part of the guitar’s long journey to the current day. Time to get some vintage gear out and plug in. Until next time…

CRAVE Guitars ‘Quote of the Month’: “Excess in any form does not indicate wisdom; rather it evidences the lack of it”

© 2018 CRAVE Guitars – Love Vintage Guitars.

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November 2017 – New In: Underdog Vintage Guitars

posted in: Observations, Opinion | 0

A couple of articles ago (September 2017 – ‘A Map Leads To Some Hidden Gems’ → click here to read the article), I looked at the unlikely significance and influence of the 1983 Gibson USA Map, which was at the time the newest addition to the CRAVE Guitars fold. The Map was an unusual promotional guitar that Gibson produced in very small numbers for a very short period, for a specific purpose.

1983 Gibson USA Map

→ Click here to read the feature on the 1983 Gibson USA Map

In that article, I explored some of the other ‘forgotten’ Fender and Gibson guitars from the late 1960s through to the early 1980s. I suggested that, despite being minor relatives in the guitar family tree, the ‘lost’ models merited greater exposure and recognition. In order to understand the context within which these ‘forgotten’ guitars appeared and subsequently disappeared, it’s worth looking at what was happening during those 10-15 years.

Up to the late 1970s, two guitars from the same batch could be quite different and others were cobbled together from what was available at the time. This disparity was a problem for manufacturers, dealers and musicians alike. During the 1970s, the unpredictable variation in materials, processes and standards was seen as a bad thing from a quality assurance point of view. The big corporations that owned both Fender and Gibson at the time (CBS and Norlin respectively) partly tackled the issue by increasing mechanisation and automation, as well as exploring the use of alternative materials. They also sought to experiment and innovate in an attempt to overcome some of the perceived problems in supply and distribution chains, which resulted in a swathe of new models at all price points. By the mid‑1980s, Fender and Gibson had moved mass production of their budget brands off-shore (as Squier and Epiphone respectively) and American manufacturing had become more ‘industrialised’. The benefits of industrialisation included greater construction consistency, as well as improved economy and productivity. Management didn’t understand that the unintended downside for many musicians was that the changes removed some of the quainter charms of experimentation, problem‑solving and hands-on guitar building that players actually valued. I believe that these inherent tensions are integral to current‑day criticism of many American guitars from that period.

Due to public demand since that time, the rise of big‑brand custom shops, independent luthiers and computer controlled tooling made it easier to diversify and differentiate, thereby enabling greater innovation, customisation and modification. My current vintage cut-off is actually the end of the 1980s. Don’t get me wrong, many fine instruments have been produced since, and many of them are much ‘better’ made than many of the guitars that I showcase. It’s just that the fascinating manufacturing quirks and parts‑bin machinations became less… well… random!

I mentioned at the end of that September 2017 article that the research done to bring some of the ‘forgotten’ guitars to prominence stimulated my interest in some of these marvellous (?!) overlooked, creative ‘mutants’. So, not having really laid my hands on some of these ‘generation-x’ guitars, I put my money where my mouth is and decided to track one down (or, as it happens, three!). So this month also has some ‘new ins’ at CRAVE Guitars that hopefully prove that I am not a vintage guitar snob.

Two ‘Forgotten Fenders’

While the age distribution is fairly even across the CRAVE ‘family’, I am well aware of the numerical imbalance between Fender and Gibson models, so my attention was initially drawn in the direction of the big ‘F’.

After a couple of bidding battles on eBay (loathe it), CRAVE Guitars has now adopted two fine new baby Fenders, although sadly not quite the bargains thy might have been…

1981 Fender Bullet

1981 Fender Lead

It’s the first time I’ve owned either of these two models. I have to say that I am not disappointed by either acquisition. Getting both at the same time makes for some interesting (at least for me) comparisons and observations. The two instruments not only look different, they feel and sound very different. Good! That, after all, was one of the points I was making in my previous article, i.e. you can’t easily pigeonhole or generalise about these instruments, let alone disregard them simply because of their ephemeral existence. Another advantage of these ‘lesser’ guitars is that they often haven’t had the hard life of being on‑the‑road like some more workmanlike ‘professional’ models. In addition, many of the ‘forgotten’ vintage guitars don’t sell for big bucks so they can be picked up for a relatively reasonable sum (at the moment). I have to accept that, while they are now attracting moderate collector interest, they will never turn a decent profit should I deem to sell them on at some point. C’est la vie; at least I can enjoy playing them in the meantime.

The series 1 Fender Bullet is definitely a low-cost entry‑level model, clearly made to a budget during its short production period (1981‑1982). The Bullet was the brainchild of legendary designer, John Page (Fender R&D, then co‑founder and head honcho of the Fender Custom Shop). Page was tasked by the then new management team at Fender (including Dan Smith who was brought in to rejuvenate the brand) with making a guitar that cost only $65 to manufacture (the retail price was $199). He got it down to $66 through some ingenious engineering, e.g. ‘that’ toy-like bent steel tailpiece extension to the scratchplate, which Fender patented.

There seems to be confusion about the source of materials used, with suggestions that some parts were imported from Korea and assembled in the States. Even John Page can’t recall the details with any certainty, so there’s little hope for the rest of us. Strict American trade laws stipulated that it had to have enough genuine American content and added‑value to warrant the all‑important ‘Made in U.S.A.’ decal on the headstock. That’s good enough for me – I am not that much of a vintage guitar elitist to split hairs. I have to say that, of the two acquisitions, the Bullet feels more ‘manufactured’ rather than hand‑crafted but, let’s be honest, that’s not really surprising given its age, target audience and price point. The series 1 Bullet’s body looks to me to be slightly out of proportion compared to its forerunner, the formidable Telecaster. The unusual aesthetic, however, gives it a distinctive indie look which you’ll either love or hate. Its quaintness is all part of the appeal to me – kinda like lusting after the plain redhead girl‑next‑door rather than the pretty blonde prom queen. In fact – confession time – I like the Bullet so much, I think I might try to find an equivalent series 2 Strat‑a‑like version with a maple neck to keep this one company. Watch this space.

1981 Fender Bullet

The Fender Lead I on the other hand is quite a different animal. When is a Strat not a Strat? Well, the Lead kind of fits that bill, taking inspiration from both the Strat and the Tele. Like the Bullet, it had a short production period (1979-1982) and, because it has never been reissued, numbers on the vintage market are limited. The Lead was targeted at professional guitarists on a budget, comprising solid wood, a vintage‑inspired Stratocaster neck, natty electronics, etc. If anything, it suffered from being squeezed into a niche between Fender’s budget ‘student’ guitars and the pro‑level ‘classics’. The Fender Lead also seemed to have a bit of an identity crisis, unsure of what need it was trying to fulfil. The Lead I and III had clever Seth Lover‑designed split coil hot humbucking pickup(s), making the guitar pretty unique in Fender heritage. The inspiration for the single pickup Lead I seems to stem from the trend for early ‘superstrats’ around the 1980 period (cheers Mr Halen & co.). The dual‑humbucker Lead III was only made in 1982 and sometimes appears in a nice Sienna Burst finish. Seemingly in contradiction, the Lead II had 2 single coil pickups like a cut-down Stratocaster. In fact the Lead II’s X-1 single coil pickups went on to appear in the Stratocaster. For me, the Lead I is a great single pickup axe and sufficiently different from both the Lead II/III and other Fenders of the time. The Lead therefore has a bit of that cool & rare interest that keeps CRAVE Guitars growing.

Once Fender Japan was established, the company played with the original American Bullet and Lead designs to the extent that they lost the essential ingredients that made them American in the first place. The guitar lines were rationalised by Squier and subsequent models basically became a Far Eastern Stratocaster copy.

1981 Fender Lead I

One thing is for sure, while I was researching these models both before and after buying them, I was struck that both guitars have a very strong cult following among people who have actually owned and used them. I was prepared to be lemming-like and agree with many vintage commentators that these aren’t serious American Fender guitars but, thankfully, I decided to take the plunge anyway and experience them for myself. I’m glad I kept an open and curious mind. Are they great guitars? To be honest, no, they aren’t up there with the classics that inspired them. Personally, I still have a preference for Fender’s offset ‘student’ guitars like the Mustang but then again, that’s what I grew up using, so I guess it’s not surprising. However, neither are they rubbish (as many might claim) and they acquit themselves well enough to sustain interest as part of the CRAVE Guitars ‘family’.

Commercially, neither of these models really caught the public’s imagination on release, which is why they aren’t commonplace now and why Fender hasn’t reissued them. I quite like that they exist under the radar and remain unfamiliar to most players. All of these factors encouraged me to take up the cause on behalf of these cool, underrated, humble and modest ‘forgotten Fenders’. So that’s Fender covered; now what about Gibson?

One ‘Forgotten Gibson’

It isn’t only Fender that had some ‘lost’ guitars during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Also in my September 2017 article, I took a look at some equivalent ‘forgotten Gibsons’. The early 1980s was a period of intense R&D activity for Gibson. It amazed me that, while I have a number of Gibson oddities from the period, I have relatively few of the ones that I highlighted. Like with the Fender models above, I started a quest for an all‑original, good condition Gibson to start filling the gaps in the jigsaw puzzle.

I decided to start with one of the most unloved models and went in search of what many commentators describe as the lowliest of the low in Gibson’s canon. After yet another bidding battle on eBay (grrr), I secured a lovely example of a much-berated instrument:

1981 Gibson Sonex-180 Deluxe

While I can appreciate why there is universal criticism of the poor old Sonex-180, it doesn’t mean that I totally agree with it. Now that I’ve played it and reflected on its position in history, I think the mass hysteria about how awful it is, is overstated and unfair. Yes, Gibson were trying to cut corners and reduce manufacturing costs and they even had to bypass their own dealer network (hence ‘The Gibson Company U.S.A.’ on the headstock). However, the approach they took with the Sonex-180 attempted to tackle head‑on a number of other issues facing the guitar industry at the time, such as variable quality and quantity of tone woods (and an eye to future timber sustainability), known drawbacks of wood under extreme stage conditions (humidity and temperature), durability (Gibson’s Achilles heel with neck breaks), and manufacturing inefficiencies in production/finishing processes. The innovation and forward looking creativity backfired big time and the instrument was soon consigned to history as a misfire, as did several other models created during the experimental late ‘70s and early ‘80s, each suffering varying degrees of hostility. In my view, at least they tried to break the mould and we should be thankful for that.

If the Sonex-180 had been produced by anyone other than Gibson, it might have had a different reception. When compared with guitars coming from Japan at the time, both Fender and Gibson’s eccentric models could not compete with high quality/low price and mainstream appeal of many far eastern products (often blatant copies of US designs at the time). This polarisation of a competitive market tended to result in exaggerating the consumer’s already negative perceptions of American brand quality.

Don’t get me wrong, I am not trying to put the Sonex‑180 (et al) on a par with the Gibson classics. However, when viewed in isolation and with hindsight, the Sonex‑180 is certainly unique and, despite its reputation, is historically noteworthy within the broader context. I believe that there is a lot to commend this carefully selected Gibson Sonex-180.

To lambast the Sonex‑180’s use of composite materials is a touch unfair. Alternative materials have been used in guitar bodies for many decades. Res-o-Glas (fibreglass) used by National, Airline and Supro, Masonite (hardboard) used by Danelectro, acrylic polymer (Plexiglas/Lucite) used by Ampeg/Dan Armstrong, plastic (Lyrachord) used by Ovation, carbon glass/resin used by Parker, as well as laminate (plywood) used by Gibson, Fender, Gretsch, Martin and many others. James Trussart has popularised the use of metal in guitar bodies while carbon fibre and plastics (e.g. by 3D printing) are now also being used extensively by luthiers.

In addition, many high end Gibsons and Martins now use Richlite, a combination of paper and resin for its fingerboards now that rosewood is a restricted wood and ebony is likely to follow soon (Google CITES – Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora – for further information). Within this context, I suggest that the degree of animosity directed specifically towards the Sonex‑180 is a bit over‑the‑top. For many, though, ‘resonwood’ was seen as a desperate attempt of a failing organisation unable to compete on price or quality.

Furthermore, bolt on maple necks never hurt Fender’s reputation, so why criticise Gibson for using them on the Sonex‑180? Gibson had already used bolt‑on necks on other models including the Sonex‑180s predecessors, the S-1 and Marauder, as well as the Corvus and Ripper/Grabber basses.

1981 Gibson Sonex-180 Deluxe

The case for the prosecution (and rebuttals by the defence)

When undertaking the research for this and previous articles, I recently came across an article by an esteemed guitar magazine that looked at ‘guitars Gibson should never have made’ (including the Sonex‑180 and several other CRAVE-owned models!). In the spirit or hindsight, Gibson’s business strategy may have been imprudent but to claim that they should never have been made is to miss the point completely. The world would be a very boring place if companies only made things that someone thinks they should have made. It also seems poor populist journalism to malign the industry in such a negative way simply because of hindsight. This headline was just one of many misjudged rants out there.

 

I also dipped my toe in the unsanitary toilet bowl of Internet forums. As anyone who attempts to uncover any sort of definitive truth on the Internet will know, forum diatribes are a minefield of everything from helpful assistance and utter hogwash. Facts are frequently frustratingly incomplete and/or often aggravatingly blatantly incorrect. Only through rigorous corroboration and an intuitive nose for plagiarism and BS can one hope to get anything resembling fact. As if the ‘horse’s mouth’ of credible web sites (including Fender and Gibson’s own) wasn’t bad enough, many of the forums are extensively riddled with what I can only describe as illiterate hokum, ignorant opinion and inaccurate assertions. Amongst the tripe, there is, however, valuable material to be had. I don’t claim to be scientifically diligent but I do my homework and aim to be objective with a smidgeon of common sense. This doesn’t mean that I am right, as I freely acknowledge how little I actually know.

As far as the guitars in question are concerned, I can just hear the Internet rife with mutters of, “there’s a very good reason why these guitars should be forgotten’. I think that’s also a bit harsh and I don’t agree with censoring history, as each one is important in its own right. Beauty, as they say, is in the eye of the beholder and there are offbeat pleasures to be had. It’s a bit like that slightly chubby barmaid you’ve secretly fancied for ages and never had the nerve to ask out. While none of the three guitars I’ve covered here are likely to become my favourite go‑to guitars, they are very playable and they are now part of the diverse CRAVE Guitars’ family for a good reason. It is much easier to slag something off without justification than it is to explain in rational terms the positives. There are many supporters of these guitars but their enthusiasm is generally outweighed by the vociferous minority.

You may also well ask, “Why on Earth did you waste all that good money on three pedestrian guitars when you could have got one much better one?” Well, that kind of misses the point of preserving the diversity of guitar heritage, not just the best. Let’s face it, someone has to. History is (or should be) as much about the proletariat as it is about the aristocracy. A viable society needs the peasants as much, if not more so than, the royalty. Had I overlooked the vernacular, I would have missed out on three very interesting and underrated guitars that few other people will have even noticed, let alone considered playing or owning. In any case, I have a few (!) other guitars that fit the ‘better’ bill, so it’s about being able to experience a wider gamut of what’s out there and sharing it with others. Moreover, these new additions certainly fit the criteria for CRAVE Guitars that I covered in last month’s article, ‘What Qualifies As A CRAVE Guitar?’ (October 2017 → Click here to read the article)

The Fender Bullet, Fender Lead and Gibson Sonex-180 featured here and on the CRAVE Guitars web site are in my opinion, unsung, underdog guitars resulting from well-intentioned corporate miscalculation. Fender and Gibson may not have grasped the fundamental needs of musicians in a way that the Japanese did in the late 1970s and early 1980s and the results are for us to debate with the benefit of measured hindsight. My hope is that the vintage guitar community will eventually embrace, rather than attempt to eradicate the underdogs. Perhaps, we should be celebrating creative solutions to known problems and applauding innovations to improve the breed, regardless of whether they were commercially successful at the time or not. When considered in context, it is not surprising that there were some unusual evolutionary dead ends along the way. These are esoteric instruments that are very much of their time. As their many fans will attest, give them a go; they are really much better than you might have been led to think.

Yes I am, once again, challenging established conventions. My aim is to recalibrate public appreciation by just a tiny amount and do my bit to bring about a new equilibrium between the recognised classics and these disadvantaged orphans. I’m not going to be pompous (!?!?) and suggest these lost souls are the best things since sliced bread but they are certainly fine for making toast! It seems a thankless task and it feels like I’m trying to swim upstream against a relentless torrent. Acquiring the product of these strange evolutionary offshoots is, for want of a better way of putting it, intentionally sticking two fingers up at the ‘snobbish’ conservatism of the vintage guitar establishment. Ultimately, it will be the free market that determines values and, although my ability to influence the market is infinitesimal, I have at least tried to buck the trend. Someone has to stand up and advocate for the poor underprivileged urchins.

Forgotten Fender & Gibson Guitars

Lessons

The lessons learnt from acquiring these underdog guitars include:

  1. ‘Lesser’ instruments can still have plenty of character to warrant owning and a real plus is that they look and sound different to what everyone else is using
  2. Overlooked non-collectables can provide plenty of vintage ‘bang for your buck’, especially if you are on a modest budget and as long as you do your homework
  3. It is all too easy to fall into the trap of prejudging a guitar just because everyone else has an opinion. Note: they are not necessarily right!
  4. Some of the ‘forgotten’ guitars are actually pretty cool and rare if you look beyond the superficial contradictory rhetoric. It’s OK to be brave
  5. The mission of an obsessed gearhead in pursuit of vintage guitar treasure is never ending. Next!

The one advantage of auctions on eBay is that, unless there is a crazy bidding frenzy by determined buyers out there (as there was with my Ovation Breadwinner that went for about double what it was worth), the final selling price will generally reflect the prevailing market value. ‘Buy It Now’ prices generally tend to be over‑inflated and ‘offers’ also tend to result in poor value. The days of getting real bargains from ‘no reserve’ auctions are long gone and there are now usually plenty of savvy people who know what they are doing. All three guitars featured this month were won in auctions and probably represent fair prices on the vintage market. This means that there is little likelihood of a high ROI but that’s for those in competitive business rather than the no‑for‑profit regime of CRAVE Guitars.

Perhaps I am fortunate that I am rarely disappointed with a vintage purchase and it is very unusual that I don’t get on with a guitar. Some people seem to have a much harder time connecting with their instruments than I do and, as a result, they seem to have quite a high turnover of guitars that they aren’t happy with. Perhaps I am more diligent and do my homework first, so that there is greater alignment between my expectations and reality. Every instrument has its idiosyncrasies but things that drive other people up the wall don’t tend to get under my skin to the same degree. I tend to tolerate (or even celebrate) a guitar’s unique eccentricities as long as they don’t affect the fundamental purpose of the instrument, which is to translate a guitarist’s intentions into music. I don’t believe it is because I am ultra-selective. I do my research and try to buy all‑original, good condition examples; an approach that usually proves to be worthwhile in the end.

Given the sorry state of the world these days, I am frequently reminded how fortunate I am that I have the opportunity to explore my passion. Owning and playing a wide range of vintage guitars is a privilege that I can’t overstate, even though I’m not in the realms of the exotics. There are, of course, downsides of vintage guitar ownership, including rampant poverty to support the addictive cause. There are always new discoveries to be made.

For me at least, once a guitar becomes part of the CRAVE Guitars ‘family’, I usually don’t want to let it go again – there is too great a risk of that sense of regret one gets from selling ‘the one that got away’. Been there, done that, don’t care for it. Some people treat guitars as disposable items to be bought and sold on a whim with scarcely a further thought. I don’t, and I don’t really understand those that do. That’s probably just me and I’ll mind my own business on that subject.

Conclusion

As usual, I have probably overstated my case to make an unnecessary point. However, in conclusion, don’t underestimate or disregard the ‘forgotten’ Fenders and Gibsons just because some self-appointed guru pronounces that they are “a piece of cr*p” (and that’s a polite quote taken from the forums!), especially if they cannot back up their standpoint with credible evidence and/or rational argument. At the same time, you shouldn’t take my word for it just because I pose a counterpoint to such blinkered doctrine. All I can really ask is that one pauses and thinks before putting finger to keyboard because one might just end up looking foolish. Oops! Too late! Heehee.

Finally, I am proud to plough a different furrow from the masses and have the courage to stand up for the vintage guitar ‘losers’ as much as others do for the widely‑recognised classics. I may be in the minority but I believe that there are valid grounds for doing so. The more the naysayers shout and denigrate these bastard offspring, the more I feel obliged to stand up and defend the runts of the litter. In my view, there is a plenty of space in the collective guitar world for all of them. I, for one, will enjoy the occasional walk on the wild side, rather than conforming to the mundane and uniform.

I can pretty much guarantee that there won’t be any more guitar purchases this year, meaning that there won’t be any more ‘new old’ CRAVE Guitars in 2017. I wonder what 2018 will bring. In the meantime, I will enjoy playing my newly adopted ‘budget’ Cool & Rare American Vintage Electric Guitars. Until next time…

CRAVE Guitars ‘Quote of the Month’: “I have to fight for the underdog because I am the underdog.”

© 2017 CRAVE Guitars – Love Vintage Guitars.

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